Lecture 13. Ecosystem Services & Natural Capital:

Transcription

1 Lecture 13 Ecosystem Services & Natural Capital:

2 E cosystem V alues Systems Diagram Na3onal Forest System (2005)

3 E cosystem V alues Emergy flows suppor3ng the USFS The analysis was carried out using the 10 regions of the USFS and then summed to obtain this summary table.

4 E cosystem V alues Natural and Economic Capital Total Natural Capital Total Economic Capital

5 E cosystem V alues Emdollar & Economic Value of Services USFS (2005)

6 E cosystem V alues Summary Diagram USFS (2005)

7 E cosystem V alues Emergy and emdollar value of services of the Na3onal Forest System (2005) Annual NFS budget = $5.6 billion Benefit cost ra3o of 35/1 Campbell & Brown, 2012

8 E cosystem V alues Emergy and emdollar value of capital of the Na3onal Forest System (2005) Annual NFS budget = $5.6 billion Benefit cost ra3o of ~ 10/1 Campbell & Brown, 2012

9 E cosystem V alues What s a Tree Worth? Transpira3on, Cooling Soil protec3on, Soil OM building, O 2 produc3on CO 2 absorp3on Etc.

10 B iophysical V alues What s a Tree Worth? Environmental Services: Emergy = 5E12 sej/day = em $5.00/day = em $1,825/year Natural Capital year old tree: Emergy = 9 E17 sej = em $912,500

11 B iophysical V alues What s a Swamp Worth? Environmental Services: = em $19,300/ac/yr Natural capital: Water = em $10 million Wood = em $670 million Peat = em $2 billion

12 E cosystem V alues What s a Species Worth? Plant or animal itself A popula3on. The species.

13 E cosystem V alues Organisms as information. Emergy value of an individual (carrier) The emergy required to maintain Emergy value of the Population The emergy required to maintain Emergy value of species (information) The emergy required to develop the species. Individual organism (top carnivore) em $ 7,000 Popula3on (top carnivore) em $ 370 million Species (top carnivore) em $ 1.9 trillion

14 W ater V alues What s the Value of Water? Water is a fundamental resource, necessary for most processes of the geobiosphere. Its chemical and physical properties are used to dilute, cool, carry, react with or physically drive processes.

15 W ater V alues Emergy derived values of global water the emergy value of water is its value to the geobiosphere in suppor3ng ecosystem services. Storage Volume Flux Value (E3 km 3 ) (E3 km 3 /yr) ( Em $/m 3 ) Ocean 1,370, Ice caps and glaciers 29, Groundwater (total) 9, Deep gd.water 5, Shallow gd.water 4, Lakes and rivers Atmospheric moisture (Brown et al. 2010)

16 W ater V alues Emergy Derived Values of Potable Water 3.5 Dollars/m Water Used Human Service Fuels & Electricity Chemicals & Supplies Plant Assets Total WPBeach (surface) Tampa (surface) Gainesville (Floridan) Tampa Bay (conservation) Dunedin (RO Brackish Gdw) Tampa Bay (RO saltwater) FL Key (Aquaduct)

17 W ater V alues Emergy Derived Values of Purified Water 180 Dollars /m Water Used Human Services Fuels & Electricity Assets Used Total Home Water Filter Boiling Advanced Solar Distiller Solar Distiller Bottled Water

18 W ater V alues European Union ~ Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/CE) Framework for a common approach to the management of water in all European Union member states full recovery of the costs associated with water services and resources Economic Costs Environmental Costs Social Costs The Polluter (user) Pays

19 W ater V alues (Brown et al. 2010)

20 W ater A llocation How Best to Allocate Water? A dynamic regional Production Function based on water allocation to Environment, Agriculture, and Urban uses

21 W ater A llocation The term "Production Function" describes an empirical relationship between specified output and inputs. A production function can be derived for a single firm, an industry, or a nation. A production function of a wheat farm might have the form: W=f(L,A,M,F,T,R) That is, production of wheat in tons (W) depends on the use of labor measured in days (L), acres of land (A), machinery in dollars (M), fertilizer in tons (F), mean summer temperature measured in degrees (T), and rainfall in inches (R).

22 W ater A llocation A model developed to test water alloca3on in Florida using a regional produc3on func3on

23 W ater A llocation Equations Fe+Fa+Fu = 1 Pu = K3(S1*FF a *Fu b ) Pa = k4(r x *(S2*FF) y *Fa z ) Pe = k5(r*fe) TP (empower) = (Pe*te) + (Pa*ta) + (Pu*tu) FF=k10*Pu + k11*pa + k12*pe Tprod = k15*(pu*pa*pe)

24 Water Allocation Maximum regional produc3on occurs when the fresh water remaining acer evapotranspira3on is allocated at the rate of 25% to urban uses, 30% to agricultural, and 45% to the environment.

25 T hank Y ou Questions? Comments? Concerns?