A MULTI STAGE, MULTI CRITERIA APPROACH FOR SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SITE DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT: A MODEL STUDY

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2017, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_08_01_042 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication A MULTI STAGE, MULTI CRITERIA APPROACH FOR SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SITE DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT: A MODEL STUDY Bhavya Bhanu Sigirisetty M. Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, K L University, Vaddeswaram , Andhra Pradesh,India SS. Asadi Associate Dean-Academics, Department of Civil Engineering, K LUniversity,Vaddeswaram , Andhra Pradesh, India A.V.S.Prasad Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, K L University, Vaddeswaram , Andhra Pradesh,India ABSTRACT Objectives: The main objective is to select proper site for landfill and its design and efficient management of solid waste in the study area. Methods/Analysis: The method and analysis includes the comparing of different landfill sites in various components such as soil, air, ground water parameters and propose the efficient landfill site and its suitable design. This also includes the implementing of various strategies in solid waste management. Findings: The projection of the population determined based on the present population. The waste generated for the future years is determined by the base of the waste generation at the current situation. The design of landfill and management of solid waste is based upon the above said parameters. The result of the research leads to the innovative selection of site and landfill design. Improvement: This research helps in better implantation of the efficient methods in solid waste collection throughout the city. Key words: Solid Waste Management,Land-Fill Design,Site Selection,Population Projection,Waste Generation Cite this Article: Bhavya Bhanu Sigirisetty, SS. Asadi and A.V.S.Prasad, A Multi Stage, Multi Criteria Approach For Solid Waste Disposal Site Design and Management: A Model Study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(1), 2017, pp INTRODUCTION One of the major problem the world facing now is proper disposal of the solid waste.due to rapid increase and urbanisation in the population, many cities and towns doesnot have proper solid waste management.inproper disposal and treatment of the solid waste leads to air pollution,soil editor@iaeme.com

2 A Multi Stage, Multi Criteria Approach For Solid Waste Disposal Site Design and Management: A Model Study pollution,contaminates ground water and may even cause health hazards.the ever lasting disposal of solid waste is the significant factor of the efficient municipal solid waste management.urban Local bodies and government authorities should take the responsibility to dispose the solid waste according the rules of municipal solid waste 1. Sanitary Landfill is the most appropiate and the efficient way of disposal of minicipal solid waste. The availability of efficient landfill sites is one of the main problems being faced by Urban Local bodies and civic bodies in the implementation of their principles.however, regional municipal solid waste disposal facility can be implemented in the possible cities and towns if the city is not having sufficient land for disposal. The clustering and merging of 3 to 4 cities can be done and can set up a disposal facility 2. Precautions should be taken that transportation should not cause any effect on the economy. The advantages of the regional disposal facility of municipal solid waste are: Due to regional disposal facility, the existing land can be efficiently used. The natural resources which are scarcity in that particular region can also be utilised in the systematic way. As the disposal facility is situated in the minimum radius of the particular region, it is very easy to monitor with minimum manpower in well determined way. The financial and technical burden on the authorities of the urban local bodies can be reduced which leads to better use of technologies in cost effective manner. Authorities have the advantage of easy estimation of waste generation in the processing as well as the disposal of the solid waste. 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1. STUDY AREA Tadepalli is sub-urban area in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is one of the Urban local body along with other 12 ULB s present in the Guntur District.It Is a 3 rd grade municipality administered under Guntur revenue division. The town is surrounded by the Krishna River on its south and NH-5 in the east, Amaravathi on its west and Mangalagiri on its north 3. Tadepalli is panchayat till 2009 and became 3 rd municipality by clustering of Tadepalli and Krishna Nagar Panchayats.Tadepalli held its first municipal elections in the year The total area of Tadepalliis km² and it is divided into 23 No of wards. The total population of Tadepalli is of 54,362 as per 2011 census. Themunicipal solid waste generated in the respective municipality per day is 32 MT. The area of Tadepalli town is mentioned in the Figure editor@iaeme.com

3 Bhavya Bhanu Sigirisetty, SS. Asadi and A.V.S.Prasad Figure 1 Representation of Tadepalli on Google Map 2.2. POPULATION PROJECTION The waste generation is function of population and lifestyle of people. Therefore, it is essential to project the population for years for setting out the infrastructure for SWM. The population projection is Tadepalli city is carried out based on following methods: Incremental increase method Arithmetic increase Geometric increase, and Exponential method The projected population from 2015 to 2040 by different methods is mentioned in the Table 1. Sr. No Methodologies As Per National Average Growth Rate Table 1 Population projection of Tadepalli Town Horizon Year Incremental Increase Method Arithmetic Increase Method Geometrical Increase Method Exponential Method /index.asp 372 editor@iaeme.com

4 A Multi Stage, Multi Criteria Approach For Solid Waste Disposal Site Design and Management: A Model Study 2.3. WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION The estimated waste generation in Tadepalli in 2015 is about 32 tons/ day from all sources. The waste generation rate is about 400 grams/ capita/ day. This rate of generation is similar to other cities of India of similar size. The waste generating in India is increasing at about 5% per year. This increase is due to population increase as well as lifestyle changes. The waste generation estimate and its projection is important step for long term waste management strategy and planning for the city. Therefore, the waste generation estimate for Tadepalli is carried out in similar way as of population projection. The waste generation estimate is carried out on following assumptions: Increment in waste generation rate is 2% per annum Floating population is considered as 8 % Waste generation for Tadepalli for year 2015 is taken as 0.40 kg/ capita/ day The projected waste generation from 2015 to 2040 is mentioned in the Table 2. Year Populatio n (Avg of II, AI, GI) Table 2 Waste Generation projection of Tadepalli Town Floating populatio 8 % Total Population Solid Waste per capita generation considered (in Kgs) Floating Population (Solid Waste per capita generation considered (in Kgs) Total populatio n SW Generatio n (In tons/day) Floating population SW Generatio n (In tons/day) Total Solid Waste Generate d (in tons/day) PRESENT SWM SCENARIO Primary Collection of Waste Currently 90 % door-to-door collection is prevailing in the respective municipality. The total MSW generated from the city is about 32 TPD. Almost each and every ward in the town is covered Secondary Collection & Transportation The collected mixed waste (wet and dry) without any segregation is getting dumped in the dumping yard by tractors and autos. New proposal of dumping yard of an area of 5 acres near Kolanukonda has been proposed to Government and the allotment is still awaited. There is no existing treatment of solid waste for wet, and slaughter house wastes. Bio medical waste is being handled independently by hospitals. Vermi Composting is initiated in Tadepalli municipality. Waste category in percentages is listed in the Figure editor@iaeme.com

5 Bhavya Bhanu Sigirisetty, SS. Asadi and A.V.S.Prasad Figure 2 Waste Category Percentages in Tadepalli town 2.5. SELECTION OF PROPERR LAND FILL SITE IN STUDY AREA: After vigorous search for the selection of landfill site for the Tadepalli town, the following three sites had been identified LANDFILL AT KRISHNA NAGAR: Krishna Nagar is situated 2km from the Tadepalli town situated at N and E.The area proposed in the Krishna nagar is of 5 acres which is once a cement factory. But now the cement factory is closed and the land is abonded. The land is also not suitable for the agriculture. Due to existence of cement factory long back the ground water quality and the soil quality are not so good. The residential areas are also far away from the site. There is good transportation to the proposed site, shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 Segregation of solid waste using colour bins NUNNA LANDFIL Nunna is a village which is situated in the Vijayawada outskirts at N latitude and E longitudes. It is located 23 km from Tadepalli Town. Nunna is fully covered with residential buildings surrounded by hills, highly fertile fields, and even with Educational institutions. This area consists mostly of highly fertile land and famous for mango fields. The /index.asp 374 editor@iaeme.com

6 A Multi Stage, Multi Criteria Approach For Solid Waste Disposal Site Design and Management: A Model Study groundwater table is at low depth. The landfill construction needs a lot of earth work and lot of equipment and manpower, as the area is hilly. The areas is also mostly covered with quarries which does not have proper road network to this area. So, construction of road is very important to full fill the landfill project. And the main drawback is the residents of the area opposed the construction of the landfill, shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 Proposed landfill site at Krishna Nagar KONDURU LANDFILL Konduru is a village which is 43 km from Tadepalli, at N latitude and E longitudes. The area consists of less vegetation which in turn consists of lots of quarry pits. The proposed site has less percentage of fertile lands or forest area. The respective landfill site has the residential buildings far away from the site The groundwater table is present atmost depth. Transportation is very easy as there were already constructed roads for the purpose of quarry. And finally there is no such restrictions from the residents. By comparing all the possible parameters of the above proposed sites, KrishnaNagar and area at Konduru are suitable for the land filling. But as Konduru is far away from the Tadepalli town, area at Krishna Nagar can be recommended for the suitable landfill site for the disposal of municipal solid waste of Tadepalli town 2.6. DESIGN OF SANITARY LANDFILL FACILITY Preliminary design & engineering has been done for the construction of Regional Integrated Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfill facility for Tadepalli town. The regional facility for this town will be developed at Krishna Nagar; as area of approximate 5 acres for the proposed ISWM facility would be required. The 5 acres area would be required to set up the regional sanitary landfill facility only for 25 years. The construction of landfill shall be taken up into five phases. Each phase will serve for approximately 5 years. After filling of each phase, it will be covered with top cover and subsequently the landfill will be used. The landfill facility shall require around 5 arces of area to accommodate the landfillable waste for 25 years of Tadepalli town. The landfill can be further adjusted with the remaining available area for future use editor@iaeme.com

7 Bhavya Bhanu Sigirisetty, SS. Asadi and A.V.S.Prasad Sanitary Landfilling of non-biodegradable /non-recyclables/inert component of municipal solid waste is mandatory as per the MSW rules Therefore it is proposed to set up a Regional Sanitary Landfill facility for final disposal of inert waste / rejects from compost plants, RDF and street sweeping which cannot be further processed for any use. The 20% of total generated waste in a day is considered as the landfill waste. The projected landfill generation is mentioned in the Table-3. Table 3 Details of the Landfillable Waste of Tadepalli Year Populati on (Avg of II, AI, GI) Floating populatio 8 % Total Population Solid Waste per capita generation considered (in Kgs) Floating Population (Solid Waste per capita generation considered (in Kgs) Total populatio n SW Generatio n (In tons/day) Floating population SW Generatio n (In tons/day) Total Solid Waste Generate d (in tons/day) Landf illable Waste in MT/D ay BASIC DATA In order to design the sanitary landfill facility, the base year for garbage generation has been taken as 2017 and design year has been considered as 2042 A.D. Base Year: AD Design Year: AD Design of Landfill: AD Total Operative Life of the Landfill: - 25 Years (Considering that from 2017, waste will start coming to the Landfill Site) As per the CPHEEO Manual, maximum 20% of total MSW generation will be allowed for landfilling. Therefore, we have considered the same for calculation: Waste Generation : 35 tons per day (in 2018) Design Life : 25 years Water table : 2-5 m below ground surface CAPACITY, HEIGHT, AREA OF LANDFILL Estimated Waste Generation for the landfill in 2018 A.D =7.2 TPD Proposed Landfill Waste Generation in 2042 A.D = 22 TPD Total Landfill Waste Generation in 25 Years = 0.5 (7.2+22) x 365 daysx 25 years= 1,33225 tonnes Waste Volume (assumed density 0.85 t / cum for inert waste as per CPHEEO manual) = 1,33,225 / 0.85 = 1,56,735cum Volume of Daily Cover = 0.1 x 1,56,735= 15674cum editor@iaeme.com

8 A Multi Stage, Multi Criteria Approach For Solid Waste Disposal Site Design and Management: A Model Study Volume of Liner and Cover System = 0.25 x = cum Volume of settlement = 0.05 x = 7837cum First Estimate of landfill Volume Ci = ( ) = cum Proposed Shape of Landfill =Rectangular (length: width = 2:1) Area Restriction :- No restrictions Height of the landfill to possible limit = 10 m Area = (203755) / 10 = sq. m Approximate Areas including area of embankment = 8147 sq. m Length of Sanitary Landfill including embankment = 125 m Width of Sanitary Landfill including embankment = 65 m Other Dimensions Height of Embankment above GL = 3 m Top width of Embankment = 5 m Slope of Embankment (2H:1V) = 2 Slant Height inside base to top of embankment = 7.71 m Slant length outside GL to top of embankment = 6.71 m LANDFILL PHASES Landfill Active life :- 25 Years One phase Duration :- 5 Years No. of Phases :- 5 Volume of phase-i ( ) : Cum LINER AND LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM The liner system will consists of the following layers below the waste: 0.3 m thick leachate drainage layer consisting of sand (coarse sand) or gravel having mm size 0.2 m thick protective layer of silty soil 1.50 mm thick HDPE geo-membrane (iv) 0.9 m thick clay layer LEACHATE EVALUATION The leachate collection layer is provided in the granular soil (drainage) layer of the bottom liner system. The collection layer shall comprise of a network of perforated HDPE lateral pipes laid at a slope of 2% and 20 m c/c spacing. These laterals shall collect leachate and transfer it to the HDPE header pipe, which is laid at a slope of 1%. The header pipe ultimately transfers the leachate into the Leachate collection sump. The general arrangement of header and laterals is provided in the layout plan of MSW landfill. The landfill receives municipal solid waste only. All operations are planned in such a way that generation of liquid waste is minimum and the leachate directly reaches the leachate collection sump for treatment. Apart from the leachate generated as a result of inflow of rainwater into the editor@iaeme.com

9 Bhavya Bhanu Sigirisetty, SS. Asadi and A.V.S.Prasad landfill, the seepage from the moisture content present in the solid waste and the moisture present in the daily soil cover are the few sources of leachate generation. 10 % evaporation has been considered MONITORING FACILITIES The soil, air and water in the area shall be continuously monitored for no contamination. Both sampling methods and non-sampling methods are adopted and monitored as per the monitoring plan for timely action to be taken before water contamination and leakage of gases into the soil. The facility is provided with a minimum four monitoring wells for soil water and gas measurements. The details of the monitoring plan are given in Table -4, wherein instruments /monitoring areas proposed are listed DESIGN LIFE The landfill design life relates to active period, closure period and post closure period. The active period is the period in which actual filling takes place. In this case, this will be 25 years. The closure and post-closure period for which a landfill will be monitored and maintained shall be 25 years after the active period EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE IN RESPECTIVE STUDY AREA Generally the efficient treatment for the municipal solid waste depends upon the composiyion the waste. From the studies we can say solid waste generally consists of 45-50% of degradable waste and % inert waste, rest consists of plastic, paper, glass and other compositions. The suitable technology for the solid waste can be proposed by knowing the calorific value of the waste. Based up on the waste generation in the Tadepalli town the following circumstances are identified: Segregation of organic and in-organic waste is not done at the initial stage i.e at the house-hold level. The waste generated from hospitals, clinics and slaughter houses mixes with the other solid waste. The community bins are not properly maintained and causes severe public nuisance Cattle and other animals are easily attracted by such bins. Foul smell makes the surrounding areas suffocated and irritated. The collected waste from bins is transported to the dumping sites with out proper covering of the waste. This leads to the spilling of waste while transporting. Urban Local bodies are not much interested in framing of the action plan and the efficient solid waste management system RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN TADEPALLI TOWN ADOPTION OF TWO BIN SYSTEM The municipality should initiate providing of two bins to each house-hold one for organic waste and other for in-organic waste. The residents of the house-holds should segregate the waste from organic to inorganic from the household it-self. This makes the collection easier for the sanitary workers who are collecting the waste. It is proposed that for every 1000 population one tricycle is required to be deployed. Door-todoor waste collection could be privatized in the entire Tadepalli city. Ward wise responsibility will be assigned to private operators/ngo for implementation of this plan. Waste collectors will collect editor@iaeme.com

10 A Multi Stage, Multi Criteria Approach For Solid Waste Disposal Site Design and Management: A Model Study waste on a day-to-day basis in two types of bins - green bins for bio-degradable and blue bins for recyclables. The door to door collection from congested roads shall be done on a daily basis between 6:00 AM and 1:00 PM. The waste so collected is proposed to be transported to the nearest community bins placed at convenient location on the approach roads EFFICIENT SECONDARY COLLECTION The solid waste collected from the households by the push-carts and trolleys should be transported to the secondary collection points from where it is carried to the landfill site. Efficient number of man power and procurement of highly mechanised vehicles should be hired for the easy transport of the solid waste. This stage mostly involves the equipment such as autos, trucks, Dumper Bins with Placers, Tractors, Compactor bins etc. The perfectness at this stage can be obtained by as follows: Efficient collection and transportation of domestic, commercial and Institutional waste etc The waste collected from the primary collection should be stored at the efficient collection points. The size of the waste collectors and the containers such be as per the requirement and the volume the waste generated. The route map proposed for the transportation the vehicles should be free from the traffic. Using of vehicles in possible shifts increases the utilisation. The top covered vehicles should be preferred for the transportation. The wastes generated from the primary health centres, clinics, medical shops and other pharmacy establishments should collected separately and should not get mixed with other wastes. The waste collected from the construction sites and others should be transported separately. The waste in the narrow lanes should be directly collected in small vehicles and from there directly to the dumping site TRANSPORT DISTANCE AND ROAD CONDITIONS Road surface conditions, traffic density and overall haul distance have an important influence on vehicle choice and also affect any decision about using transfer stations. The conditions at both the collection and disposal sites will be evaluated. There is little point in using costly high-speed vehicles with high fuel consumptions in situations where haul distances are short and traffic speeds are slow, making lower powered and lower cost vehicles more efficient. The choice of any collection vehicle will be a compromise between its efficiency when collecting and its efficiency when transporting the waste to a transfer, treatment or disposal site AWARENESS PROGRAMMES Awareness is to be created on how to handle the waste, ensuring complete participation, consultation and commitment from all stakeholders at all levels, efficient and effective segregation at generator level as well as for workers handling waste at primary and secondary level. Awareness on usage of safety equipment and Personal Protection Equipment (PPEs) is to be promoted. Thus, it is anticipated that customized training programs needs to be conducted for the staff at all levels. Well-equipped devices will be required to make these awareness campaigns/training programs successful editor@iaeme.com

11 Bhavya Bhanu Sigirisetty, SS. Asadi and A.V.S.Prasad First of all, sufficient place/venue for conducting these programs needs to be finalized. Welltrained trainers will be required to deliver these training programs. A group of experienced trainers who have similar kind of experience in conducting the awareness campaigns/training programs should provide training to the target group on municipal solid waste management practices. During the training program, participants should be given questionnaires, which must be used to collect feedback from the participants. This will help to review the success of the program. The different ways of promoting awareness is: Door to Door Campaign Public Address Meeting Media Support Social Mobilization MODELS OF ARRANGEMENT Though the municipal solid waste rules makes the Urban Local Bodies responsible for management of waste, there are various examples where innovative partnerships models have been developed to carry out the waste management services in the Indian cities. Broadly, four models of engagement are Existing: ULBs ULB + Private Operator (PPP mode) ULB + Community ULB + Private Operator + Community Out of above all, PPP model will be best suitable for the solid waste management in the Tadepalli town. The PPP model is explained in Figure 5. Figure 5 Proposed Site at Nunna area editor@iaeme.com

12 A Multi Stage, Multi Criteria Approach For Solid Waste Disposal Site Design and Management: A Model Study Figure 6 Proposed Site at Konduru area 3. CONCLUSIONS From the above, we can conclude that as there is no sanitary landfill for Tadepalli town, the area in the Krishna Nagar will be suitable based upon the possible parameters and same can be proposed for the construction of sanitary landfill. The design for the same area is given considering all the dimensions. And also only 20% of the daily waste which is generated can be considered as the land fill waste and remaining waste is treated in the form of recycling, reusing, composting etc..in order to have efficient management of municipal solid waste in the Tadepalli town, it is better to implement the PPP model and should motivate the citizens about the importance of the segregation of the solid waste at the primary collection stage. 4. REFERENCES [1] Data collected from the Commissioner and Environmental Engineer of Tadepalli Municipality. 2015, pp [2] D.P.R Report of the Tadepalli Municipality prepared by the Tata Consultancy Services [3] Solid Waste Management from the D.P.R prepared by IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure & Services Limited. [4] D. Satish Chandra, SS. Asadi and M.V.S. Raju, Design of Web Based Decision Support System - Model Study of Vijayawada, A.P. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(6), 2016, pp [5] G.S. Sarma, SS. Asadi and S. Lakshmi Narayana, Creation of Web Based Decision Support Information System for Evaluation of Topographic Characteristics Using Remote Sensing & GIS and Visual Basic Programe. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(6), 2016, pp [6] Varun Teja T and SS Asadi, An Integrated Approach for Evaluation of Environmental Impact Assessment-A Model Study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(6), 2016, pp [7] Aditya Varma K.V, Manideep T and SS. Asadi. A Critical Comparison of Quantity Estimation for Gated Community Construction Project Using Traditional Method Vs Plan Swift Software: A Case Study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(6), 2016, pp editor@iaeme.com