ENERGY NEEDS ASSESSMENT REPORT for BOUCHIPE CHPS COMPOUND, GHANA

Transcription

1 ENERGY NEEDS ASSESSMENT REPORT for BOUCHIPE CHPS COMPOUND, GHANA Produced for the UN Foundation Energy for Women s and Children s Health Initiative By African Solar Designs Ltd Report number: GH 050 Audit date: 22 nd April

2 Contents 1 Summary Introduction and Methodology Purpose of document Methodology Bouchipe CHPS Description Site location and layout Medical services Women s and children s health services Site infrastructure Current Energy Status Electrical and thermal energy summary... 7 Energy sources... 7 Energy applications Electrical energy systems Electrical energy demand Thermal energy demand Other energy demands Recommendations System recommendation: 2kW Facility-level micro-grid Technical details of proposed power system Estimated cost breakdown

3 1 Summary This Need Assessment Report presents an overview of the energy situation at Bouchipe Communitybased Health Planning and Services (CHPS) Compound and provides recommendations on the best way to meet the center s critical energy loads, particularly those requiring electricity. The assessment takes a demand-led approach to evaluating potential power solutions, recognizing that energy is a means to improved health services, not an end in itself. The assessment attempts to capture the full suite of power-dependent health services at the center, while prioritizing those services and issues most relevant to women and children. This is in recognition that women and children generally bear the brunt of inadequate primary health care services, especially in resource-constrained environments. An on-site audit was carried out at Bouchipe Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) Compound, a CHPS level health facility 1 in Ghana. The facility serves the local community at Bouchipe town and its surroundings. It offers family planning, antenatal, delivery and pediatric care as specialized women s and children s health services. Current energy situation: The facility is off-grid with the nearest connection point located more than 25 km from the site. Bouchipe Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) Compound currently has no electricity generating system on site. The facility s electrical demand is currently being met by use of dry cells. Proposed solution: Bouchipe Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) Compound is recommended to have a 2kW facility-level micro-grid to meet a future modeled daily energy consumption of about 9.5 kwh/day. The power system voltage should be 48 volts direct current (VDC) for the solar supply and 240 volts alternating current (VAC) for the power supply. The proposed facilitylevel micro-grid has a high potential of being expanded into a community mini-grid, based on a preliminary assessment of distance to and number of nearby households and businesses. It is recommended that all buildings should be connected to the facility-level micro-grid and wired to 240VAC with sockets and fittings. This should be done using appropriately sized cables and sited poles according to Ghana electrification standards 2. Remote monitoring of the system and load limiters in staff quarters should be used as part of a holistic energy management approach. The total cost 3 of the proposed solar PV system for Bouchipe Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) Compound is estimated at between US$ 10,460 and US$ 18,440, based on low/high-end equipment costs for Ghana. The table below summarizes proposed power solutions for this facility. Table 11.1: Proposed energy solution for critical loads at Bouchipe Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) Compound 4 Critical Need Current Energy Situation Immediate Solution (proposed energy source) Lighting Dry cells Facility-level micro-grid 1 A further description of health facility levels in Ghana is found in the Country Summary. 2 Ghana adheres to International Electricity Commission (IEC) standards, outlined further in the Country Summary. 3 Cost estimates include all power system components, transportation, installation, taxes (if applicable) and a contingency amount. They do not include remote monitoring or any recommended appliance costs. 4 Abbreviations used in this table include Information and communications technology (ICT) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). 3

4 Critical Need Current Energy Situation Immediate Solution (proposed energy source) ICT None Facility-level micro-grid Staff electricity None Facility-level micro-grid Water pumping Manual Facility-level micro-grid Refrigeration No heat-based sterilization Facility-level micro-grid Sterilization None LPG 4

5 2 Introduction and Methodology 2.1 Purpose of document This report presents the results of an energy audit and needs assessment conducted for the BOUCHIPE CHPS. It provides a detailed assessment of the center s energy usage (demand and supply) and makes recommendations for how to improve the availability and quality of energy services at the facility. The recommendations offer suggestions on ways to conserve energy/reduce costs, while maintaining reliable power supply to ensure continued provision of health care services to the community women and children in particular. This report was prepared with support from and as part of the United Nations (UN) Foundation s Energy for Women s and Children Health initiative in GHANA, which seeks to help map the energy needs of government health facilities across GHANA and design electricity solutions to address those needs. 2.2 Methodology A three-step process was used to develop this report. The first step involved identifying the BOUCHIPE CHPS for inclusion in this initiative. BOUCHIPE CHPS was chosen (along with roughly 75 other health facilities) following a consultative process with key energy and health sector stakeholders in GHANA. Criteria included high maternal and child health vulnerability or mortality, as well as low electricity access. The government of GHANA approved the inclusion of the BOUCHIPE CHPS in this analysis. The second step involved conducting an on-site energy audit 5 on 22 nd April, 2015, including interviews with available staff. Auditor teams were trained by African Solar Designs (ASD) prior to the audits and used a survey tool designed by ASD and UN Foundation specifically for this work. The tool is based on the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Powering Health site evaluation tool. Following the audits, ASD carried out a comprehensive analysis of the data collected on site, using international best practices to evaluate the most cost effective, sustainable systems to meet the power needs of health care practitioners and patients. An accompanying Country Summary report consolidates analysis and recommendations for all facilities in Ghana. 3 BOUCHIPE CHPS Description 3.1 Site location and layout BOUCHIPE CHPS is located in Bouchipe town, Central Gonja district, Northern Region. The center is a CHPS level health facility established in The site is located in the middle of the town and the surrounding community has a population of over 2,000 people. 5 Adae Joseph and Klutse Akusika completed the energy audit under the supervision of ASD and Samuel Adu-Asare. 5

6 3.2 Medical services This facility provides outpatient services including reproductive health care. A summary of key operational information is given below. Table 3.1: Key operational information for the BOUCHIPE CHPS Key Information Opening hours 8AM - 4PM Days of the week open Monday - Friday Number of buildings 1 Full-time medical staff 2 Support staff None Number of beds 2 Approximate number of 60 outpatients per month Male Female 75% 25% Figure 3.1: Proportion of male and female outpatients treated per month Figure 3.2: The Outpatient Department (OPD) 3.3 Women s and children s health services BOUCHIPE CHPS does not have a specialized women and children health care practitioner. The community health nurse at the facility acts as a midwife, in cases of emergency birth. Women s and children s health care offered at the facility includes: family planning, antenatal, delivery and pediatric services. The main health issues reported by women visiting the facility include: (i) malaria, (ii) infertility and (iii) candidiasis. The main children s health issues reported include: (i) malaria, (ii) diarrhea and (iii) skin infection. 6

7 Table 3.2: Maternal health care at BOUCHIPE CHPS Maternal Health Summary Number of maternity beds 1 Number of full time women s health staff None Approximate number of births per month 5 The facility offers both on-site and off-site community outreach services. The services offered are: Child Welfare Clinics (CWC), vaccination, health education and home clinics. 3.4 Site infrastructure Medical services buildings: The site contains one medical building where all the outpatient services offered are provided. Staff housing: There is one staff housing unit, which offers basic sanitation services but lacks electricity supply. Sanitation: There is one Kumasi Ventilated-Improved Pit (KVIP), which is not lit at night. Sharps are separated from the rest of the waste, which is disposed through burning in an open pit. Sharps are put in a safety box before being taken to the district offices for disposal. On-site water services: There is no running water on site. The main source of water is a nearby community borehole, from where water is hand pumped on need basis. There is a 1,500 liter water storage tank on site. 4 Current Energy Status 4.1 Electrical and thermal energy 6 summary Energy sources The Bouchipe CHPS does not have grid electricity and the nearest grid connection point is more than 25 km away. Existing energy sources at the site are summarized below and discussed in more detail in Sections 4.2 and 4.4. Table 4.1: Summary of energy sources on-site Energy Source Number of Systems Total Capacity Dry cells n/a n/a Charcoal n/a n/a Firewood n/a n/a 6 Thermal energy sources are associated with heat production and include wood, charcoal, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), kerosene, gasoline, etc. 7

8 Energy applications During the site audit, a census of energy dependent appliances was taken. The table below shows energy applications at both the medical departments. Table 4.2: Details of energy consuming appliances on-site Application Detail 7 Qty Current Energy Source GS PV Ke Ma LPG WC DC Grid Lighting Torch 1 Medical BP apparatus 1 equipment Scale 1 Water supply & delivery Borehole Hand pump n/a Energy Applications at Medical Departments Water heating Stove Current energy source codes: GS = Genset, PV = Photovoltaic, Ke = Kerosene, Ma = Manual, LPG = LPG gas, WC= Wood/Charcoal, DC = Dry cell, Colored dots: Green = Operational, Red = System Failure 4.2 Electrical energy systems The health facility does not have electrical energy systems that directly power its appliances, though there are two solar street lighting systems in the vicinity installed as part of community lighting programme. Details of these systems could not be obtained by the auditors due to their height. 4.3 Electrical energy demand Bouchipe facility has a relatively low energy demand. Services such as antenatal, outpatient treatment and pediatrics require lighting, sterilization and refrigeration. The current electrical demand at this health facility is a torch that is powered by dry cells. Refrigeration and heat-based sterilization were not found during the audit. 4.4 Thermal energy demand This health facility has thermal energy demands in addition to the electrical demands discussed above. These are detailed in the table below. Table 4.5: Summary of thermal energy use at the health facility Thermal source Applications Comment Charcoal and firewood -Heating water -Cooking -Firewood is collected locally while charcoal is purchased. Monthly consumption unknown. 4.5 Other energy demands The Bouchipe CHPS offers community outreach services on-site and off-site. The off-site community outreach offers immunization services. Portable cold boxes are used to ensure vaccinations and other treatments are kept cold. 7 Abbreviations used here include compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), light emitting diode (LED), high frequency (HF), video home system (VHS), and digital video disc (DVD). 8

9 5 Recommendations 5.1 System recommendation: 2kW Facility-level micro-grid System design overview Bouchipe CHPS does not currently have electrical demand except a dry cell powered torch. Future modeled daily energy demand 8 will be about 9.5 kwh/day. The following system is recommended to meet the forecasted demand: Table 5.1: Proposed system overview Parameter Electricity demand Type of configuration System size (kw) System voltage Mini-grid potential Value 9.5 kwh/day Facility-level micro-grid 2 kw Power supply: 240VAC DC System: 48VDC High potential for community mini-grid. 8 This figure is based on a modeled future load in which six essential energy demands were identified for all sites: lighting (interior, security and medical), refrigeration, medical equipment, ICT (phone charging and computer), staff housing and water pumping. Site-specific characteristics determined calculations on what these loads even if not presently on site might be in future. The figure includes a 20% growth factor, with an additional 25% to account for system losses. More detail regarding the load modeling is in the Country Summary. 9

10 Figure 5.1: Indicative layout of the proposed system Summary of services to be supplied by proposed energy system Table 5.2: Proposed energy for essential services on site Key Energy Service Proposed Energy System Recommended Appliance Upgrades Lighting Facility-level micro-grid All lighting systems should be wired for 240VAC power. Security and general lighting to be supplied. Security lighting [2] General lighting [6] ICT Facility-level micro-grid 240VAC sockets for cell phone charging, a lap top and a printer. [Three sockets] Refrigeration Facility-level micro-grid An energy efficient 240VAC fridge should be considered. Water pumping Facility-level micro-grid A solar water pump should be considered to replace hand pumping. Sterilization LPG powered Steam sterilizer 10

11 Key Energy Service Proposed Energy System Recommended Appliance Upgrades Staff electricity needs sterilization should be considered. The facilitylevel micro-grid cannot supply power for sterilization. Staff quarters should be connected to 240VAC facility-level micro-grid. Load limiter should be installed in staff quarters for energy management purposes. [Limit to one socket per staff quarter] 5.2 Technical details of proposed power system This section describes in more detail the 2kW facility-level micro-grid proposed for the site. The solar PV 9 array has been sized to provide sufficient energy to meet the future modeled daily energy demand. Power System Equipment The proposed off-grid solution consists of a solar PV 10 array generating DC electricity into a DC bus where a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) charge controller charges the batteries. Through a pure sine wave inverter the DC electricity is converted into AC for the final delivery to the health facility. The following diagram illustrates the two main components of the proposed system: Power system equipment (blue dotted line) and Different consumption units (loads) that the power system provides power to (red dotted line) 10 Ghana has strong solar resources and less well understood wind resources. Wind is highly site specific and was not assessed as part of this work. 11

12 Technical description of power system Figure 5.2: Proposed system design Table 3.3: Details of the proposed system TECHNICAL PARAMETER 2kW Solar Photovoltaic Array Capacity (Watts) Total Inverter Nominal Capacity (Watts) Total Inverter Maximum Capacity (Watts) 2000 (W) 2000 (W) 2400 (W) Charge Controller Size To match max current from solar array + 25% Total Battery Bank C 10 (Ah) Battery Bank Voltage (Volts) 573 (Ah) 48 (V) The above table details the solar array peak capacity in Watts, the total nominal and maximum capacity of inverter(s) in Watts, the battery bank capacity for 2.5 days of autonomy (Amp-hours) and the DC bus system voltage. The charge controller size (Amps) should be 25% greater than the current coming from the solar array to allow potential overcurrent flows while protecting the equipment. Detailed technical standards for equipment accompany the Country Summary document. 12

13 OTHERS EQUIPMENT Appliance and wiring upgrades All buildings should be connected to the facility-level micro-grid and wired for240vac power with sockets and fittings. This should be done using appropriately sized cables and sited poles. Ghana electrification standards 11 should be followed. Internal 240VAC wiring should be completed for: The main building Staff quarters Water pump Toilet block Operational features of system A brief description of expected service levels and parameters follows; full technical specifications are provided in the Country Summary: Solar power should provide 100% of the power supply. Systems should be equipped with online monitoring equipment that will allow remote assessment of operational status and energy use. Systems should be designed so they can be expanded if necessary. The distribution system should be designed for eventual connection to the national grid. In particular the cable size will have to match the local country standards for grid interconnectivity. 5.3 Estimated cost breakdown The total cost, including taxes, of the proposed solar PV system for Bouchipe CHPS ranges from US$ 10,460 to US$ 18,440. Table 5.4 provides a cost breakdown for the main components of a solar PV installation per unit (Watt) of power. Table 5.4: Cost breakdown of proposed system Item USD/Watt Lower limit Higher limit USD/kWh PV Modules Structure/Mounting MPPT Charge Controller Battery bank Inverter Balance of System Distribution costs Transportation Installation Contingencies TOTAL BEFORE TAXES Ghana adheres to International Electricity Commission (IEC) standards, outlined further in the Country Summary. 13

14 TAXES Item USD/Watt Lower limit Higher limit USD/kWh VAT (17.5%) Duties Total taxes TOTAL AFTER TAXES TOTAL COST FOR A 2KW SYSTEM US$ 10,460 US$ 18,440 Notes 1. PV Modules are monocrystalline or polycrystalline. 2. Battery bank Flooded Lead acid. 3. Balance of System (BoS) 10% = 15% of the equipment total costs. Includes all electrical accessories required for installation wiring, switches. 4. Transportation costs calculated according to the distance of the HC from the capital Accra. 5. Installation costs calculated per country local costs. 6. Contingencies -5% - 10% of the total system costs. 7. VAT =17.5%. 8. Duties = Batteries-32%-35%, Charge controller- 30%, Inverter-30%. 9. PV Modules were duty exempt at the time this study was done. 10. Generator costs have not been included Costs for remote monitoring systems vary depending on the level of data collection, and as such have not been included in the above calculations. A typical micro grid monitoring system is usually under US$1,