Power Generation Technologies

Transcription

1 Power Generation Technologies Paul Breeze AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO ELSEVIER Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier Newnes

2 Contents List of figures List of tables 1 Introduction to electricity generation History of the electricity generation industry The evolution of electricity generation technologies The politics of electricity The size of the industry 2 The evolution of environmental awareness The environmental effects of power generation The hydrogen economy Externalities Life-cycle assessment The bottom line 3 Coal-fired power plants Types of coal Traditional coal-burning power plant technology Emission control for traditional coal-burning plants Advanced coal-burning power plant technology Environmental effects of coal combustion associated with coal-fired power generation The cost of coal-fired electricity generation 4 Gas turbines and combined cycle power plants Natural gas Gas turbine technology Advanced gas turbine design Distributed generation Combined cycle power plants Micro turbines Environmental impact of gas turbines associated with gas-turbine-based power projects The cost of gas turbine power stations ix xi

3 vi Contents 5 Combined heat and power History Applications CHP technology Energy efficiency Cost of CHP Piston-engine-based power plants Piston engine technology Co-generation Combined cycle Costs Fuel cells The fuel cell principle Fuel cell chemistry Types of fuel cell Phosphoric acid fuel cell Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell Molten carbonate fuel cells Solid oxide fuel cells Fuel cell costs Hydropower The hydropower resource Hydro sites Dams and barrages Turbines Small hydropower The environment The cost of hydropower Tidal power Tidal motion The tidal resource Tidal technology

4 Contents vii The cost of tidal power 10 Storage technologies Types of energy storage Pumped storage hydropower Compressed air energy storage Large-scale batteries Superconducting magnetic energy storage Flywheels Capacitors Hydrogen Costs 11 Wind power Wind sites Wind turbines Offshore wind technology Constraints on wind capacity The cost of wind power 12 Geothermal power The geothermal resource Geothermal energy conversion technology The cost of geothermal power 13 Solar power The solar energy resource Sites for solar power generation Solar technology Solar thermal power generation Photovoltaic devices Solar cell deployment The cost of solar power 14 Ocean power Ocean energy resource Ocean thermal energy conversion

5 viii Contents Wave energy 210 Ocean current generation Biomass-based power generation 219 Types of biomass 220 Biomass energy conversion technology The cost of biomass generated power Power from waste 235 Landfill waste disposal 235 Waste sources 236 Waste composition 237 Waste collection 238 Waste power generation technologies The cost of energy from waste Nuclear power 249 Fundamentals of nuclear power 251 Nuclear reactors 254 Nuclear fusion associated with investing in nuclear power 264 The cost of nuclear power 265 Index 267