Black Smoke Elimination Via PID Controlled Co-Firing Technique at Palm Oil Mill

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1 International Journal o Applied Engineering Reearch ISSN Volume 12, Number 19 (2017) pp Black Smoke Elimination Via PID Controlled Co-Firing Technique at Palm Oil Mill Noor Atikah Abdullah 1, Ramizi Mohamed 1, Wan Mohd Faizal Wan Mahmood 2 and Mohamad Hani Md Saad 2 1 Department o Electric, Electronic & Sytem Engineering, Faculty o Engineering & Built Environment, Univeriti Kebangaan Malayia, Bangi, Selangor, Malayia. 2 Department o Mechanical & Material Engineering, Faculty o Engineering & Built Environment, Univeriti Kebangaan Malayia, Bangi, Selangor, Malayia. Abtract Burning o only bioma uel in a boiler urnace caue uncontrollable black moke emiion into the atmophere epecially during high-power demand in which cae, rapid addition o bioma uel i required. Black moke dicharge can be annihilated by uing gaeou uel through co-iring technique. Adding dierent type o uel to the primary uel a another method o uel mixing i known a co-iring technique. The objective o the preent work i to evaluate a co-iring technique o bioma (palm ibre and palm kernel hell) with PID controller controlling the bioga input into the boiler. Co-iring technique conit o direct, indirect and parallel co-iring. Among the three technique, direct co-iring i choen to be ued becaue it the implet and inexpenive in implementation. The perormance obtained rom the ue o each controller wa analyed. Drum preure reult are preented. Baed on the reult or each controller, P controller wa the mot uitable controller to be ued or the application. Keyword: Bioma, Bioga, Co-iring, PID controller INTRODUCTION Bioma can be converted into gaeou, liquid and olid uel uch a methane, ethanol and charcoal. Ater the tranormation, thee uel can be burned and ued. Carbon dioxide will be releaed into the atmophere when oxygen in the air react with carbon in the bioma uel. Carbon dioxide rom the air will be ued during the growth tage. The imilar amount o carbon dioxide will be dicharged into the atmophere when the bioma uel i ully burned. Thu, bioma i acknowledge a a carbon ink. Thi i becaue there i no addition o carbon dioxide (CO 2) to the atmophere. Thi i urthermore recognied a the zero carbon emiion or the carbon cycle [18]. Diminihing the greenhoue gae releae into the air by uing bioma i recognied a a promiing energy ource [1-9]. By utilizing bioma at great cale can be great advantage in utainable growth that include ocial, economical and environmental [4, 5, 10]. When bioma i managed in a utainable approach, bioma i a neutral renewable uel [7,11]. Moreover, by uing bioma to produce energy can help to olve a couple o problem uch a wate dipoal problem and harmul gae releae reult rom decompoe landilling junk that will emit CO 2, methane and more hazardou greenhoue gae [12]. Currently, the energy need in the entire world contribute by bioma i around 10-15% [10, 13]. There are variou prominent proitable crop in many countrie and palm oil i one o them. Malayia produced 47% o the world palm oil reource alone becaue o that Malayia i recognied a leader in producing and exporter o palm oil. Ater the palm oil ruit harveting and oil extraction proce, there will be a huge volume o palm oil bioma produced. Thi bioma conit o palm oil trunk, rond, ibre, empty ruit bunch (EFB) and hell [26]. In 2008, 6 million hectare arm land in Malayia i covered by palm oil plantation. Thereore, Malayia continuing maintaining it top pot in palm oil plantation. While, Malayia become a main producer or palm oil, the proceing reidue alo in an enormou amount. It remain competing to exploit the bioma produced. Thi bioma can be utilized or bio-energy indutry in commercial cale. Palm oil bioma make up o 85.5% o bioma raction in the entire country extremely urpaing other remaining bioma ource uch a ugarcane (0.5%), rice huk (0.7%) and wood (3.7%) [33]. According to Malayia Palm Oil Board, palm oil bioma reidue annually produce in Malayia at average o 53 million tonne with a 5% annual growth projection [30]. Dry palm oil bioma wate in 2010 were recorded a much a 80 million tonne, thi amount i expected to increae to 100 million tonne by the year 2020 [31]. Thu, reliable and conitent policy to exploit the competitive beneit o the palm 8050

2 International Journal o Applied Engineering Reearch ISSN Volume 12, Number 19 (2017) pp oil indutry i required. Thereore, reinorce it commitment toward reducing carbon ootprint in the imminent uture [32]. Chemical energy in bioma can be converted into orm o electricity, heat or mechanical power. Thee can be achieved by burned bioma directly uing boiler, urnace or team turbine. The temperature o hot gae produced rom the combution o bioma i in range o C. The temperature i uicient or turbine to produce energy. Bioma that will be ued or combution, mut contained 50% or le moiture content ele the bioma mut be dried irt beore ued [34]. Nowaday, renewable energy ource are preerred to be exploited in decreaing carbon dioxide emiion into the atmophere. The renewable reource i utilied through coiring oil uel with bioma in current power plant [14]. Mot inexpenive approach that had been recognied i to utilie bioma through co-iring bioma or electric utility indutry. Co-iring can reduce greenhoue gae emiion and etablihed inratructural upport or uel reource and delivery in order to tranorm to proound bae or biouel upplie. Moreover, co-iring alo upport economic development between wood product and agricultural indutrie in peciied ervice area. Thee are the reaon why co-iring i conidered practical to compliment global climate challenge plan [15]. Merging bioma co-iring with carbon capture and torage (CCS) in power plant can be a olution to carbon dioxide net elimination rom the air [19]. It i known that there are three type o co-iring technologie. Thee technologie conit o direct co-iring that i the implet and economical and alo indirect co-iring and parallel co-iring [27]. Direct co-iring i choen becaue it i alo eay to implement. Due to it high caloric value, palm oil mill wate uch a ibre, hell and empty ruit bunch (EFB) can be exploited a an energy ource [24]. Palm oil wate continue to increae a crude palm oil continue to be produced. Palm oil wate are made up o 12-15% ibre, 20-23% EFB and 5-7% hell. Due to environmental concern to reolve the dipoal problem, bioma wate need to be utilied eiciently [24]. The palm oil mill that under aement employ ibre and palm kernel hell a the boiler eeding. Palm oil milling proce produced ibre that be burned in the boiler urnace while there i ome amount o palm kernel hell are old due to it good market price [24]. The energy produced can vary becaue o inadequate blending between hell and ibre, the amount o moiture content in the material, the air low and alo becaue o incomplete combution [29]. THE PID CONTROLLER PID controller i one o the mot acquainted orm o eedback. In the early governor, it wa a igniicant component and developed to tandard tool or proce control in 1940 [20]. It conit o three controller type that are proportional (P), integral (I) and derivative (D). The mall change in error can reult in ocillation that make the ytem to overreact. Thi problem can olved with the ued o proportional control. One o the characteritic o proportional control wa it proportional to control error when the error wa mall [21]. With proportional control there alway a teady tate error. By increaing gain the teady tate error can be reduce. To make ure the proce output match up with et point in teady tate i a job or integral controller. No matter how mall the error i, poitive or negative error will aect the control ignal whether to increae or decreae the control ignal [21]. When integral control i ued it will rie the caue to ocillate but will olved the teady tate error problem. In order to improve the cloed loop tability, derivative controller can be ued. Change in control variable at proce output will take ome time to notice becaue derivative controller will extrapolate the error by tangent to error curve to predict the proce output. The controller can be ued individually (P, I, D) or in combination (PI, PD, PID) to produce the deired eect contributed rom each individual controller component. The general algorithm o PID controller i hown a below: u( t) k e( t) k DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BOILER DRUM PRESSURE Water-tube boiler wa ued in thi project baed on the boiler at Wet Oil Mill, Pulau Carey. Boiler model developed by Atrom and Bell [22] wa ued. Thi boiler model only decribe the drum preure repone. Eqn (2) how the global ma balance or the boiler. Eqn (3) how the global energy balance or the boiler. Where p t 0 d [ Vt wvwt] q d t w w wt i e( T) dt k t q de [ h V h V pv m c t ] Q q h q h V V t t V wt To obtain the econd order model, aturated team table were combined with eqn (2), (3) and (4) to yield a imple boiler model. Conidering we only intereted in drum preure, eqn (2) can be multiply by h w and ubtracting reult rom (3) while neglecting mall variation we be able to obtain approximate model, eqn (5): t p m d (1) (2) (3) (4) 8051

3 Drum Preure (kpa) Smoke Denity (%) International Journal o Applied Engineering Reearch ISSN Volume 12, Number 19 (2017) pp e 1 dp Q q ( hw h ) qhc Where e h V 1 c t V Thi model doe not decribe the ditribution o team and water in the ytem, thu thi model doe not concern with drum water level behaviour. The mathematical model above captured the gro behaviour o the boiler. RESULT AND DISCUSSION t h pwv wt hw mtc p t Vt Drop in preure in the drum preure will caued black moke to be releaed during combution. Black moke that be releaed conit o mall particle, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide a well a water vapour, hydrocarbon and many more hazardou gae. Incomplete combution o olid uel i one (5) (6) o the reaon or black moke emiion. Increaing the drum preure i conidered a one o the olution or black moke releaed. Uing a cleaner uel alo help in eliminating black moke releaed and alo by properly blend the bioma to aid in attaining combution cloe to the complete combution. By uing bioga a upplementary uel, it can help in combution proce a well a increaing the drum preure. Fig.1 how that the denity o the moke releaed rom the boiler tack can be aected by the drum preure. Baed on the obervation, when the preure in the drum i high, the denity o the moke releaed i low and vice vera. Thi reult i obtained rom the real time teting at the Wet Oil mill to proo the concept o mix uel combution [35]. Combution done in high preure i more eective than combution in low preure baed on the thermodynamic view. Thi will reult in inteniied the combution thu improved uel eiciency. Reult in tremendouly reduced the emiion rom combution uch a carbon dioxide and other pollutant [28] Drum preure (kpa) Time Smoke Denity (%) Figure 1: Drum preure to the moke denity relationhip 8052

4 International Journal o Applied Engineering Reearch ISSN Volume 12, Number 19 (2017) pp Figure 2: Block diagram o the eedback control Table 1: Sytem perormance parameter Controller Proportional (P) Proportional & Integral (PI) Proportional & Derivative (PD) Proportional, Integral & Derivative (PID) Repone Time () Settling time () Overhoot (%) Phae Margin (, rad/) 60@ @ @ @15.6 Fig. 2 repreent the Simulink block diagram o the eedback control. The bioga conumption into the boiler i controlled by PID controller. Direct co-iring i ued. MATLAB automatic tuning tool were ued to obtain the controller gain that yield the required ytem perormance parameter. Table 1 how the imulation tuning reult obtained. Balancing between perormance and robutne wa the main ocued o the tuning algorithm. Ideal gain or a ytem i at 60 phae. Baed on the parameter obtained, ytem with P and PI controller are quite table a they are able to achieve gain at 60. PI controller repone time, overhoot and ettling time were the highet compared to other controller. Although ettling time and repone time or controller PD and PID quite at but their ytem not table i compared to two other controller. Fluctuation can be minimize by uing P controller but can produce a large oet. A or I controller, mall oet can be obtained in expene o lower repone time. While or D controller, it can keep the conitent etting i it paired with other controller a it cannot be ued alone. Fat repone can be given by PID controller but thi controller will be cotly. Fig.3 how each controller repone in drum preure. The et point preure wa at 1800kPa. Thi et point preure wa the minimum preure or black moke ceae to exit [23]. Baed on the obervation on the drum preure, P and PI controller give imilar repone. PD controller took the longet time to rie to et point and ettle. The et point preure i achieved by all the controller. The only concern wa the time. Baed on the reult obtained, the choice o uitable controller to be ued depend on the uer requirement and preerence. 8053

5 Drum Preure (kpa) International Journal o Applied Engineering Reearch ISSN Volume 12, Number 19 (2017) pp P PI PD PID Time Figure 3: The boiler preure repond o P controller, PI controller, PD controller and PID controller CONCLUSION In thi paper, Matlab/Simulink tool were ued to deign a model o water-tube boiler. In order to eliminate black moke emiion rom the boiler tack at palm oil mill, co-iring technique i ued. Direct co-iring i choe becaue o it implicity and inexpenive to implement. The co-iring method i imulated uing a eedback control. Four type o controller are ued uch a P controller, PI controller, PD controller and PID controller. The bioga intake i controlled by the controller. The drum preure reading or each controller wa recorded. All controller were able to control the bioga input into the boiler to increae the preure in the drum. There were delay in the preure repone or PD and PID controller. P and PI controller had the atet repone to achieve et point preure. The type controller uitable to ue wa depending on the ytem requirement. For thi ytem, P controller i mot the uitable controller to be ued to control the bioga intake. In the uture, uzzy logic controller will be conidered to be ued to improve the ytem perormance ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author would to thank the Sime Darby Reearch and Wet Oil Mill, Pulau Carey or their upport or thi project, and alo grateully acknowledge the upport and unding to thi project rom the Malayia Minitry o Higher Education via the Knowledge Traner Program (KTP) Grant PHI and Malayia Minitry o Science, Technology & Innovation via the Science Fund Grant SF1386. REFERENCES [1] F. Okaha, G. Zaater, S. El-Emam, M. Awad & E. Zeidan, Co-combution o bioma and gaeou uel in a novel coniguration o luidized bed: Thermal characteritic, Energy Converion and Management, vol. 84, pp , [2] M.F. Demirba, M. Balat, H. Balat, Potential contribution o bioma to the utainable energy development, Energy Conver Manage, vol. 50, pp , [3] L. Zhang, C. Xu, P. Champagne, Overview o recent 8054

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