PHYTOREMEDIATION OF CHEMICALS BY WEDELIA TRILOBATA, TECOMA STANS AND TAGETES ERECTA

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1 ISSN: (Print) ISSN: (Online) PHYTOREMEDIATION OF CHEMICALS BY WEDELIA TRILOBATA, TECOMA STANS AND TAGETES ERECTA MINAXI PATEL a1, BHAWNA NERKAR b, PRIYANKA SINGH BAGHEL c AND BHAWANA PANDEY d a Deparment of Biotechnology, Govt. Digvijay Mahavidyalaya, Rrajnandgaon b Deparment of Biotechnology, Govt V.Y.T. Auto P.G. College, Durg cd Deptt. of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Bhilai Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Bhilai, C.G. ABSTRACT Pytoremediation technique of heavy metals from the contaminated water and soil are cost effective and has esthetic advantage and has long term applicability over the other remediation technique. Ferric chloride (FeCl 3 ), calcium chloride (CaCO 3 ) were carried out by using different plants Wedelia trilobata, Tegetus erecta and Tecoma stans. The concentration of chemical dissolved in distilled water was measured by taking using colorimeter. The best result was shown by Wedelia trilobata (FeCl 3 ) and Tecoma stans (CaCO 3 ). Mercuric chloride (HgCl 2 ) and stannous chloride (SnCl 2 ) were carried out by using Wedelia trilobat and Tagetes erecta. The best result was shown in 0.05mg/ml conc. of mercuric chloride and 0.6mg/ml conc. of stannous chloride for Wedelia trilobata. For Tagetes erecta the best result was shown in 0.20mg/ml conc. of mercuric chloride and 0.20mg/ml & 0.25mg/ml conc. of stannous chloride and for Tecoma stans best result was shown in 0.5mg/ml conc. of mercuric chloride and 0.6mg/ml conc. of stannous chloride. Key Words: Pytoremediation Technique, Contaminated Water, Cost Effective Phytoremediation is defined as an in situ remediation strategy which makes use of green plants to remove pollutants from the environment or to render these pollutants harmless (Baker and Brooks, 1989). The science of phytoremediation is based on earlier biogeochemical prospecting. Phytoremediation is a remediation method that utilizes plant to cleanup contaminants in the environment. Phytoremediation (Bañuelos,1997, Bennett, 2003, Chen, 2000,Cunningham, 1997) is an innovative technology that is considered more cost effective than more morecoventional methods of cleanup of soil or ground water or soils when their roots take in water and nutrients, phytoremediation works best at sites with low to moderate levels of contamination. Smaller plants absorb shallow contaminants while trees usually treat that chemicals that are deeper in the ground through their root system (Abedin et. al., 2000). Modern agricultural production depends significantly on the use of herbicides to control weeds in crops. There are many herbicide, which can be classified into several chemical classes in accordance with their chemical structures. Acidic herbicides like bentazon are widely used for control of broad leaved weeds and other vegetation. They are relatively inexpensive and very potent even at low concentration. Bentazon is considered to be transient herbicide which leaches through the soil into the ground water and may pose problems for the groundwater resources. Contaminated soil and water are major environmental and human health problems which can be partially solved by phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is a relatively new technology which makes use of green plants to remove environmental contaminants from soil and groundwater. It is possible to use phytoremediation to reach contaminated groundwater 20 to 30 feet underground. The use of plants for the removal of xenobiotics from spillage sites, sewage waters, sludge and polluted areas has become an important experimental and practical approach over the last 15 years. Plants extract and accumulate metals from the soil solution. Before the metal can move from the 1Corresponding author

2 soil solution into the plant, it must pass the surface of the root ( Jadia 2008, Khan, 2004). This can either be a passive process, with metal ions moving through the porous cell wall of the root cells, or an active process by which metal ions move symplastically through the cells of the root. (Vandenhove, 2001, Von Wiren, 1999) This latter process requires that the metal ions traverse the plasmalemma, a selectively permeable barrier that surrounds cells (Pilon-Smits, 2005). Special plant membrane proteins recognize the chemical structure of essential metals; these proteins bind the metals and are then ready for uptake and transport. Numerous protein transporters exist in plants. METHODOLOGY Plant with complete root and shoot system was isolated from the Durg area. It was washed with tap water and then with distilled water (D.W). The plant parts dipped in different chemical solution was incubated for certain days and the absorption was taken at 420 nm wavelength ( Wedelia trilobata,tecoma stans). The concentration of chemical was measured using chloride ion test titration method (Wedelia trilobata Tagetes erecta involving potassium chromate as an indicator, 0.01 ml of indicator/ml of solution). OBSERVATION AND RESULT Tecoma stans in different concentration of CaCO 3 i.e. 0.5gm, 1.0gm and 1.5gm in 50ml D.W. Wedelia trilobata in different conc.of FeCl 3 i.e 0.250gm,0.500gm and0.750gm in 100ml D.W

3 Wedelia trilobata in different conc.of HgCl 2 i.e 0.05 mg,0.5 mg and 0.5 mg SnCl 2 in 100ml D.W. Tagetes erecta in different conc.of HgCl 2 i.e 0.25 mg, and 0.20 mg and 0.35 mg SnCl 2 in 100ml D. Wedelia trilobata ( FeCl 3 conc. in 2.5 mg/ml D.W ) Concentration in 100 ml D.W Control (O.D) Sample (O.D) gm gm gm The above result is after first overnight incubation, but after second over night incubation this plant get died. Tecoma stans :- ( CaCO 3 ) Concentration Date Control (O.D) Sample (O.D) 0.5 gm(5mg/ml) 14/11/ /11/ /11/ /11/ gm(10mg/ml) 14/11/ /11/ /11/ /11/ gm(20mg/ml) 14/11/ /11/ /11/ /11/ When this plant was incubated overnight with 2.5mg/ml conc. of FeCl 3, it was not able to Survive and get died.

4 Wedalia trilobata : HgCl 2 Concentration Date Control Final 0.05 mg/ml 28/01/2012 One drop 9ml 0.35 mg/ml 1/02/ ml 19ml 0.45 mg/ml 2/02/ ml 19.4ml 0.55 mg/ml 6/02/ ml 20.6ml After that it got died SnCl 2 concentration Date Control Experiment Control Experiment Conc.in 0.5 mg/ml D.W Conc.in 0.6 mg/ml D.W 7/02/ ml 40.2ml 11ml 16ml 8/02/ ml 39.4ml 10.8ml 14.7ml 9/02/ ml 37.8ml 10.7ml 13.4ml After that it got died. DISCUSSION Wedalia trilobata (a valued medicinal plant) was exposed to different concentrations of heavy metals like, HgCl 2 and SnCl 2 with a view to observe their bioaccumulation efficiency. Germination was inhibited by both the heavy metals in the seeds previously imbibed in GA 3 and KNO 3 for 24 hr. According to Ridzuan et.al the category of the highest metal absorption to the Tagetes erecta rallied on Lead < Cadmium < Chromium as of 91%<6%<3%. In this study Tagetes erecta showed the best result with 0.20mM conc. HgCl 2 and 0.20 and 0.25 mm conc.sncl 2. Thus Tagetes erecta has the great ability to remediate heavy metals i.e mercury, lead, stannous and cadmium. CONCLUSION For FeCl 3 Wedelia trilobata showed the best result but survive only for 24 hrs.when grown in 2.5mg/ml conc.solution. For CaCO 3 Tecoma stans showed the best result in high conc.5mg/ml and 10mg/ml,while Eichhornia crassipes in low conc. showed large decrease in absorption only for 24 hrs.incubation and after that it showed constant decrease in absorption Wedalia trilobata For HgCl 2 Wedelia trilobata showed the best result when grown in 0.05mg/ml conc.solution but survive only for 24 hrs. For SnCl 2 Wedelia trilobata showed the best result when grown in 0.6mg/ml conc.solution and survive for 15 days. Tagetes erecta For HgCl 2 Tagetes erecta showed the best result when grown in 0.20mg/ml conc. solution and survive for 13 days. For SnCl 2 Tagetes erecta showed the best result when grown in 0.20mg/ml & 0.25mg/ml and survive for 4 days. REFERENCES Abedin M.J., Feldmann J. and Meharg A.A.; Uptake kinetics of arsenic species in rice plants. Plant Physiol. 128: Baker A.J.M.; Accumulators and excluders strategies in the response of plants to heavy metals. J. Plant Nutr. 3: Bañuelos G.S., Ajwa H.A., Mackey B., Wu L.L., Akohoue S., and Zambrzuski S.; Evaluation of different plant species used for phytoremediation of high soil selenium. J. Environ. Qual. 26(3): Bennett L.E., Burkhead J.L., Hale K.L., Terry N., Pilon M. and Pilon-smits E.A.H.; Analysis of transgenic Indian Mustard plants for phytoremediation of metals-contaminated

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