Solar. Best Performance, Most Experience. Solar Mirrors for CSP and CPV LEADING GLASS TECHNOLOGY

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1 Solar Best Performance, Most Experience Solar Mirrors for CSP and CPV LEADING GLASS TECHNOLOGY

2 Solar Pioneer of Highly Efficient Solar Mirrors for CSP and CPV 40 Years of Experience in Solar Power Leading in Glass Technology since 1882 From the very beginning, FLABEG was the international market leader in the field of glass refinement technology, and made an important contribution to the breakthrough of CSP. Our company has been involved in the development of solar mirrors since the 1970s, and supplied the first CSP applications. The first nine CSP plants, which are still in commercial operation, were built between 1984 and 1991 in California s Mojave Desert and are equipped with FLABEG mirrors. Today, FLABEG is the international market leader for solar mirrors and has a list of references extending over a 30 year period. Since 1983, we have supplied nearly 7 million solar mirrors for CSP plants throughout the world. Virtually all of these mirrors are still in use today, and they are still achieving their consistently high performance. The perfect mix of bending radii, coating structure and reflective properties, which assure a particularly high level of plant yield and the good durability characteristics of the mirrors at the same time, make this possible. It results from decades of field-tested experience and from our pioneer spirit, which continues to drive us to develop groundbreaking innovations. Established in 1882, our history dates back to the very beginning of glass finishing. Today, FLABEG is the international market leader in the field of glass refinement technology. We are available for our customers around the world, with production facilities in Asia, Europe, and the USA, as well as a dense network of outlets. Bending and coating are our key competencies, not only in the field of solar mirrors, but also in automotive mirrors and technical glass. Brands such as Audi, BMW, Ford, Mercedes-Benz, GM, Renault, Nissan, Toyota, VW and Volvo trust in our know-how and in our high standards of production quality. Our close attention to detail extends to our choice of source material. In our solar mirror manufacturing processes, only extremely white glass is used. The whiter the glass, the higher the energy values. With the best materials, the latest coating technology and the highest precision of bending, FLABEG solar mirrors achieve an optimum in energy reflection and collector interception. 2 4

3 Best Performance, Most Experience 6 Reasons Why Customers Choose FLABEG Solar Mirrors Proven Quality Consistently High Plant Yield Long Term Field Durability Best Investment Security Sustained Competitiveness Reliable Partnership Proven Quality For 40 years, FLABEG has been in the market with consistently high quality. Extremely white glass is exclusively used in our production processes. FLABEG mirrors verifiably achieve the highest degree of effectiveness because of the best materials and state-of-the-art bending and coating technologies. Consistently High Plant Yield The yield of a concentrated solar power plant is highly dependent on the reflectivity and precision of the mirrors. With a solar weighted direct reflectance of > 94.4 percent and a focus deviation of < 7 mm, FLABEG RP3 solar mirrors achieve the highest levels, which can easily generate higher system yield compared to competitors products. Long Term Field Durability Since the 1980s, extremely robust FLABEG mirrors have been installed in virtually all commercially operated power plants, and are still in daily operation today, without any decline in performance. With a total of nearly 7 million installed mirrors to this day, the average breakage rate is only about percent. Best Investment Security With FLABEG, your investments are secured for many years. As a private equityowned company we pursue a company strategy oriented toward long term market success. In the past, this ensured enormous growth for the company and therefore FLABEG is trusted by banks. Sustained Competitiveness FLABEG is and remains a pioneer, and assures its own competitiveness and that of its customers by its continual innovations. The most recent examples of our R&D potential are specific coatings that make our mirrors suitable for use in extraordinary surroundings or duraglare, an anti-soiling coating which increases the reflectivity of a solar field by 1-2 percent. Reliable Partnership FLABEG has representatives around the world, and works closely with customers with tailor-made support and engineering expertise. Our engineering team is headed by engineers with long term experience in the solar power plant business, and is supported by strong partners, such as the German Aerospace Center and the Fraunhofer Society. 6 7

4 High Performance Products for Optimum Plant Yield Parabolic Mirrors FLABEG provides solar mirrors for parabolic trough systems, power tower systems, Linear Fresnel and Dish Stirling systems. Each solar mirror is custom developed and produced. Mirrors for CPV applications and solar engineering round off our range of products. As a medium-sized company, we have the necessary flexibility to promptly tap into new application possibilities for and with our customers and partners, and to come up with products to suit very specialized requirements. Average solar weighted direct reflectance > 94.4% (4 mm) Focus deviation (FDx) < 7 mm (RP3) Slope deviation (SDx) 2 mrad Intercept factor: > 99.9% for reflected laser on absorber tube Flat Mirrors Max. dimensions: 2 m x 2.25 m Thickness: 0.7 mm 5 mm Solar reflectivity > 95.5% (depending on thickness) Ciemat Mirrors for Parabolic Trough Mirrors for Dishes Mirrors for Towers and Linear Fresnel Mirrors for Concentrated Photovoltaic The efficiency of a solar panel depends on the solar reflection of the mirror layer and the precision of bending. To achieve this high level of efficiency at operating temperatures, the reflector must reflect the incident solar rays efficiently, with geometric precision and resistance to any wind loads that arise. As the leading supplier in the market, FLABEG is able to guarantee this even in mass production, based on quality controls. Dish Stirling systems are made up of concave mirror systems with diameters of three to 25 meters. Individual thin glass mirrors are perfect for assembling large dishes. FLABEG cuts the mirrors into any shape. Per request, FLABEG will also produce dishes measuring more than 1.30 m in diameter from a single piece of glass. This is possible thanks to our bending technique. Solar power technology is frequently found in desert-like areas with high climatic requirements. FLABEG flat mirrors are distinguished by their tried-and-tested durability. They are also corrosion-resistant and resistant to desert sand. Performing ultimate precision and available in different dimensions and thicknesses, FLABEG flat mirrors also meet the demands of Fresnel mirror collectors. Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV) promises to provide cost-effective power generation at high levels of efficiency. In comparison with the most frequently used plastic Fresnel lenses FLABEG solar mirrors have a higher optical efficiency. Its higher reflectivity (up to 95% versus 92% optical transmission in Fresnel lenses), lower light losses, a wider acceptance angle (> 1 ), no chromatic aberration and a lower path length result in a maximum utilization of the concentrated rays. 8 9

5 Proven Quality The high precision quality of our parabolic trough mirrors is constantly measured by the QDec optical measurement system which was developed at DLR (German Aerospace Center) and specifically optimized for the measurement of shape deviations of concentrating solar mirrors. For 40 years, FLABEG has been in the market with consistently high quality. The optical characteristics of our mirrors are checked regularly according to the latest, independent testing methods. Our quality and environmental management systems are certified according to DIN EN ISO 9001:2008 (international standard for a quality management system focused on the processes to enhance customer satisfaction), ISO/TS 16949:2009 (international standard for a quality management system for automotive supplier) and DIN EN ISO 14001:2004 (international standard for an environmental management system). Traceability Each reflector carries a unique data matrix code and serial number engraved into the glass. Alternatively, a label can be placed on the back side of the mirror. Proven Quality 10 11

6 30 Years of Field Durability Since the 1980s, extremely robust FLABEG mirrors have been installed in virtually all commercially operated power plants, and are still in daily operation today without any decline in performance. This has been demonstrated in independent tests as well as in actual use since For instance, FLABEG solar mirrors have been in the SEGS solar plants in the USA since Recent measurements taken by the DLR (German Aerospace Center) and the NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) at the SEGS plants revealed that the solar reflectivity of FLABEG mirrors after 30 years of use still meets the specifications. Also, the abrasion resistance of the coating system, after 30 years in the desert landscape still meets the specifications. Concerning the material, the adhesion force of the ceramic pads exceeds the requirements after all this time

7 Solar Mirror Production Processes When it comes to glass finishing, FLABEG is the most technologically advanced company in the business. We possess fully automated solar production capabilities in Europe, Asia and the USA, with a huge global production capacity. Grinding flat glass Bending Silvering/Coating Cleaning Bonding Packaging Finished solar mirror Tempered Glass Annealed Glass Precise Bending, the Key to Maximum Efficiency The key parameters for the yield of a CSP plant are the bending properties of the mirrors. FLABEG is the international expert in bending technology, and produces only in production plants developed and built in-house. Our precisely curved parabolic mirrors guarantee the best performance and the highest value. Coating Long Lasting, Weather Resistant, Corrosion-free The glass properties can be re-defined and tailored to specific applications by selecting particular coating materials and adjusting coat thicknesses. A coating conveyor is used to apply the silver as a functional coat with high reflection, in a wet chemical process. The subsequent copper-plating to form a protective coat for the silver is also done on the coating conveyor. Three other coats are poured on top: base coat, finishing coat and desert sand-resistant protective coat. As a result, the mirrors are long-lasting, weather resistant and corrosion-free. This has been proven by actual products which have performed in the field for 30 years. Bonding Our ceramic mounting pads are made of a special ceramic material developed in-house for this very purpose. The material s properties extremely high mechanical strength, low porosity, and resistance to moisture and corrosion have an incredibly positive effect. For adhesive, we use non-hardening, two-component silicone that has been optimized for bonding glass and ceramics. This ensures that the solar field can operate smoothly, with little maintenance required without the ceramic mounting pads becoming detached even in the extreme temperature fluctuations of a desert climate. Packaging Our proprietary, tried-and-tested packing boxes guarantee safe transport to the solar field and allow you to perform a quick and complete inspection of the delivery on site. Incidentally, FLABEG offers a choice between disposable and reusable packaging

8 Consistently High Plant Yield The yield of a CSP plant is highly dependent on the reflectivity and the bending properties of the mirrors. With a level of > 94.4 percent and a focus deviation of < 7 mm, FLABEG solar mirrors achieve the best results. Each percent of energy reflection accounts for approx. 21 million Euros* over a period of 30 years. The basis for assessing the bending properties of a solar mirror is the focus deviation (FDx). This measures the frequency distribution of the real focus deviation in transversal (x) direction of the reflected beam from the ideal focal line of the collector parabola. Consequently, the lower the FDx value, the higher the plant yield. According to the calculations of the DLR each millimeter of decreased scattering loss amounts to an additional plant yield of million Euros 1) over a period of 25 years. FLABEG mirrors made of annealed glass can be bent more precisely and thus achieve a better degree of effectiveness than solar mirrors made of tempered Additional yield due to better precision collector interception (FDx) glass. More than seven million Euros of additional plant yield is achieved over the period of 25 years. This result is based on the following calculation: Yield and Cost Summary for a 50 MW Plant with 23,000 Tubes and 200,000 Mirrors Annealed Tempered + 7,875,000 1) 0 Mirror replacements - 650,000-42,500 Tube replacements - 65,000 0 TOTAL + 7,160,000-42,500 Additional revenue after 25 years operating annealed mirrors vs tempered is 7,117,500 FLABEG focus deviation < 7 mm FLABEG Solar weighted direct reflectance > 94.4% Assumptions Mirror breakage rate (average): Annealed 0.025% 2) ; Tempered 0.01% 3) Tube breakage rate caused by broken mirrors (average): Annealed 0.025% 2 ; Tempered 0% 3) Precision/focus deviation: Annealed 8 mm 4 ; Tempered < 8.7 mm 3) 1) Mean values according to calculations by the German Aerospace Center, reference values: plant capacity 50 MW, period of observation 25 years, nominal glass thickness 4 mm 2) Average values according to KJC/Harper Lake, period of oberservation 10 years, nominal glass thickness 4 mm 3) Values according to sales documentation of tempered solar mirrors manufacturer 4) Current average focus deviation of FLABEG parabolic solar mirrors Influence of Mirror Quality on Plant Performance and Revenues Energy Production 106% 104% 102% 100% Annual Electricty Production 98% 96% 94% 92% 90% 88% 86% 84% 82% 0.45 M Annual per mm of FDx Focus Deviation FDx in mm Annual Income 50 MW Spain M Income *Mean values according to calculations by the German Aerospace Center, reference values: plant capacity 50 MW, period of observation 30 years, nominal glass thickness 4 mm 16 17

9 Track Record SPAIN PS 10 RP 3 14,995 40, Andasol I RP 3 215, , Andasol II RP 3 215, , Puertollano RP 3 43, , Extresol I RP 3 215, , Extresol II RP 3 215, , La Risca RP 2 165, , ASTE I RP 3 215, , ASTE II RP 3 215, , Valle 1 RP 3 215, , Valle 2 RP 3 215, , Manchasol I RP 3 215, , Manchasol II RP 3 215, , Palma del Rio 1 RP 2 183, , Termosolar I RP 3 215, , Termosolar II RP 3 215, , Extresol III RP 3 215, , TS Guzman RP 3 130, , La Africana RP 3 228, , Villena RP 3 142, , Casablanca RP 3 213, , USA SEGS I RP 1 42,600 93, SEGS II RP 2 97, , SEGS III RP 2 119, , SEGS IV RP 2 119, , SEGS V RP 3 128, , SEGS VI RP 3 105, , SEGS VII RP 3 90, , SEGS VIII RP 3 241, , SEGS IX RP 3 212, , Nevada Solar One RP 2 185, , Genesis RP 3 620,000 1,655, Tower in Lancester, CA Flat 32,542 36, Dish Stirling Flat 46,740 5, Crescent Dunes Flat 365,802 1,209, INDIA Godawari RP 3 161, , Gujarat Solar One RP 3 107, , India One Flat 70,000 70, ABU DHABI Shams 1 RP 3 260, , AUSTRALIA Dish CPV Flat 14,690 18, , 2012 WORLD 2GW > 7Mio. Mirrors EGYPT Kuraymat RP 3 55, ,

10 Sustained Competitiveness duraglare - Anti-Soiling Coating duraglare Performance The new anti-soiling coating reduces the settling of dust on the mirror surface significantly. This is expected to increase the average reflectivity of the solar field by 1 2%. As each percentage of increased reflectivity leads to an additional revenue, this innovation improves on the efficiency potential of solar mirrors. Performed and Succeeded Tests Comparison: Mirrors with duraglare coating - uncoated mirrors Reflectivity measurement Outdoor exposure experiences since the beginning of 2011 Outdoor aging tests and field tests since the middle of 2011 Dust repellent properties according to FLABEG developed standard test Pendulum hardness test to DIN EN ISO 1522 Temperature change test, -40 C / +93 C (5 cycles, 120 h total) Humidity test (360 h total) FLABEG is and remains a pioneer, and assures its competitiveness and that of its customers through continuous innovations. New The most recent example of our R&D potential is the innovative duraglare coating that all FLABEG solar mirrors can be ordered with from now on: an anti-soiling coating that reduces the settling of dust on the mirror surface by up to 50%. Change of reflectivity in % Soiling Test duraglare uncoated Days 20 21

11 Headquaters Nürnberg Köln Furth im Wald Clinton Naugatuck Shanghai New Delhi FLABEG Solar Headquarters Nürnberg FLABEG Holding GmbH Waldaustraße Nürnberg, Germany Phone: Fax: FLABEG GmbH Engineering Im Zollhafen Köln, Germany Phone: Fax: FLABEG GmbH Glaserstraße Furth im Wald, Germany Phone: Fax: FLABEG Automotive Mirrors (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. Heping Industry Zone, Lvxiang Town Jinshan District Shanghai People s Republic of China Phone: Fax: FLABEG Solar US Corp. Clinton Commerce Park 2201 Sweeney Drive Clinton, PA 15026, USA Phone: Fax: FLABEG Technical Glass US Corp. Church & Bridge Street PO Box 71 Naugatuck, CT Conneticut, USA Phone: Fax: FLABEG Solar India Pvt. Ltd. D-26, 2nd floor, Gulmohar Park, New Delhi , India Phone: Fax: FLABEG Holding GmbH Waldaustraße Nürnberg, Germany Phone: Fax: info.solar@flabeg.com