GCSE 4781/03-A SCIENCE B UNIT 1: Space, Energy and Life

Transcription

1 GCSE 4781/03-A SCIENCE B UNIT 1: Space, Energy and Life S A Resource Folder (Pre-Release Article) For use with: GCSE Science B (UNIT 1) Section B of the Foundation Tier GCSE Science B (UNIT 1) Section A of the Higher Tier A001 CJ*(S A)

2 2 BLANK PAGE ( A)

3 3 Pre-Release Article The Earth s carbon budget The carbon cycle is a sequence of events that are key to sustaining life on Earth; it describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and reused throughout the biosphere. The diagram of the fast carbon cycle (Diagram 1) shows the movement of carbon between land, atmosphere, and oceans in billions of tonnes of carbon per year. On the diagram: yellow numbers show natural causes red numbers are human contributions white numbers indicate stored carbon Carbon levels would be roughly stable without human influence. Diagram 1 Atmosphere (800) Photosynthesis 60 Plant respiration Plant biomass (550) 60 Fossil fuels, cement, and land- use change Atmospheric Carbon Net Annual Increase Net terrestrial uptake 3 Microbial Phytoplankton respiration and Soil carbon photosynthesis decomposition 9 Air- sea gas exchange 90 Surface ocean (1000) Respiration and decomposition A003 Soil (2 300) Fossil pool (10 000) Net ocean uptake 2 Reactive sediments (6 000) Deep ocean (37 000) ( A) Turn over.

4 4 What is a carbon footprint? A carbon footprint is defined as the total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2eq). Usually a carbon footprint is calculated for the time period of a year. In the medium- and long-term, the aim is to reduce the carbon footprint to less than 2 tonnes CO2eq per person and per year. This is sometimes considered the maximum allowance for sustainable living. Table 1 Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2eq) in tonnes per person per year Country name Australia Austria Brunei Darussalam Germany Oman Qatar Russian Federation United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States ( A)

5 5 Diagram 2 Sources of carbon dioxide production from human activity (percentage) Share of public services Financial services 3% 12% 15% Home gas, oil and coal Recreation and leisure 14% 12% Home electricity House buildings and furnishings Car manufacture and delivery 9% 7% 4% 5% 6% 3% 10% Private transport Public transport Clothes and personal effects Food and drink Holiday flights Table 2 Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions in food production (gco2eq per kg food) Food source Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (gco2eq per kg) beef poultry 3500 eggs 1950 milk 950 ( A)

6 2 SECTION A Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Use the information in the separate Resource Folder to answer the following questions. 1. Use the information in Diagram 1 to answer the questions below. (a) Complete the table below: [3] Stored carbon pool Quantity (billions of tonnes) soil fossil pool atmosphere oceans (total) plant biomass (b) Humans contribute 9 billion tonnes of carbon to the atmosphere every year. The net increase in the atmosphere is 4 billion tonnes. Give two reasons for this difference. [2] ( )

7 3 (c) Explain how carbon is recycled between the land and the atmosphere. [6 QWC] ( ) Turn over.

8 4 2. (a) Read the information about carbon footprint and Table 1 to answer the questions below. (i) State the countries which produced the lowest carbon dioxide emissions in [1] (ii) Name the country with the biggest increase in carbon dioxide emissions in tonnes per person per year between 2005 and [1]... (iii) Plot a graph on the grid below to show how carbon dioxide emissions per person has changed over time in the UK. [4] CO2eq (tonnes per person per year) year ( )

9 5 (iv) Use the data to estimate the year in which the carbon dioxide emissions per person in the UK will reach the maximum allowed for sustainable living. Show how you arrived at your answer. [3] year =... (b) A homeowner installs photovoltaic cells on the roof of their house and a log burner in their living room. Describe how this will alter the pie chart of their personal CO 2 contributions shown in Diagram 2. [2] (c) A farmer supplies kg of beef to the food industry every year. He is told that if he changed to supplying kg of poultry instead, he would reduce his carbon footprint. Use the information in Table 2 to calculate the savings in his carbon footprint. [2] Savings in carbon footprint =... kgco2eq 13 ( ) Turn over.

10 6 SECTION B Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 3. The table shows information about planets in our Solar System. Use this to answer the questions that follow. Planet Mean distance from the Sun (AU) Diameter (10 6 m) Time to spin on axis Time to orbit the Sun (Earth years) Number of known moons Mercury days Venus days Earth hours, 56 mins 1 1 Mars hours, 37 mins 2 2 Jupiter hours, 55 mins Saturn hours, 39 mins hours, 14 mins Neptune hours, 7 mins (a) (i) Complete the table. [1] (ii) Vesta is one of the largest asteroids. Estimate the distance of Vesta from the Sun and its time to orbit the Sun. [2] distance of Vesta from the Sun =... AU time for Vesta to orbit the Sun =... Earth years (iii) Pluto is too small to be classed as a planet. Estimate the diameter of Pluto. [1] m (b) It is suggested that Venus does not have any moons because it is too small to hold them in orbit. Explain whether the data supports this suggestion. [2] (c) Explain whether the time for a planet to orbit the Sun is proportional to its distance from the Sun. [2] ( ) 8

11 7 4. The diagram shows the flow of energy through a food chain (in kj/m 2 ) grass grasshopper shrew owl (a) Name the producer in this food chain.... [1] (b) (i) Calculate the efficiency of the energy transfer from the sun to the owls. Use the equation: [2] efficiency % = useful output energy total input energy 100 efficiency % =... (ii) Explain why the efficiency is low. [2] (iii) Explain the difference in the amount of energy transferred to the two predators. [3] 8 ( ) Turn over.

12 8 5. In this question you will need to use the following equations: units used = power (kw) time (h) total cost = cost per unit units used Some builders sharing a house were worried about their electricity bill. They decided to record how much electricity they used. They found that they used 145 units in one week. One unit of electricity costs 18p. (i) Calculate the cost of electricity for a week. [2] cost =... (ii) Cooking using an electric oven costs the builders 4.80 a week. They found that if they did the cooking using a microwave they would use 5 units in the week. They bought a microwave for Calculate how many weeks it took for the saving on the electricity bill to cover the cost of buying the microwave. [3] answer =... weeks (iii) The builders used a kettle for a total of 30 minutes each day. The kettle used 8.4 units in the week. Calculate the power of the kettle. [2] power =... kw 7 ( )

13 9 6. (a) Describe and explain the importance of natural selection in the evolution of species. [4] (b) Changes in species can be brought about through genetic modification. (i) State two advantages of genetic modification. [2] (ii) State two disadvantages of genetic modification. [2] ( ) Turn over.

14 10 7. The table shows properties of types of waves in the electromagnetic (em) spectrum. Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation Type Wavelength range (cm) Frequency range (Hz) Energy range (ev) radio waves > 10 < < 10 5 microwave infrared visible ultraviolet X-rays gamma rays < 10 9 > > 10 5 (a) (i) Describe how the properties of the waves change from gamma rays to radio waves. [3] (ii) Complete the table using the equation: [3] speed = frequency wavelength. All em waves travel through space with a speed of m/s. Space for working. ( )

15 11 (b) Describe why modern space science projects need different countries to collaborate. [3] 8. Describe the formation of the Earth and Jupiter, two planets in our Solar System. [6 QWC] 9 END OF PAPER ( ) 6

16 GCSE MARKING SCHEME SUMMER 2016 SCIENCE B

17 GCSE Science B Unit 1 Higher Tier 4781/02 Mark Scheme Summer 2016 Section A Question Marking point Mark 1. (i) Stored carbon pool Quantity (billions of tons) soil fossil pool atmosphere 800 oceans (total) plant biomass 550 (One mark for each correct row) (ii) 3 (GT) used for photosynthesis (1) 2 (GT) absorbed by oceans (1) 3 (iii) Indicative content: plants remove CO 2 during photosynthesis plants add CO 2 during respiration plant biomass increases microbes feed on waste materials microbes respire adding CO 2 Burning fossil fuels adds CO marks The candidate constructs an articulate, integrated account correctly linking relevant points, such as those in the indicative content, which shows sequential reasoning. The answer fully addresses the question with no irrelevant inclusions or significant omissions. The candidate uses appropriate scientific terminology and accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar. 3-4 marks The candidate constructs an account correctly linking some relevant points, such as those in the indicative content, showing some reasoning. The answer addresses the question with some omissions. The candidate uses mainly appropriate scientific terminology and some accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar. 1-2 marks The candidate makes some relevant points, such as those in the indicative content, showing limited reasoning. The answer addresses the question with significant omissions. The candidate uses limited scientific terminology and inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and grammar. 0 marks The candidate does not make any attempt or give a relevant answer worthy of credit. 6[QWC]

18 Question Marking point Mark 2. (a) (i) Austria + UK (both correct for the mark) 1 (ii) Brunei Darussalam 1 (iii) Scale (more than ½ grid used) (1) 4 5 correct plots with ± ½ square tolerance (2) 4 correct plots with ± ½ square tolerance (1) 3,2 or 1 correct plots with ± ½ square tolerance (0) Best fit straight line / smooth curve (1) (iv) Recognises need to reduce to 2 T (1) Needs to drop = 5.4 (1) 3 mean drop / y is 1.6/4 = 0.4 or further time = 5.4/0.4 = 13.2 y (1) Accept: 2023 with no workings (3) 2022 with no workings (2) (b) less (than 12% for) electricity (1) less (than 15% for) coal/gas/oil (1) (c) difference = (g CO2eq/kg) (1) CO 2 savings = x 9.8 = (kgco2eq) (1) 2 2 Alternative method: gco2eq/kg for beef and gco2eq/kg for poultry (1) Difference = (kgco2eq) (1) Accept with no workings for (1)