CHAPTER 11 ASSESSMENT OF TERRESTRIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 11 ASSESSMENT OF TERRESTRIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 11 ASSESSMENT OF TERRESTRIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION CONSTRUCTIONAL PHASE IMPACTS AND MITIGATION Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Impacts Related to Degradation of Air Quality Due to Emissions Associated with Site Development and Construction Activities Noise Dispersion Modelling Impacts Related to Noise during the Construction Phase Impacts Related to Change in Soil Structure Due to Clearing and Grading Activities during Pipeline Construction Phase Impacts Related to Alteration of Topography Due to Trenching and Backfilling to Install the Pipeline during the Construction Phase Impacts Related to Contamination of Soils Due to Solid and Hazardous Waste Disposal during the Construction Phase Impacts Related to Change in Soil Surface and Topography from Land Preparation Activities for Onshore Reception/Metering Facilities Construction Loss of Terrestrial Habitats Loss of Aquatic Habitats Loss of Coastal Habitats Loss of Terrestrial Fauna during Construction Loss of Flora during Construction Supply of Ecosystem Goods and Services Impacts Related to Spoil Disposal OPERATIONAL PHASE IMPACTS AND MITIGATION Impacts Related to Air Quality during the Operational Phase Impacts Related to Noise during the Operational Phase Operational Phase Impacts on Topography and Soils Alien Colonisation during Operation Impacts Related to Gas Flaring SITE SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT CONCLUSION LIST OF FIGURES Figure 11-1: Particulate Matter (PM 10 ): Scenario Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited 11-i Knight Piésold Consulting

3 Figure 11-2: Total Suspended Particulate (TSP): Scenario Figure 11-3: Particulate Matter (PM 10 ): Scenario Figure 11-4: Total Suspended Particulates (TSP): Scenario Figure 11-5: Particulate Matter (PM 10 ): Scenario Figure 11-6: Total Suspended Particulates (TSP): Scenario Figure 11-7: Day and Night Time Noise Models Figure 11-8: Day and Night Time Noise Models (L90) Figure 11-9: Monthly Day and Night Time Noise Models Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited 11-ii Knight Piésold Consulting

4 11 ASSESSMENT OF TERRESTRIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION This Chapter assesses potential biophysical impacts that may result from the proposed Tema LNG activities in the Terrestrial environment. These impacts have been identified based on primary research (specialist fieldwork and data gathering), secondary data (information from previous studies within the project area) and professional judgement based on experience. Potential impacts on terrestrial environment arising from the proposed project activities include direct and indirect (both permanent and temporary) impacts on various receptors within the development area and surroundings. The following sections outline these impacts, giving detailed explanations and assessment with regard to the predicted significance of the impacts. Where appropriate, mitigation, management and enhancement measures are identified to avoid, reduce or remove the predicted impact CONSTRUCTIONAL PHASE IMPACTS AND MITIGATION Air Quality Dispersion Modelling Air quality can be affected by a number of activities associated with the site preparation and construction phase. Activities in the site development program will include land clearing, topsoil removal, blasting, bulldozing, grading and leveling, material loading and hauling, stockpiling, compaction and vehicular movement on the unpaved surfaces. Each of these operations has its own duration and potential for generation of particulate matter (PM 10 ) and total suspended particulates (TSP). Prevailing wind and rainfall are factors that influence the potential for dust generation. The operation of construction vehicles on the construction site will result in diesel emissions (PM 10, SO 2, and NO x ). It is anticipated that the extent of dust emissions will vary substantially from day to day depending on the level of activity, the specific operations and the prevailing meteorological conditions. Nuisance effects are caused by TSP resulting in soiling of materials and a reduction in visibility. Dust deposition can result in a build up on vegetation which can stay resident until it is washed off by rain. The inhalation of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) are associated with upper respiratory impacts at ambient concentrations that exceed health guidelines. Inhalation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) can result in carcinogenic impacts depending on the VOC and the exposure time, typically chronic exposure. The burning of vegetation creates copious smoke (particulates) which can be seen for some distance and can travel considerable distances from source depending on the prevailing meteorology. Dispersion models compute ambient concentrations as a function of source configurations, emission strengths and meteorological characteristics, thus providing a useful tool to ascertain the spatial and temporal patterns in the ground level concentrations arising from the emissions of various sources The DISPER Model The study employed the DISPER 5.2 air pollution dispersion analysis software, which calculates the pollutant concentration at each point of the air considering each one of the pollutant sources and the conditions of the atmosphere. Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited 11-1 Knight Piésold Consulting

5 The model used in DISPER 5.2 is analogous to ISC3 from US-EPA. The basis of the model is the straight-line, steady-state Gaussian plume equation, which is used to model simple point source emissions from stacks, roads, storage piles and conveyor belts. Emission sources are categorized into three basic types of sources: point sources, line sources and area sources. The DISPER dispersion model accepts meteorological data records to define the conditions for plume rise and transport. The model estimates the concentration value for each source and receptor combination and calculates user-selected averages. Gaussian plume model is the most common air pollution model based on the assumption that the plume concentration, downwind distance, has independent Gaussian distributions both in the horizontal and in the vertical direction. The air dispersion model was performed for Particulate Matter (PM 10 ) and Total Suspended Particles (TSP) for daily, monthly and annual periods using three scenarios: Dispersion of pollutant when PM 10 and TSP are released at 0 m ground Dispersion of pollutant when PM 10 and TSP are released at 2 m from the ground Dispersion of pollutant when PM 10 and TSP are released at 5 m from the ground. DISPER 5.2 model inputs were: Hourly meteorological data Measured 24 hour air pollutant concentration Terrain data for the area. The predicted PM 10 and TSP levels were then incorporated into ArcGIS 10.0 to compose maps showing the impacted receptors and the surrounding terrain Modelling Results Particulate Matter (PM 10 ): Scenario 1 In Figure 11-1 at GPS 1, the highest concentration from the dispersion was predicted to be 0.83 µgm ³ in the North West direction due to winds from the South East. The resulting concentrations are 1.2% of EPA Ghana standard of 70 µgm ³ for PM 10. Sensitive receptors close to the source such as the fishing harbour town are not likely to receive any impact from the dispersion or deposition of PM 10. The proximity of this location to the sea reduces the time period that PM 10 will be suspended in the air. Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited 11-2 Knight Piésold Consulting

6 Figure 11-1: Particulate Matter (PM 10 ): Scenario 1 In Figure 11-1 at GPS 2, the highest concentration from the dispersion was 0.46 and was lowest of all the three locations modelled. This concentration is 0.6% of EPA Ghana standard of 70 µgm ³ for PM 10. Although the wind directed the dispersion to a North East direction, the impact may be expected largely on residential areas, schools and a few industries. The low concentration can be considered negligible on the sensitive receptors. Figure 11-1 at GPS 3 showed the highest concentration of 14.3 µgm ³ from the dispersion, which was the highest recorded PM 10 concentration for the study. The resulting concentration is 20.4% of EPA Ghana standard of 70 µgm ³ for PM 10. Sensitive receptors that may be impacted were residential areas and schools. Receptors about 0.5 km away still are expected to be exposed to PM 10 levels of µgm ³. Also the proximity of this location to the Accra Aflao Highway and the Accra Akosombo Highway could also result in significant contribution of vehicular traffic to concentrations of PM 10. Total Suspended Particulate (TSP): Scenario 1 GPS 1 in Figure 11-2 showed a maximum concentration of 5.31 µgm ³ at the emission source, this is 2.3% of EPA Ghana standard of 230 µgm ³ for TSP. The receptors expected to be impacted were largely industrial areas due to the wind direction, sensitive receptors such as residential areas and schools in the Fishing harbour town were not likely to be impacted. Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited 11-3 Knight Piésold Consulting

7 Figure 11-2: Total Suspended Particulate (TSP): Scenario 1 GPS 2 in Figure 11-2 had a maximum concentration of 16.3 µgm ³ which is 7.13% of EPA Ghana standard for TSP. This dispersion is expected to impact sensitive receptors about 0.5 km from the emission source in the North East direction. These receptors were largely residential areas and schools. The effect of this level of TSP will not be significant. GPS 3 in Figure 11-2 had a maximum concentration of 22.53µgm ³ at the emission source which is 9.8% of EPA Ghana standard of 230 µgm ³ for TSP. This dispersion may impact sensitive receptors about 0.5 km from the emission source in the North East direction. These receptors were largely residential areas and schools. Particulate Matter (PM 10 ): Scenario 2 GPS 1 & 2 in Figure 11-3 showed the same maximum dispersion concentration of 0.6 µgm ³ for PM 10 which is 0.9% of EPA Ghana standard. However the dispersion in GPS 1 only impacted industrial areas where the dispersion in GPS 2 impacted residential areas. These concentrations are, however, too low to cause any significant effect. This concentration compared to the dispersion concentration in Scenario 1 shows a reduction in the maximum concentration at GPS 1 but this was rather the opposite for GPS 2. These differences are largely due to the atmospheric conditions at varying height in the atmospheric region for the two locations under consideration. Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited 11-4 Knight Piésold Consulting

8 Figure 11-3: Particulate Matter (PM 10 ): Scenario 2 GPS 3 as show in Figure 11-3 had a maximum dispersion concentration of µgm ³ for PM 10 which is 27.8% of EPA Ghana standard. The impacted receptors in this location were dominantly residential areas. The concentration of PM km from the emission source increased by 7.8% from that of Scenario 1, this however meant that it took a shorter time for most of the ambient concentration to be completely dispersed over a shorter distance. Total Suspended Particulates (TSP): Scenario 2 GPS 1 in Figure 11-4 showed a maximum dispersion concentration of 7.22 µgm ³ for TSP being 3.14% of EPA Ghana TSP standard. The distance over which TSP was totally dispersed was much shorter than in scenario 1. The anticipated impacted receptors were industrial areas due to the persisting wind direction. Figure 11-4: Total Suspended Particulates (TSP): Scenario 2 Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited 11-5 Knight Piésold Consulting

9 GPS 2 in Figure 11-4 had a maximum dispersion concentration of 21.8 µgm ³ for TSP being 3.14% of EPA Ghana TSP standard. The dispersion was such that receptors in a 0.5 km radius from the source of TSP were likely to be the most affected. GPS 3 in Figure 11-4 had a maximum dispersion concentration of µgm ³ for TSP being 13.37% of EPA Ghana TSP standard. This increase in concentration was mostly around the 0.5 km radius and was much higher than that of scenario 1. Particulate Matter (PM 10 ): Scenario 3 GPS 1 & 2 in Figure 11-5 showed the same maximum dispersion concentration of 1.09 µgm ³ for PM 10 which is 1.6% of EPA Ghana standard. However the dispersion in GPS 1 only impacted industrial areas where the dispersion in GPS 2 impacted residential areas. These concentrations are however too low to cause any significant effect. The concentration was highest around 0.1 km from the source. GPS 3 in Figure 11-5 had a maximum dispersion concentration of 34.4 µgm ³ for PM 10 which is 49.14% of the EPA Ghana standard. This higher concentration was only persistent around 0.1 km from the emission source. When PM 10 is released at 5 m above the ground, the surrounding receptors are not exposed to high levels of PM 10 as the gases are efficiently dispersed before reaching the receptor locations. The lack of wind barriers at higher heights from the ground and consistent wind speed makes it a more acceptable standard to release gases at higher heights for efficient dispersal into the atmosphere. This also greatly reduces the risk of exposing sensitive receptors to higher concentration of pollutants. Although all the predicted PM 10 levels are within EPA standards, the GPS 3 location is likely to affect the surrounding receptors more should there be any combined events. Figure 11-5: Particulate Matter (PM 10 ): Scenario 3 Total Suspended Particulates (TSP): Scenario 3 GPS 1 in Figure 11-6 had a maximum dispersion concentration of µgm ³ for TSP, being 4.2% of the EPA Ghana TSP standard. The distance over which TSP was totally dispersed was Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited 11-6 Knight Piésold Consulting

10 much shorter than in scenario 1 and 2. The impacted receptors were industrial areas, even though the concentration was negligible. GPS 2 in Figure 11-6 had a maximum dispersion concentration of 39.2 µgm ³ for TSP, being 17.2% of EPA Ghana TSP standard. The dispersion was such that receptors in a 0.1 km radius from the source of TSP were the most affected. The concentration that reached residential receptors is likely to have no effect. GPS 3 in Figure 11-6 showed a maximum dispersion concentration of µgm ³ for TSP, being 23.65% of EPA Ghana TSP standard. This increase in concentration was mostly around the 0.1 km radius and was much higher than that of scenario 1 and 2. Figure 11-6: Total Suspended Particulates (TSP): Scenario Impacts Related to Degradation of Air Quality Due to Emissions Associated with Site Development and Construction Activities Description of the Baseline Environment According to the baseline report for air quality (Geosystems, 2014), average concentrations (µg/m 3 ) of particulate matter (PM 10 ) at stations GPS1, GPS2 and GPS3 were 14.8; 46.4 and 75.4, respectively. Taking as reference the national standard for the average 24-hour period (Ghana EPA Guidelines: 110 µg/m 3 ), the concentrations reported for those stations comply with national standards; however, station GPS3 shows concentrations above the IFC standard for the average 24-hour period (50 µg/m 3 ). Due to the station location, the main emission source could be related to vehicle traffic over access roads. Quantitative air dispersion modeling was not performed on either the diesel exhaust or particulate/fugitive dust emission estimates, so ambient concentration numbers are not available, but it is not anticipated that these emission levels will result in any widespread or long-term change in ambient air quality in the Project area. Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited 11-7 Knight Piésold Consulting

11 Proposed Project Activities The preparation of the site includes the reception/metering facilities, construction camp and pipeline corridor areas. The main pollutant of concern from site development activities is dust occurring as particulate matter, including PM 10 (<20μm) and TSP (20μm to 75μm in diameter). Excavation, blasting, scraping, crushing and compacting are all inheritably dust generating activities. Further, the entrainment of dust by vehicle movement on the unpaved roads and construction areas of the site is anticipated to be a large source of dust. Wind-blown dust from denuded areas and stockpiles of spoil can result in considerable emissions under high wind speeds. Mobile sources of emissions include construction vehicles which will be diesel powered. These vehicles produce high emission rates due to their low speeds and high workloads. When movement is limited, a buildup of gaseous and particulate pollutants at the construction site can occur. Clearing of vegetation and leveling of soils will increase dust levels along the proposed onshore pipeline system route and access routes, especially in the dry season. However, the effects would not be substantial in wetter areas or during the rainy season. Positive Negative Direct Indirect Cumulative Severity/Magnitude Moderate 3 Reversibility Reversible 1 Duration Temporary 1 Spatial Extent Local 2 Probability High 4 Air emissions will be generated during construction activities from operation of combustion sources, including diesel-fueled heavy construction and transportation equipment such as cranes, excavators, and other earthmoving equipment. Although air emission generation is predictive, its quantity and scale of generation will be moderate given the current industrial nature of the site and surrounding area. Due to natural effects of wind speed, wind direction and the non-continuous nature of the emissions during constructional phase, the impacts are reversible. Air emissions are not continuous during the constructional phase; and will only last for less than 12 months. Emissions will only affect the areas near construction sites. During onshore facility construction, emissions of particulate matter and gases will be released due to excavation, earth moving and increment of traffic, as this is not a 24 hour operation. Total Score 28 Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited 11-8 Knight Piésold Consulting

12 Significance Rating Before Mitigation Degree of Confidence Low Medium High Proposed Mitigation Measures Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited 11-9 Knight Piésold Consulting

13 The following general measures will be applied to the construction works; Vegetation or other waste material will not be burnt Dust generating activities will be minimised in windy conditions if practicable Silt and other material will be removed from erosion control structures as soon as is practicable following a rain event An environmental management plan will be implemented to ensure that all works are conducted to achieve an ongoing minimisation of dust emissions A complaints management system will be implemented to ensure that any complaints are dealt with through investigation and implementation of corrective treatments. Dust and exhaust emissions from trucks and other vehicles will be controlled as follows; Truck queuing, unnecessary idling of trucks and unnecessary trips will be reduced through logistical planning of materials delivery and work practices. All vehicles travelling within the worksites will be limited to a speed appropriate for the conditions of safety. Minimise generation of bull-dust on new access roads through route selection to avoid vulnerable soil types, where possible and dust suppression measures including watering and temporary sheeting. Trucks carrying dusty, erodible materials will be covered. Entry and exit points to project construction site will have a speed limit of 20km/hr. Dust emissions from clearing and grading activities will be minimised as follows: Cleared areas will be minimised as far as practicable by utilising existing easements Root stocks will be retained in the ground where practicable to reduce erosion and to facilitate rapid rehabilitation e.g. tress will be trimmed and retained rather than removed where practicable Clearing of the right of way will be conducted having regard to soil type, terrain and construction requirements. Controlled blasting will be conducted only where conventional excavation, rock hammering or trenching equipment is ineffective and is likely to be in rocky areas well away from sensitive receptors. As such, it is unlikely that dust emissions from any rock blasting will result in dust nuisance at sensitive receptors. Blasting will be done on schedule and neighbouring residents given prior notice. Measures will be taken minimise impacts of fly rocks. Residual Impact The significance of residual impacts as a result of impacts on Air Quality from emissions of repairable particulates (PM 10 ), total suspended particulates (TSP) and diesel and VOC emissions will therefore revert to negligible. The mitigation measures will assist in the suppression of dust from all activities and areas, thereby reducing the emission, its effect in the ambient environment and the frequency on occurrence. Similarly, the mitigation measures relating to vehicle emissions Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited Knight Piésold Consulting

14 and other construction equipment are also aimed at reducing the emission at source, hence reducing the impact. Positive Negative Direct Indirect Cumulative Severity/Magnitude Low 2 Although site clearing and preparation activities will be needed for construction of the facility, and some fugitive dust will be generated during this time period, no significant impacts on air quality are expected from these activities after mitigation measures have been applied. Reversibility Reversible 1 Air emissions will have little chance of causing any changes to the existing environment after applying mitigation measures. Duration Temporary 1 The impact will occur over a short period Spatial Extent Local 2 Emissions will only construction sites. affect the areas near Probability Medium 3 The probability of concentrations of PM and gases, dispersion of emissions from other sources onshore is rated as medium. Total 18 Degree of Confidence Low Medium High Noise Dispersion Modelling Noise modelling for the study was performed using the CUSTIC Noise Modelling Software v 3.2 from Canarina Environmental Software. The software uses an equation that estimates the noise dispersion in the air. The main inputs required are: Meteorological data to model the effect of temperature, wind speed and direction on the propagation of noise from the source Terrain data such as topography Frequency of sound emission Noise source (point or line). Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited Knight Piésold Consulting

15 CUSTIC 3.2 allows the user to create robust and useful numerical simulations that fully make use of the graphical user interface. The software is able to: Predict the sound emissions for each noise source (point, plane and/or line). Generate rolling averages (daily, monthly or annual) for noise levels over the period of simulation Perform 3D distribution of the predicted noise levels. In this study the noise sources were classified as line sources for the model and were located within the project site. The model estimated the noise level for each source and receptor combination and calculated defined averages (daily, monthly and annually). The noise prediction for the noise sources was done within a buffer region of 3 km from the noise source. The noise model was performed with no ground interaction such that the model can be run above the ground level at any height. The model did not incorporate for noise attenuation along the sound path, and simultaneously provided a measure of noise exposure at variable receiver height as expected for standard noise models. The noise modelling was done at an average temperature of 30ᵒC for the project site. The relative humidity was averaged to 80% for the project area. The predicted noise levels were exported to ArcGIS 10.0 and processed into final noise modelling maps showing geographical location of impacted receptors and other surrounding conditions. GPS 1 predicted noise levels spread towards the Fishing Harbour town and part of the Heavy industrial area. The sensitive receptors likely to be impacted in this area are schools found in the Fishing Harbour town. However, the level of sound db(a) that reaches these receptors from the DAY Noise Model map is within the range of db(a), which is less than EPA noise guideline for communities. Figure 11-7: Day and Night Time Noise Models Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited Knight Piésold Consulting

16 Figure 11-8: Day and Night Time Noise Models (L90) GPS 3 had the highest predict noise level of 45 db (A) being a region close to the Accra-Aflao highway. The impacted community is only likely to be exposed to noise level of dB (A) which are considered non harmful noise exposure levels. However, due to the proximity of the noise source to the Accra-Aflao highway there is an expected likelihood of instantaneous increased noise levels depending on vehicular traffic on the highway. In both the day and night predicted noise levels, this location showed the highest predicted noise level of 45 db (A) close to the noise source. This was however still within the stated Noise limit of the EPA. Figure 11-9: Monthly Day and Night Time Noise Models Impacts Related to Noise during the Construction Phase Description of the Baseline Environment According to the baseline report for air quality and noise (Geosystems, 2014), equivalent noise levels (LAeq) for daytime period recorded at stations GPS1, GPS2 and GPS3 were within the environmental standards for industrial zones (<70 db(a)), in a range from 46.2 db(a) to 60.1 db(a). LAeq levels in the night-time period were between 46.9 db(a) and 50.4 db(a). Traffic near to GPS3 station increment noise levels when compared with those recorded at stations GPS1 and GPS2. Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited Knight Piésold Consulting

17 Proposed Project Activities Access roads will be constructed as part of the initial site development program, extending from the existing road to the onshore reception/metering facility and landfall areas. Pipeline trenching activities will be undertaken both nearshore and onshore. A rock causeway 6m wide shall be constructed either side of the proposed pipeline centre at the landfall areas. With the causeways in place, the trench in which the pipeline will be installed will be excavated using mechanical excavators working from the causeways or blasted with explosives chargers depending on the results of the geotechnical assessment. The landfall and nearshore construction will involve excavation, blasting and cutting through rocky shores. It is anticipated this will take about 3 months to complete. The primary noise source associated with site preparation works will be the pipeline laying methods/processes, and other activities undertaken during construction of onshore reception facilities. Other noise sources will include mobile plant such as dozers, excavators, compactors haulage trucks and graders. Positive Negative Direct Indirect Cumulative Severity/Magnitude Low 2 During the construction phase of the LNG facility, noise emissions will be release due to excavation, earth moving and increase of traffic. These emissions are not continuous during the constructional phase; for this reason noise propagation LAeqT (daytime) could be considered low. Reversibility Recoverable 3 Due to natural effects of atmospheric attenuation (temperature, relative humidity and winds), noise levels from construction activities, determine sound propagation more than 40 db(a) near to construction sites only during working hours. Duration Short Term 2 Impacts are expected to occur throughout the constructional phase, but ceases when the project starts the operational phase. Spatial Extent Local 2 Emissions of noise will affect areas near to the construction sites. It is expected that, residential homes in close proximity to some project aspects may suffer from noise generated from the project activities. Probability Medium 3 Although noise is inevitable, there is about 60% likelihood that construction activities will generate noise emissions that are a disturbance to sensitive receptors. Total Score 27 Significance Rating Before Mitigation Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited Knight Piésold Consulting

18 Degree of Confidence Low Medium High Proposed Mitigation Measures Measures Where reasonable and feasible, the Project will apply best practice innovative noise mitigation measures including: o Maximising the offset distance between noisy equipment items and residential receptors o Avoiding the coincidence of noisy equipment working simultaneously close together when adjacent to sensitive receptors o Minimizing consecutive works in the same locality o Orienting equipment away from noise sensitive receptors o Carrying out loading and unloading away from noise sensitive areas Site inductions will cover the importance of noise control and available noise reduction measures The Project will be required to use equipment that is in good working order and that meets current best practice noise emission levels. This will be achieved by making it a component of contractual agreements with the construction contractors. Community liaison will form a critical element in the management of the impacts, especially regarding potential shore excavation/blasting and other site clearance activities. If provided with adequate warning, affected sensitive receptors are sometimes willing to accept excessive noise for a short period of time. A designated Project Team Member will be able to deal with the concerns of locals and the establishment of a grievance response program can enable the identification and resolution of any noise related concerns at an early stage. Minimise reversing of equipment to prevent nuisance caused by reversing alarms. Driver practices when approaching and leaving the site could minimize noise emissions created through activities such as unnecessary acceleration and breaking squeal. Positive Negative Direct Indirect Cumulative Severity/Magnitude Low 2 Noise emissions are not continuous during the constructional phase. Also noise propagation LAeqT (daytime) could be considered low after mitigation. Reversibility Reversible 1 Noise emissions are reversible. Duration Short Term 2 The impact will occur over a short period Spatial Extent Local 2 Emissions will only affect the areas near construction sites. Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited Knight Piésold Consulting

19 Probability Low 2 The probability of noise emissions from various onshore project activities affecting sensitive receptors after mitigation is rated as medium. Total 14 Degree of Confidence Low Medium High Impacts Related to Change in Soil Structure Due to Clearing and Grading Activities during Pipeline Construction Phase Description of the Baseline Environment Topsoil is the uppermost layer (first several inches) of the soil profile and generally provides the most fertile growing medium since there are more microorganisms, organic matter, and nutrients than in the subsoil. Removal of more than several inches of soil during clearing and grading activities can lead to the mixing of the subsoil with topsoil; homogenization of the soil profiles will reduce the overall soil fertility and soil structure. However, excavated topsoil from the 23m-wide ROW will be segregated and stored separately from the subsoil. The climate of the project area is such that erosion due to rainfall could be exacerbated in the area; however, Tema is considered one of the driest places in the country. The mean annual rainfall is 800 mm. The major rainy season normally occurs between March and July while the minor season occurs between August and October. The month of June is usually the wettest month with a mean rainfall of about 370 mm. Soil degradation is indicated by a lowering of the fertility status, either by a reduction of the nutrient level or by physical loss of topsoil. Clearing and grading the pipeline ROW can potentially lead to such degradation by mixing topsoil with excavated soil, increasing soil compaction, and increasing soil erosion (Sorrell, et al., 1982). Proposed Project Activities Soil will be stripped and stored on the edge of the 23 m-wide ROW, typically within the 3m nonworking side of the ROW. As noted above, soils excavated from upland and agricultural areas will be segregated and stored separately from the subsoil. Soil compaction will result from the movement of heavy construction equipment (e.g. bulldozer, backhoe) on the land within the ROW. Soil compaction in turn results in reduced aeration and permeability and therefore reduced water holding capacity and plant growth. Vegetation clearing and grading activities within the ROW may also contribute to an increase in surface runoff and erosion of the soil and sediment. Upland soils that are denuded of vegetative cover and root matrices are more prone to erosion by running water and strong winds. Positive Negative Direct Indirect Cumulative Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited Knight Piésold Consulting

20 Severity/Magnitude High 4 Erosion or changes in soil structure is likely to occur, especially if construction work is undertaken during periods of heavy rainfall because the soils will be exposed for approximately one month prior to reinstatement. Given this combination of factors, the severity of impacts to soils arising from clearing and grading activities at onshore areas is assessed as high. Reversibility Recoverable 3 Reinstated vegetation should not take longer than four months to establish roots and adequate ground cover. Duration Short Term 2 Impacts are expected to occur throughout the construction phase, but ceases when the project starts the operational phase. Soils in the ROW will be exposed to the elements (i.e. not covered with vegetation) throughout the construction phase, which will last approximately three months. The vegetation then will be reinstated but maintained at a short length (along the 13 m maintenance corridor) for service access purposes throughout the duration of the Tema LNG project. Spatial Extent Local 2 Because potential adverse impacts to soils are expected only within the 23 m ROW, the spatial extent of the impact is classified as local. Probability High 5 The likelihood of impacts to soils during the construction of the pipeline is definite. Total Score 55 Significance Rating Before Mitigation Degree of Confidence Low Medium High Proposed Mitigation Measures Mitigations to limit landform changes and soil erosion and loss is inherent in many of the pipelines, road works and facilities design features, which are summarised below: Pipeline ROW/Access Way Route Selection and Alignment ROWs and access ways will be located within or adjacent to existing disturbed areas where practicable. Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited Knight Piésold Consulting

21 Fine-scale routing of the pipeline ROWs and access ways will be conducted to reduce traversing particularly erosive soils on steep slopes and to limit the number of pipeline crossings of clear-water streams, sinkholes, off-channel waterbodies and other structures, where practicable. Fine-scale routing will be implemented during detailed design to mitigate impacts from side casting in steep terrain areas and to reduce traversing areas prone to failure. Terrain evaluation and mapping will be undertaken. With proper management during construction, the soil degradation and erosional impacts compared to the baseline conditions should not be more than 20 percent in magnitude. Assuming that construction protocols are followed, the significant impact to soils is rated as low. Positive Negative Direct Indirect Cumulative Severity/Magnitude Moderate 3 The severity of impacts to soils arising from clearing and grading activities at onshore areas is assessed as moderate. Reversibility Recoverable 3 Vegetation will probably regenerate. Reinstated vegetation should not take longer to establish roots and adequate ground cover. Duration Short Term 2 Impacts are expected to occur throughout the construction phase, but ceases when the project starts the operational phase Spatial Extent Local 2 The spatial extent of the impact is classified as local. Probability Medium 3 The likelihood of impacts to soils during the Total 30 construction of the pipeline will be medium if mitigation measures are applied Impacts Related to Alteration of Topography Due to Trenching and Backfilling to Install the Pipeline during the Construction Phase Description of the Baseline Environment Soil particle composition at the project location consists largely of sand, ranging between 70 and 85 percent. Clay constitutes approximately 10 to 20 percent, while silt contributes less than 10 Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited Knight Piésold Consulting

22 percent. Soils that contain high proportions of silt and very fine sand are generally the most erodable. The erosion of soils decreases with increasing clay or organic matter, but total organic carbon (TOC) and total organic matter (TOM) contents of the soils at Tema are generally very low, ranging from 0.2 to 1.1 percent and 0.25 to 1.9 percent, respectively (WAGP 2004). Overland flow parameters would increase due to the compaction of the soil and could be significant during the rainy season. Farmlands exist in the area where vegetables and grains are grown on a small scale. Given these anthropogenic factors and the existing, disturbed nature of the baseline environment, it is unlikely that a complex soil structure would develop in this portion of the ROW. Proposed Project Activities The pipe trench will be dug using track mounted trenchers or backhoes from the working side (7m adjacent to the 13m reserved for permanent pipeline burial) of the ROW. Excavated spoils will be placed on the non-working side of the excavation for reuse during burial and reinstatement. Once the pipe is laid, the trench is backfilled using a backhoe or other suitable equipment. Backfill will consist of the materials excavated (spoils) that were stored temporarily in the nonworking side of the ROW. In areas where the topsoil was segregated from the subsoil, the subsoil will be used as fill material first, and then the topsoil will be placed over the subsoil backfill. Backfilling will occur to pre-existing grade or slightly higher to accommodate any future soil settlement and to visibly demonstrate the exact location of pipeline burial. The placement or storage of soils excavated from the pipeline trench within the ROW exposes that soil to erosion. Similarly, the soils of the open-cut trench would also be exposed. Backfilling of the site and the presence of heavy equipment could result in soil compaction, thus making the soil surfaces more impermeable, increasing runoff and the erosion of soils. While the trench is open, it functions as a drain, funnelling water and thereby increasing the amount of runoff and soil erosion. Positive Negative Direct Indirect Cumulative Severity/Magnitude High 4 Given the linear extent of the pipeline route, the uncertainty of soil settlement, washout during rains, and the complexity of existing drainage patterns, it is likely that along more than 20 percent of the ROW the topography will not be restored to its original condition. Given this combination of factors, the severity of impacts to the existing topography due to trenching and backfilling in upland areas is of high severity. Reversibility Recoverable 3 The change in topography will likely not be more than a 10 percent; this is only an Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited Knight Piésold Consulting

23 estimated margin of error for reinstatement activities. Other than mechanical restoration, only erosional and depositional processes, which become less likely to occur postreinstatement, could restore the topography to its baseline conditions. Duration Medium 3 The temporal effects of topography changes/impacts are likely to last beyond reinstatement and can also lead to the secondary impact of an unexpected distribution in vegetative cover. Spatial Extent Regional 3 Though the combined footprint of the pipeline ROWs at the project site is relatively small and impact to soil and topography will be contained within the ROWs, the pipeline routes cut across different administrative boundaries across diverse ecosystems. Probability High 4 The likelihood of the impact occurring is also consistent with grading activities and can be rated as high. Total Score 52 Significance Rating Before Mitigation Degree of Confidence Low Medium High Proposed Mitigation Measures During backfilling and final grading, measures should be taken to minimize erosion, restore the natural contour of the ground, and restore surface drainage patterns as close to pre-construction conditions as practicable. Assuming proper management during construction, the soil degradation impacts compared to the baseline conditions should not be more than 20 percent in magnitude; this is an estimated threshold value given best management practices (BMPs), the type of soils present, the slope and the potential rainfall. General Erosion and Sediment Control An erosion and sediment control management plan will be included as part of the project s overall water management plan for all construction-related activities to: Implement industry good practice erosion and sediment control measures at watercourse crossings, as necessary. Reduce stockpiling spoil and soil materials close to waterways (i.e., maintaining a minimum of 50 m from the waterline), where practicable. Control of sediment runoff from stockpiles and cleared areas around watercourses. Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited Knight Piésold Consulting

24 Implementation of sediment control measures downstream of sidecast material where safe and practicable. Limiting erosion and sediment delivery to streams. Reducing side casting of spoil directly into waterways where practicable. Grading pipeline ROWs and access way alignments adjacent to streams away from watercourses. Monitoring and maintaining erosion and sediment control measures until adequate soil stabilisation has been achieved. Installing diversion drains to intercept uncontaminated surface runoff around facilities and away from construction areas. Installing sediment control structures to intercept sediment-laden surface runoff to reduce sediment delivery to watercourses. Monitoring for and rectifying areas of problematic erosion at reclaimed watercourse crossings. Residual Rating Significance (Post Mitigation) s Positive Negative Direct Indirect Cumulative Severity/Magnitude Moderate 3 The severity of impacts to the existing topography due to trenching and backfilling in upland areas is rated as moderate after mitigation. Reversibility Recoverable 3 Since the ROW will be reinstated and the grassland vegetation will be managed, any changes in topography will have negligible secondary impacts to the natural flora. Duration Medium Term 3 Impacts are likely to last beyond reinstatement and therefore will be rated as medium term. Spatial Extent Regional 3 The spatial extent of the impact is classified as regional, as the pipeline routes cut across different administrative boundaries across diverse ecosystems. Probability Medium 3 The likelihood of impacts to topography as a Total 36 result of trenching and backfilling during the construction of the pipeline will be rated as medium after mitigation measures have been applied. Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited Knight Piésold Consulting

25 Impacts Related to Contamination of Soils Due to Solid and Hazardous Waste Disposal during the Construction Phase Description of the Baseline Environment Topsoil, which forms the uppermost layer of the soil profile, generally provides the most fertile growing medium since there are more microorganisms, organic matter, and nutrients than in the subsoil. Soil degradation is indicated by a lowering of the fertility status, either by a reduction of the nutrient level or by physical loss of topsoil. Contamination of soil as a result of various activities including solid and hazardous waste disposal can potentially lead to such degradation. Proposed Project Activities Wastes are expected to consist principally of cleared vegetation from the ROW. Other construction wastes include remnants of piping materials; electrical materials (cables, connections, etc.); incidental maintenance volumes of solvents, lubricating oils, and grease; and refuse from food and bottled water supplies for the construction workers. Wastes that could affect soil quality are primarily solvents, oils and greases. Positive Negative Direct Indirect Cumulative Severity/Magnitude Moderate 3 In the case of solvents, oils, or grease contamination, the existing soil composition would be changed. This renders the magnitude of the impact as moderate. Reversibility Recoverable 3 If they occur, spills or leakage of these liquids could seep into the surrounding soil and remain for multiple years if not attended to. Depending upon the toxicity, persistence, and mobility of the waste constituents, the effects would be reversible only with treatment. However, in the event of any spill or soil contamination, the soil will be excavated from the project site and hauled to an approved disposal facility rather than treated in-situ. Duration Short Term 2 The temporal effect to soils in the project area would be over a short term period. Spatial Extent Local 2 The extent of the impact would depend on the quantity of hazardous material or waste spilled or not properly disposed. There will not be large volumes of any one hazardous material kept Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited Knight Piésold Consulting

26 onsite during construction. In most cases, spills would occur within the ROW or nearby the construction site; therefore, the spatial extent can be assumed to be local. Probability Medium 3 The likelihood of a spill or leak during the onshore Total Score 30 construction period at the project area is medium. Significance Rating Before Mitigation Degree of Confidence Low Medium High Proposed Mitigation Measures All project-approved best management practices (BMPs) will be implemented during the storage, usage and transport of all hazardous materials and wastes. Wastes will be managed onsite and typically disposed of offsite according to an approved waste management plan. Waste management facilities will be identified by Quantum and will be audited and formally approved by Quantum prior to use. In cases where audits identify the potential for mismanagement of wastes, Quantum will consider one or more of the following: Work with proposed waste management facility to correct identified deficiencies; Consider alternative in-region waste management facilities; and Consider out-of-region waste management facilities or consider development of onsite waste management facilities at Quantum facilities in accordance with World Bank requirements. Quantum will assume its responsibilities as a waste generator, from the generation to ultimate disposal. Soil Contamination Mitigation A soil contamination management plan will be developed as part of the ESMP that will include appropriate procedures for: Fuel handling transport and storage procedures. Materials handling, storage and disposal. Storage and handling of radioactive material. Handling of contaminated waste. Soil remediation where contamination has occurred. Diesel storage tanks will be purpose-built, above ground and within double-walled tanks or containment bunds. Oil spill prevention and response measures will be in place in accordance with the project s spill response plan. Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited Knight Piésold Consulting

27 Positive Negative Direct Indirect Cumulative Severity/Magnitude Moderate 3 Contaminated material would be hauled away from project site. However, in the case of solvents, oils, or grease contamination, the existing soil composition would be changed so the magnitude of such an impact remains as moderate. Reversibility Recoverable 3 Depending upon the toxicity, persistence and mobility of the waste constituents, the effects would be reversible only with treatment, hence rating is recoverable. Duration Short term 2 Assuming that spills are detected quickly, free liquids are recovered, and contaminated soils are managed and/or excavated, the duration of impact would be minimal, lasting for few days. Spatial Extent Local 2 In most cases, spills would occur within the ROW or nearby the construction site; therefore, the spatial extent can be assumed to be local. Probability Low 2 The likelihood of a spill or leak during the onshore construction period at the project area is rated as low after mitigation. Total Score 20 Degree of Confidence Low Medium High Impacts Related to Change in Soil Surface and Topography from Land Preparation Activities for Onshore Reception/Metering Facilities Construction Description of the Baseline Environment The metering station is situated on an approximately 1.5 ha (3.7 acre) site on top of a small hill. Access to the site will be provided via a new 50 m-wide road approximately 1 km in length that will be added to the existing road. Beneath the summit is a gentle slope that leads into the low lying Gao Lagoon to the southeast and into the sea to the direct south. The soils at the metering station are comprised of sand, silt and clay in approximate proportions of 72 percent, 10 percent and 18 percent respectively. The general texture is considered a sandy loam (WAGP 2004). Based on these site characteristics, removal of vegetation and levelling of soil at the reception/metering Quantum Power Ghana Gas Limited Knight Piésold Consulting