Analysis of Particulate Matter in the Macatawa Watershed Air

Transcription

1 Analysis f Particulate Matter in the Macatawa Watershed Air Hanna Behrendt, Audrey LaRche, Oliver Purcell Hpe Cllege Department f Envirnmental Sciences Air Pllutin and Particulates Overview Air pllutin is the presence f bilgical matter, particulates, and any ther harmful substance expelled int the air. particulates that make up air pllutin cause harm t the natural and built envirnment, as well as t humans. "Particulate matter," als knwn as particle pllutin r PM, is a cmplex mixture f extremely small particles and liquid drplets. It is made up f a number f cmpnents, including acids, rganic chemicals, metals, and sil r dust particles PM2.5 and PM10 refer t the diameter in micrns f the particulates. The Wrld Health Organizatin estimates that particulate matter air pllutin results in abut 800,000 premature deaths each year, making it the 13 th leading cause f mrtality wrldwide 1

2 Air Pllutin and Particulates Majr surces f particulate matter human cmbustin f fssil fuels cal industry, steel industry, and pwer generatin bimass burning vehicle exhausts diesel, gasline, and prpane pesticides dust, mld, pllen Figure 1: A cmparisn f particulate matter sizes in reference t a single strand f hair Ottawa Cunty Air Quality Average f all particulate matter is 27 µg/m³ in Ottawa Cunty, versus 23 µg/m³ as the natinal average Lake Michigan, tpgraphy, and wind pattern have majr impacts PM10 particles can stay in the air fr minutes r hurs can travel as little as much as 30 miles PM2.5 particles can stay in the air fr days r weeks, and travel up t many hundreds f miles. Early 2000s the cunty had high PM levels, peaking at 37 ug/m3 in 2005 attainment level is 35 ug/m3, set by the EPA In 2008 Ottawa Cunty reached attainment levels, and particulate matter levels have nt risen abve standards n recrd since 2007 Particulate matter pses many health risks t the human bdy Figure 2: A diagram shwing where each size f PM is fund mst cmmnly accumulated in the bdy 2

3 Our Prject Our research centered arund lking at the variatin f particulate matter based n gegraphic variatin frm three test sites. We fcused n determining: 1. the cmpsitin f particulates in the air 2. cncentratin/density f particulates in the air Methds: Study Sites Three experimental sites within the Macatawa Watershed Each chsen fr their relatinship t the surrund envirnment. Schaap Science Center: (42.787, ) Site near urbanized area Many anthrpgenic sites near by Outdr Discvery Center: (42.726, ) Rural area Lcated by agricultural fields and farms Tunnel Park: (42.798, ) Shreline, castal regin 3

4 Methds: sample cllectin Altered a Buchner funnel t fit a Stanley Shp Vac Whatman 5 filter paper Ran vacuums fr average f 10 hurs Added Sctch tape acrss funnel muth Stred in sterile petri dishes Figure 3: The experimental set-up replicate fr the Schaap Science Center Methds: prcessing & analysis data Carbn cated samples with a Cressingtn carbn cater 108 reduce charging in the scanning electrn micrscpe TM3000 Scanning Electrn Micrscpe was used fr analysis btain the chemical cmpsitin f the particulates in the air. Measurements were taken using Quantax 50 sftware n the cmputer, system perfrms elemental qualitative and quantitative analyses f materials three rws, twelve frames per rw fr a ttal f 36 frames per sample 90 individual particles were analyzed frm each sample Figure 4: The Scanning Electrn Micrscpe (SEM) at Hpe Cllege 4

5 Methds: prcessing & analysis Output Sample: Classificatins (Organic)- Absence f elements (K) Ptassium Feldspar - Mixture f Al, <30% Silicate, >30% Ptassium (Fe Metal) - Mst prevalent element was Irn (Cu Metal) - Mst prevalent element was Cpper Lw Silicate Dust - <30% Silicate Silicate Dust - >30% Silicate Calcium Feldspars- Mixture f Al, <30% Silicate, >30% Calcium Sdium Feldspars- Mixture f Al, <30% Silicate, >30% Sdium 5

6 Identificatin A sample utput f a particulate high in irn Cmparisn f Sample Sites 6

7 Tunnel Park Sample Analysis All five days have a high cncentratin f silicate dust particles The metal cncentratins vary thrughut the five days, this includes sme days having a deficiency in metals All five days have cncentratins f feldspars, which is typically seen in sand particles and cmmn n the beach frnt Outdr Discvery Center Sample Analysis All five days have a high cncentratins f feldspar (sil dust) and silicate dust (dunes) The metal cncentratins vary thrughut the five days, this includes sme days having a deficiency in metals 7

8 Science Center Sample Analysis All five days have a high cncentratin f Fe-Metal particles The feldspar cncentratins vary thrughut the five days, this includes sme days having a deficiency in feldspars All five days have cncentratins f feldspars, silicate dusts, and ther metals What the Data Means There is a definite difference in particulate matter frm site t site Tunnel Park is high in silicate dust due t the sand Schaap Science Center is quite high in irn due t the clse prximity t industrial activity The ODC high frequencies in feldspars is cnsistent with the amunt f sil dust frm surrunding agriculture 8

9 Future f the Macatawa Watershed Air The research is nt a clsed-circuit study, just preliminary wrk n air quality We are all affected by air quality, as well as the envirnment Due t the small sampling windw, air quality testing shuld be dne during each seasn in the watershed and mre thrughly analyzed Hpe Cllege implementing sampling at pints within the watershed fr lab analysis Figure 5: Devices that can be used in residential hmes t sample air quality Acknwledgements Dan Callam frm the Outdr Discvery Center Andrew Bunnell frm the Hpe Cllege Physics Department Dr. Hansen and Prfessr Vander Weijden frm the Hpe Cllege Gelgy Department Dr. Peaslee frm the Hpe Cllege Chemistry Department 9

10 References (1.) Trregrssa, Mark. Michigan Has Surprisingly Pr Air Quality. MDOT, 21 Aug Web. 18 Sept < (2.) Particulate Matter Pllutin. Cal/EPA, 10 Jan Web. 18 Sept < (3.) Air Quality and Pllutin Facts. EPA, 11 Feb Web. 18 Sept < Haven-MI>. (4.)United States Envirnmental Prtectin Agency. EPA, 9 Jan Web. 18 Sept < (5.) Brk, Rbert D., et al. "Particulate matter air pllutin and cardivascular disease an update t the scientific statement frm the American Heart Assciatin." Circulatin (2010): (6.) "Particulate Matter." Particulate Matter. Hamiltn Cunty Envirnmental Services, n.d. Web. 24 Sept (7.) Pavilnis, Brian T;et al.; Jurnal f Expsure Science and Envirnmental Epidemilgy 23.3 (May 2013): (8.) Danielsen, Pernille Høgh, et al. "Oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammatin induced by ambient air and wd smke particulate matter in human A549 and THP-1 cell lines." Chemical research in txiclgy 24.2 (2011): (9.) Rsili, Martin. "Spatial Variability f Different Fractins f Particulate Matter within an Urban Envirnment and between Urban and Rural Sites." Jurnal f the Air & Waste Management Assciatin (July 2000) Print. References (10.) Davidsn, Cliff I., Rbert F. Phalen, and Paul A. Slmn. "Airbrne particulate matter and human health: a review." Aersl Science and Technlgy 39.8 (2005): (11.) Tarantini, Letizia, et al. "Effects f particulate matter n genmic DNA methylatin cntent and inos prmter methylatin." (2008). (12.) Rcha, Vernica. "LA Times." LA Times. Ls Angeles Times, 22 Sept Web. 23 Sept (13.) Andersn, Jnathan O., Jsef G. Thundiyil, and Andrew Stlbach. "Clearing the air: a review f the effects f particulate matter air pllutin n human health."jurnal f Medical Txiclgy 8.2 (2012): (14.) "Histry f Air Quality in West Michigan." West Michigan Clean Air Calitin: Histry. 7 Aug Web. 12 Nv < (15.) "Ottawa Cunty." West Michigan Reginal Planning Cmmissin. West Michigan Reginal Planning Cmmissin, 1 Jan Web. 15 Nv < Is Particulate Matter?" Air Inf Nw: What Is Particulate Matter. Web. 30 Nv < (16.) "What Is Particulate Matter?" Air Inf Nw: What Is Particulate Matter. Web. 30 Nv < (17). Diez Rux, Ana V., Auchinclss, Amy H.; Dvnch, J. T.; Brwn, P. L.; Barr, R. G.; Daviglus, M. L.; Gff, D. C. Jr.; Kaufman, J. D.; O'Neill, M. S. "Assciatins between recent expsure t ambient fine particulate matter and bld pressure in the Multi-Ethnic Study f Athersclersis." (2008). 10