Gasification & Water Nexus

Transcription

1 Gasification & Water Nexus GTC Workshop on Gasification Technologies Denver, Colorado March 14, 2007 Richard D. Boardman, Ph.D. INL R&D Lead for Gasification & Alternative Fuels (208) ; Kemmerer, Wyoming Coal-Fired PC Power Plant

2 Western States Average Rainfall Average Rainfall (in) Inches Arizona California Colorado Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Oregon Utah Washington Wyoming Data Source: U.S. Environmental Data Service (average of range for all monitoring locations)

3 Snow Depth, March 7, 2007 Map Source: National Weather Service NOHRSC Data System

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5 Source: NOAA

6 Pending Western Gasification Projects Principally coal, some biomass PC power plants IGCC electrical power generation and PolyGen Hydrogen Ammonia or Urea Synthetic Fuels - FT diesel - Synthetic Natural Gas - Ethanol

7 CO2 shift and impurities removal Water Water Absorption column Cryogenics Pressure-swing adsorption Membranes

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9 CO2 is a working and reactive fluid

10 IGCC Electrical Power Generation California rule, as good as NGCC Requires about 60% carbon capture Water-Gas Shift Reaction in Gasifier High Temperature Shift Reactor Low Temperature Shift Reactor 25% Capture 70-80% Capture 90-95% Capture Inherent shift in gasifier, enhanced in slurry-fed gasifier High temperature shift, sulfur-tolerant, upstream of sulfur removal Low temperature shift, downstream of gas cleanup, impurities sensitive

11 Western Fuels Properties Differ Markedly * Moisture wt% Visbreaker Crude Petro. Coke Pitt. #8 Bitum. Illinois #6 Bitum. Utah Bitum. Wyoming Sub-Bit. ND Lignite C, wt% H, wt% S wt% N wt% O, wt% Ash, wt% HHV AR (BTU/lb) 13,500 12,150 13,260 10,982 12,700 8,340 6,010 H:C Ratio * Data Sources: Argonne Premium Coal Samples Bank, U.S. Bureau of Mines

12 Hydrogen Makeup with Water Product Hydrogen FT Fuels SNG Urea H:C ratio required 2 char gasification and shift reaction 4 (C 8 H 16 ) plus produced water 4 (CH 4 ) 4 (NH 2 ) 2 CO Reforming and CO shift CH 4 + H 2 O CO + 3H 2 CO + H 2 O CO 2 + H 2 Gasification of char C + H 2 O CO +H 2 COS Hydrolysis reactor COS + H 2 O CO 2 + H 2 S Synthetic Fuel (X)CO + (3X)H 2 CxH x*2 + (X)H 2 O (F-T fuel) CO + 3H 2 CH 4 + H 2 O (methanation) Ammonia and Urea N 2 + 3H 2 2NH 3 N 2 + 3H 2 + CO 2 (NH 2 ) 2 CO + H 2 O Ethanol 2CO + 4H 2 C 2 H 6 O + H 2 O

13 Liquid Synthetic Fuels Process Sulfur Plant Sulfur Power Generation Power Tail Gas Coal Coal Storage & Preparation Gasification Gas Cleanup & conditioning FT Fuel Synthesis Hydrogen Recovery Nitrogen Oxygen Hydrogen Air Cryogenic Air Separation Ash Handling & Disposal Ash CO2 Liquid Fuels Product Recovery Wax Liquid Fuels Wax Hydrocracking Transportation Fuel Storage And Transport Naphtha Diesel 50% of carbon is captured and is sequestration ready

14 F-T Plant Water Balance 10,000 bpd total liquids (naphtha and diesel) Low moisture bituminous; Col., Utah, N.M. High moisture sub-bituminous, Wyo., or Mont. Dry-feed gasifier Conventional cooling tower for LP steam condensation CO 2 compression for 80% carbon utilization approach - 50% sequestered - 30% in FT fuel

15 Coal Moisture Coal Prep. & Drying Air Separation Unit ASU Blowdown Reaction Steam Gasifier & Quench Quench System & Ash Blowdown CO Shift Steam Sour Shift Rectisol & SCOT Blowdown Evaporation & Blowdown Rectisol Claus SCOT Guard Bed CO2 Compression C.C. Gas & Steam Turbine and HRSG F-T Synthesis Reactor FT Water & Upgrade Blowdown Product Upgrade IP LP Treatment: Boiler Water Feed & FT Cooling Water Recycle Low Pressure steam LP

16 Assumptions Quench System and Ash Water Blowdown are disposed Rectisol and SCOT Blowdown are disposed Coal Moisture, ASU Blowdown, FT Product Water, and Product Upgrade Blowdown are treated and used for Gasification and CO Shift BFW is treated to reduce Cooling Tower Blowdown Heat integration between gasification, FT, and product upgrade

17 Water Balance Summary Stream(s) Bituminous Sub- Bituminous Wet Coal Feed Rate (tpd) Dry Coal Feed Rate (tpd) Coal Moisture (MM gpd) Gasifier and CO Shift Steam Duty (MM gpd) Quench System and Ash Blowdown (MM gpd) Rectisol, SCOT Blowdown (MM gpd) ASU, FT and Upgrade Output (MM gpd) CO Shift Reactor Makeup (MM gpd) Cooling Tower Makeup (MM gpd) Net Water Requirements (MM gpd) Waste Water Discharge (MM gpd) Barrels Water Consumed/Barrel FT Liquid tpd = tons per day MM gpd = 1 million gallons barrel = 42 gallons

18 Urea Production Air H N H O C N H H O 2 ASU N 2 Urea + H 2 O Coal & Steam Gasification Gas Conditioning & Separation H 2 Ammonia Synthesis NH 3 Urea Production H 2 O CO 2 3H2 + N2 2NH3 3H2 + N2 + CO2NH3 + CO2 H2N-COONH4 (ammonium carbamate) H2N-COONH4 (NH2)2CO + H2O

19 Water Conservation Alternatives Steam-to-air heat gas coolers, cooling towers Replace cooling tower with closed-loop, cascading refrigeration / heat recovery / power generation Large heat exchangers Ammonia, propane, refrigerant systems proposed Condensing steam turbines Reclaim and treat coal-bed methane and oil well produced water

20 Western States Average Temperature Average Annual Temp (F) (Deg. F) Arizona California Colorado Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Oregon Utah Washington Wyoming Data Source: U.S. Environmental Data Service (sorted for probable plant locations)

21 Source: U.S. Geological Survey

22 Source: U.S. Geological Survey

23 Wyoming Coal Bed Natural Gas * 23,750 CBM wells drilled by end of CBM from PRB 950 million cubic feet natural gas per day 1.5 million barrels of water per day 1.85 barrels of water per thousand cubic feet gas WOGCC currently estimates total gas recovery to be 8 trillion cubic feet with 15 billion barrels of water Equivalent demand for 100,000 barrels/day FT fuels for 34 years Water quality varies significantly across coal seams * Wyoming Oil and Gas Commission CBNG Task Force Meeting, May 4, 2006