Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure Chiang Mai (Thailand)

Transcription

1 Technology for Waste Management/Infrastructure Chiang Mai (Thailand) 1.1 Introduction Chiang Mai province has long been suffered from solid waste management problem due to increasing population as well as changing of consumption pattern. Additionally, as the major tourist destination of the northern region, the province has to deal with solid waste generated by tourism activities. In terms of solid waste management system, there is no solid waste treatment area although there is a budget for the construction of waste transfer station. As for Chiang Mai City Municipality, solid waste collection and treatment has been sub-contracted to private sectors where final destination of waste disposal is unclear. Most of the municipalities do not use sanitary landfill system, and open dumping is still being employed. All the inappropriate waste management practice in the past has generated the skepticism in local citizens. At present, most of the waste transfer station and waste disposal sites construction plans has faced severe public protest. 1.2 History of the solid waste management problem Chiang Mai City Municipality had used land area at the municipal s stadium for the dumping and burning of solid waste from the beginning until year Management of solid waste after 1958 had been changed to landfill system at Mae Hea landfill site. Once the landfill capacity was reached, the landfill site had become open dumping area. Public protest against the open dumping site occurred in Road to the dumping site were block by local communities affected. The situation

2 got worse in 1994 when local people were against the open dumping idea and ran the protest campaign that led to accumulation of solid waste in the city for weeks. Since 1990, Chiang Mai City Municipality searched for new waste disposal sites but most of the sites proposed fail to get acceptance from public as well as the rejection from National Environmental Board since some areas were located in watershed protection area. Electricity from waste incinerator project was proposed and, again fail to gain public acceptance. Committee to solve solid waste problem in Chiang Mai City was formed in order to set up integrated waste management system in Conflicts between local population and related government agency persist until recent year. 1.2 Policy and plan for solid waste management problem It was clear from the beginning that solid waste management problem has threatened the livelihoods of local population and need immediate actions to resolve the problem. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (as of year 2000) in the meeting with Chiang Mai Provincial Administrative Organizations agree upon the following solutions 1.) Agreement to divided solid waste management into three zones to effectively manage the waste problem 2.) Selection of appropriate technology to be implemented by each local administrative organization. Expense in implementing of such technology will be the responsibility of respective local administrative organization. 3.) Chiang Mai Province shall draft the Provincial Solid Waste Management Plan to be presented to the Ministry.

3 1.2 Zoning of Solid Waste Management System for Chiang Mai Province. As a result of several meetings between related government agencies, it is resolved that in order to have effective solid waste management system in Chiang Mai, the province shall be divided into three zones in order to manage their wastes properly. The three zones are as follows (Figure 1); The northern zone leads by Wiang Fang Municipality Office and jointly manages the solid waste with other 3 municipality office and 17 sub-district administrative organizations in two districts. Middle zone leads by Chiang Mai Provincial Administrative Organizations (CM-PAO) together with other 5 municipality office and 31 sub-districts administrative organizations in three districts (Doi Saket, San Sai, and San Khamphang) Southern zone leads by Chiang Mai City Municipality working with 6 municipality offices from 4 districts. 1.3 Scope of this report The report aims to cover as much as possible the information of solid waste management in the Middle zone and partly from the southern zone due to the fact that the middle zone has proposed and implement integrated solid waste disposal facility in Doi Saket District receiving solid waste from 3 main districts and two other near by districts. As for the southern zone, the quantity of waste generated per capita is the highest due to nature of urban community, however, the waste management system in the southern zone has focused only on sub-contracting their responsibility to private sector and face difficulty in setting up their own waste disposal facility due to severe public protest.

4 Northern Zone Middle Zone Southern zone Figure 1: Chiang Mai Solid Waste Management Zoning

5 Technology Used for Solid Waste Management Overview of the different Solid Waste Systems Municipal Solid Waste At present, solid waste management is under the responsibility of each subdistrict administrative organizations. Such local organization has authority to design its own waste management system as long as the system does compile with the related law, regulations and ministries notifications. Therefore, situation varies from each, district and sub-district offices. As stated earlier, the waste management system in Chiang Mai is divided into three zones. For the Southern zone, for which Chiang Mai City Municipality is responsible for, the total quantity of solid waste collected each day equals to 350 tons. The collection was done by 70 collection trucks (20 large size trucks, 40 medium size and 10 small size trucks); however the quantity of waste collected per day is different depending on behavior of population and collection efficiency. The Municipality has hired private sector to take care of garbage collection and disposal. However, the operations were hardly monitored by the municipality. Instead of proper collection and dispose of wastes generated, Chiang Mai City Municipality often face with protest from local communities and neighboring provinces from illegal dumping of wastes. For the middle zone, the Chiang Mai Provincial Administrative Organization is the responsible agency. In this zone, the local administrative office provide collection service wherever possible. Local areas that District administrative office could not provide such service, recommendation for household waste management were issued. Industrial Waste Industrial waste in Thailand is divided into two groups; general waste and hazardous waste. The local government following the normal waste management system treats most of general waste. The other type of waste, which is hazardous, is treated differently from factory to factory. Factories are supposed to follow Hazardous Substance Act and other related laws and

6 regulation. It is required by law that factory should send its hazardous waste to licensed treatment facilities. However, there are limited numbers of treatment facilities in Thailand. The Ministry of Industry has set up three hazardous waste treatment facilities in the central region. Furthermore, all private treatment plants in the country (13 plants) are mostly located in the central region as well. Thus hazardous waste generated in the northern region has to be transported to the treatment facilities. Healthcare Waste Infectious waste is managed much more effectively due to the ministerial rules and regulations, which require health care premises to separate infectious wastes for appropriate treatment to prevent any public heath threats. Most hospitals have an incinerator where medical waste is burned. The ash from the incinerator should be properly disposed in a landfill. Solid waste in hospitals is sent to a municipal landfill. In some hospital, there is a thriving recycling program. Some hazardous waste is either burned or sent to a private secured landfill. Others are collected in hospitals and stored for disposal. Construction and Demolition Waste The rapid urbanization of Thailand has generated and increased demand for housing and infrastructure, which in turn creates large quantity of construction and demolition waste. At present, increasing unregulated dumping of construction waste and the limited space in landfill has become major waste management problems. Although some materials (i.e. wood, glass, and metal) presence in municipal solid waste are perceived as building materials, it is unclear if these materials wastes were generated from construction activity as they can also be generated from other activities unrelated to construction.

7 Selected Waste Management System from Districts in Middle Zone Overview A report on waste disposal practices of communities in Chiang Mai PAO shows that only 60% of respondents separate waste at source. In the past the common practice in the area would be open dumping and burning of waste piles in open areas as waste collection services were poor and did not cover all area of the province. Nevertheless, as Chiang Mai is located in Chiang Mai basin, smoke and particulate matters could not leave the city leading to severe air pollution problem. Local government office therefore issues regulation to prohibit burning of waste and to promote waste separation in order to reduce quantity of waste to be collected and disposed. For the respondents who practice waste separation, wastes were divided into three categories; wet waste, dry waste, and hazardous waste. Practice employed for different type of waste is reported in Table 1.

8 Table 1: Management practice for different kind of waste Item Management practice employed (%) No waste in this categories Discard Sell Berried Reuse Burn Others Food Wood and Leaves Paper Plastic bottles Glass bottles Other glasses Metals Plastic bags Foam Battery Light bulb Pesticide containers Solid Waste Management System for Chiang Mai Province

9 The districts included within the middle zone include Doi Saket, San Sai, and San Kamphaeng Districts. Each of the districts comprise of 6 10 sub-district administrative organizations. Each of the sub-district office is responsible for its own solid waste problem. Table 2-4 summarized solid waste management system employed, if any.

10 Table 2: Waste Management of Doi Saket District Municipality or TAO General Information Population Area (km 2) Waste generation and Collection Estimate waste generation (ton/day) Waste Collected (ton/day) Type of Bin Waste Container Capacity (L) Quantity Waste transportation vehicles Type Capacity (m 3 ) Quantity Waste Treatment Method 1. Choeng Rubber Not - Small Not- 16 Sub-contract to Doi specified Truck specified private sector Metal Side Plastic 1 open truck 2. Mae Pong Brick 1.2x1.2m Household incinerator 3. Talad Not specified Khwan 4. Luang Not specified Nuea 2 5. Mae Khue Open dumping, Burning, Incinerator 6. Pa Miang Incinerator

11 Table 3: Waste Management of San Sai District Municipality or TAO General Information Waste generation and Collection Waste Container Waste transportation vehicles Population Area Estimate Waste Type Capacity Quantity Type Capacity Quantity (km 2 ) waste Collected of Bin (L) (m 3 ) generation (ton/day) (ton/day) Waste Treatment Method 1. Mae Jo Plastic Truck Sub-contract to 8 1 Side-open private sector truck 10 1 Side-open truck 10 1 Side-open truck San Sai Plastic Not 500kg Side-open Sanitary Landfill 50 1 Luang Bag specified truck Side-open 50 1 truck 2 ton 1 Compactor Truck 1 ton 1 3. Mae Faek Incinerator 4. San Pa Pao Open Dumping, Burning

12 5. Nong Han Household burning 6. Nong Chom Not specified 7. Nong Yaeng Open burning, Landfill, Compost, Household management 8. San Na Not specified Meng 9. Mueng Len Household berried 10. Pa Phai Household berried Solid Waste Management System for Chiang Mai Province

13 Table 4: Waste Management of San Kamphaeng District Municipality or TAO General Information Population Area (km 2 ) Waste generation and Collection Estimate waste generation (ton/day) Waste Collected (ton/day) Type Waste Container Capacity (L) Quantit y Waste transportation vehicles Type Capacity (m 3 ) Quantity Waste Treatment Method 1. San Side-open 4 1 Incinerator, Kamphaeng truck Private Sector Side-open 4 1 truck Side-open 4 1 truck 4 1 Side-open truck 2. Ton Pao Rubber Compactor <1 1 Sanitary Landfill Metal Compactor <1 1 Plastic Side-open truck Household <1 1 selection Side-open truck < Rong Wua Incinerator Daeng 4. Chae Open Burning Chang 5. Huai Sai Open burning,

14 6. On Tai Open burning 7. Buak Khang Open burning Landfill Landfill Solid Waste Management System for Chiang Mai Province

15 5.2.1 Choeng Doi Municipality, Doi Saket District At present the sub-district has hired private sector to collect waste from generators in the area. The collection is done from daily. Wastes are primarily sorted for recyclable (plastic and paper) and decomposable materials (food waste). Average final disposal quantity is approximately 30% of original waste collected. Waste collection service fee is collected by private sector hired, which then given to the municipal office as revenue. Municipality also ran campaign on waste separation to reduce quantity of waste to be collected ad disposed. Campaign activities include waste banks in schools to generate income for students. Major constrain for waste management of Choeng Doi Municipality is the lack of awareness of citizens, thus increasing quantity of waste to be treated San Kamphaeng Municipality, San Kamphaeng District In San Kamphaeng municipality, solid waste management has been done by both the municipality and the private sector hired. In terms of waste collection from sources, the municipal office required the entire household receiving services to separate their waste before dispose for collection. Monthly the municipal office distributes 15 waste bags to each household; 2 big size bags are used to collect recyclable/reusable materials and one for toxic waste. The remaining 12 smaller size bags are for other type of garbage. Households that fail to follow will not receive the service. Waste collection is done by 4 trucks. Food waste in small waste bag is collected every other day while recyclable/reusable waste is collected twice a month and toxic waste is collected once a month. Wastes are then transport to waste disposal site of the municipality, where decomposable waste will be used to produce compost in compost fermentation ponds. Recyclable/reusable wastes are being sorted again at the site and combine to large amount before being sold to waste dealer shops. Other wastes apart from the two types described will be transported by private

16 sector to Hod District for disposal. As citizens are against the idea of sanitary landfill in the nearby area, municipal office does not have landfill site of it own and is not capable of treating their waste San Sai Luang Municipality, San Sai District San Sai Luang Municipality has managed the solid waste problem by itself. Waste management at source is done by campaign to reduce waste generation and promotion of waste separation. Trucks collect waste generated from collection points where the municipal office has put out some waste containers. Citizens are to carry their waste to the collection points nearby. Waste collection trucks bring waste to the transfer stations where waste collection crews sort waste for valuable materials, municipal office has low control over this activity. Final waste to be disposed is transported by private sector to the disposal site in Hod District three times per week. However, due to the fact that the transfer station is right in the middle of the municipal jurisdiction, citizens often make complaints over odor. Setting up of new transfer station is also subjected to public protest, which has made it difficult for municipality to find new site for transfer station. Budget in waste management is also limited and the joint management system with other areas nearby is not effectively practiced. 5.3 Recycling and Resource Recovery The recovery of materials can be divided into formal and informal resource recovery. (A) Formal Resource Recovery The recovery of resource in the middle zone has been fully implemented from June 2008 from the setting up of solid waste disposal center in Doi Saket District. Remaining waste that used to be burned or berried is now being transported to compost production facility. At the facility, roughly 20 % is recovered as recyclable materials, 45-50% is used as raw materials for

17 composting. The remaining portion will be put through dehydration process, 16% of water will be removed. The remaining waste (25 35%) is then compacted into blocks and disposed in sanitary landfill (Table 5) Table 5: Forecast Quantity of Waste to be Treated with Different Method Year Quantity (Ton/day) Total Recovery Compost Landfill Waste Material (53.69%) (34.04%) (20.31%)

18 (B) Informal Resource Recovery Concerning informal resource recovery, normal practice is the waste bank system. Recently, school waste bank and community waste bank has been used as effective tools for material recovery. Table 6 shows quantity and method used for recycle of waste in the middle zone.

19 Table 6: Quantity and method of waste recycle in the study areas Quantity of recyclable waste (ton/day) Utilization of Waste Invention recyclable Waste Recycle Organic Waste quantity Composting from Others waste trader center solution bank Total (ton/day) waste (percentage) Province (ton/day) Doi Saket San Sai San Kamphaeng Chiang Mai (Total)

20 Apart from school and community waste bank programs, material recovery practice has long been carried out in Thai household. Figure 2 shows the type and percentage of each materials being recovered in Chiang Mai. Figure 2: Type and percentage of material recovery in Chiang Mai 5.4 Gap Analysis 1. Solid waste management is a matter of each local government administrative offices that may not capable of performing it effectively both in term of budget and personnel. 2. Budget for waste management is limited and is supposed to be generated by the local government office themselves from providing environmental services. 3. In term of cost effectiveness, joint management from few adjacent municipalities or sub-districts office seems to be an option. However, cooperation between different offices is poor.

21 4. Concerning personnel, each of the local government office has limited number of manpower, therefore, waste management is normally sub-contracted to private sector, in which careful monitor of their performance is needed. 5. Although citizens understand the needs for solid waste management, strong public protest has become a norm for local government plan to set up sanitary landfill site or waste transfer station. This has put more pressure to local government to find ways to deal with the solid waste problem. 6. As some sub-districts administrative organizations do not have solid waste management system at all, responsibility is solely put on each household to management its waste properly. Campaign on waste reduction activities and community waste bank to reduce quantity of waste to be treated is needed. 7. Data for waste management system in the area is not intensively compiled, a proper waste management system required all basic data related to waste generation and waste characteristics to be prepared.

22 References Chiang Mai Municipality Office (1999) Feasibility study on waste disposal siting of Chaing Mai City Municipality. Chiang Mai University. Chiang Mai Provincial Administrative Organization (2001) Final Report: Study on solid waste management system for Chiang Mai Provincial Administrative Organization together with Local Administrative Organizations. World Bank. Thailand Environment Monitor 2003.

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