Eny Ivan s*, Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo, Dwidjono Hadi Darwanto

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1 Ilu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) Vol. 2 No. 1 April, 2017 : Available online at DOI: doi.org/ /ipa The Efficiency of Farer Group Aociation on Strengthening The Intitution of Counity Food Ditribution Progra Stage in Yogyakarta Special Region 2014 Eny Ivan *, Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo, Dwidjono Hadi Darwanto Departent of Agricultural Socio Econoic, Faculty of Agriculture, Univerita Gadjah Mada Jln. Flora no. 1, Bulakuur, Slean, Yogyakarta 5528, Indoneia *Correponding author: enyivan25@gail.co Received: 15 th Noveber 2016 ; Revied: 9 th January 2017 ; Accepted: 28 th Augut 2017 ABSTRACT In protecting and epowering the farer, farer group, and farer group aociation (Gapoktan) fro falling price of grain and rice at harvet tie and food acceibility proble, the governent through the Minitry of Agriculture and Food Security Agency ipleented the Strengthening the Intitution of Counity Food Ditribution Progra (Strengthening-LDPM). Thi reearch wa aied to analye the level of efficiency and to identify factor influencing the efficiency of Gapoktan in ipleenting the Strengthening-LDPM by involving 40 Gapoktan pot-independence. The data ued in thi reearch were priary and econdary data, drawn fro tockopnae report in Thi reearch ued DEA (Data Envelopent Analyi) analyi, auing that CRS (Contant Return to Scale) and VRS (Variable Return to Scale) uing output-oriented auption. In addition, factor affecting the efficiency were analyed uing ultiple regreion OLS (Ordinary Leat Square). Baed on DEA-CRS approach, a uch a 37.5% Gapoktan were efficient and 62.5% Gapoktan were inefficient. Wherea with the approach of the DEA-VRS, 50% Gapoktan were efficient and 50% Gapoktan were inefficient. The average age of Gapoktan board, total volue of grain or rice ale, total volue of food reerve, and total loan interet affect ignificantly in increaing the efficiency of Gapoktan in running the trengthening-ldpm Progra. Keyword: DEA, Efficiency, Gapoktan, Strengthening-LDPM INTRODUCTION Strengthening the Intitution of Counity Food Ditribution Progra i one of the food ecurity progra which i ipleented by utiliing farer a the producer. Thi progra wa initiated by the Minitry of Agriculture and Food Security Agency to ditribute the Social Aitance Fund fro State Budget (APBN) to farer group aociation (Gapoktan). Strengthening-LDPM ai to protect and epower farer, farer group, and/or Gapoktan fro falling price of grain and rice at harvet tie, a well a proble of food acceibility. Arifin (2007) tated that food ecurity wa not trong enough if the apect of availability and acceibility were not atched by the apect of tability. Therefore, the role of price incentive yte (rice) and guaranteed price for farer at harvet tie and guaranteed price affordability for conuer at growing eaon are till relevant to dicu. Dienion of food acceibility are explained by the large proportion of houehold expenditure on food; the higher it get, the lower the food ecurity i at houehold. Gapoktan erve a a gateway intitution, connecting village farer with external intitution, which i expected to drive the agribuine activitie, epecially on the ditribution unit and food reerve unit. In ditribution unit, Gapoktan i expected to conduct purchae-ale of grain or rice by following the tandard of the Governent Purchae Price (GPP). On the other hand, the exitence of Gapoktan i expected to horten the arketing chain and alo iprove the feaibility of price received by farer. In food reerve unit, Gapoktan i encouraged to be able to et aide their product to be kept a a food reerve that can be acceed by it eber, epecially during the lean eaon. On national cale, the Strengthening-LDPM 2015 target wa 358 Gapoktan, naely 203 Gapoktan in growth tage, 38 Gapoktan in developent tage,

2 36 Ilu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) Vol. 2 No. 1, April 2017 and 117 Gapoktan in epowerent tage. The realiation of LDPM total funding aounted to 95.25%, with each tage a follow; 100% for Gapoktan in growth tage, 94.74% for Gapoktan in developent tage, and 87.18% for Gapoktan in epowerent tage. According to the Food Security Agency Perforance Report (Badan Ketahanan Pangan, 2016), the condition of food reerve in Septeber 2015 in counity food barn group aounted to 13,722,036 kg of grain and 1,586,160 illion kg of rice. Baed on the total value of grain procureent in the aount of 13,722,036 kg dried paddy, 2,529,551 kg dried paddy had been ditributed to the eber of Gapoktan, o the available tock at the warehoue group aounted to 11,222,201 kg dried paddy. Meanwhile, the total value of rice procureent aounting to illion kg have been ditributed to eber of Gapoktan a any a 883,031 kg, bringing the total reerve tock of rice in Gapoktan barn or warehoue aounted to 703,129 kg. Seeing thee condition, food need in the producer region have been et by the Gapoktan itelf. Strengthening-LDPM progra grow and develop in ocietie which have different huan reource background, type and pattern of anageent, facilitie and infratructure, but given the equal aount of capital of Rp150 illion in growth tage and Rp75 illion in the developent tage. Bailout i given a the tiulu which i expected to give a pychological ipact that can affect the foration of price of grain/rice in the arket and to encourage the tabiliation of price at the level of the wider region. Therefore, it take a reearch to the extent of which Gapoktan can contribute in the ucce of the Strengthening- LDPM progra in it region by eauring the efficiency of aid Gapoktan. Thi reearch aied to eaure the efficiency of each Gapoktan in Yogyakarta Special Regency which have reached the tage of pot-epowereent in the run of Strengthening-LDPM Progra. In addition, thi reearch alo aied to deterine the factor which could influence Gapoktan efficiency in running the Strengthening-LDPM Progra. MATERIALS AND METHODS The reearch wa conducted in Yogyakarta Special Region with the aount aple of 40 Gapoktan taken by cenu. The Gapoktan preaded over four regency of Bantul, Slean, Kulon Progo, and Gunungkidul. The data ued were priary and econdary data. Priary data were obtained through interview with the help of quetionnaire and econdary data were obtained fro the Agency For Food Security and Couneling of Yogyakarta Special Region (DIY). Thi reearch ued Data Envelopent Analyi (DEA) to eaure the level of Gapoktan efficiency in running the Strengthening-LDPM Progra. DEA wa a non-paraetric ethod to eaure the efficiency of a buine unit. DEA did not require a pecification function for frontier production and avoid ditribution auption and inefficiency, could be ued for ultiple input and output, and could identify the bet cobination of each unit deciion aker or copanie or organization (Coelli et al., 1998; Headey et al., 2010). DEA baic odel conited of two odel, i.e. Contant Return to Scale (CRS) and the Variable Return to Scale (VRS). CRS odel wa a odel developed by Charne, Cooper, and Rhode (CCR). Thi odel wa typically ued for copanie operating at an optial cale by applying the concept of Contant Return to Scale (CRS). Meanwhile, the VRS odel were odel developed by Banker, Charne, and Cooper (BCC) in Thi odel ued the auption that it did not require change in the input and output of a DMU which happened in a linear fahion that allowed the increae and the decreae in the value of efficiency (Coelli, 1998). In other word, the auption of thi odel wa that the ratio between the input and output addition were not the ae. The addition of X tie input would not caue the output increaed by Y tie, could be aller or larger than X tie. According Talluri (2000), DEA wa a ultifactor productivity analyi ethod to eaure the relative efficiency of a et of hoogeneou deciion aker unit. If it wa aued that there are n DMU which had a nuber of input and output, the relative efficiency core of DMU baed on the odel propoed by Charne et al. (1978) wa a follow: vy k 1 k kp ax ux j 1 j jp...(1) VY k 1 k ki ST. 1 i U X j 1 j ji...(2) Vk, U j 0 k, j...(3) Annotation: k = 1 to, j = 1 to, i = 1 to n, ount of output k fro DMU i, x ji = aount of input j fro DMU i, v k = weight of output k, u j = weight of input j. The above forula could be converted into a linear for, a in the following progra:

3 Ivan et al. : The Efficiency of Farer Group Aociation on Strengthening The Intitution 37 Max S. T. k kp k U j X jp j 1 VY k ki UjX jt 0 i k 1 j 1...(6) Vk, Vj 0 k, j...(7) The above proble wa to find n in the identification of efficiency of all the DMU with DEA calculation which ued the CRS approach. Each DMU choe input and output in axiiing it efficiency core. In general, a deirable criterion wa the efficient DMU if they produced a core of 1. And if the core wa le than 1, it eant that it wa inefficient. A for DEA with the VRS approach atheatically the forula could be written a follow:,,...(8) ST.. yi Y 0,...(9) xi X 0,...(10) N1 1...(11) 0...(12) Annotation: yi=m x 1 vector fro a nuber of output for DMU ke-i, xi=k x 1 vector fro a nuber of input for DMU ke-i, Y=N x M atrix fro a nuber of output for all DMU N, value and the capital round input and output variable were ued to calculate the X=N x K atrix fro a nuber of input for all DMU N, λ=n x 1 vector of weight, θ=calar. The variable ued in thi reearch conited of four input variable and four output variable. Input variable conited of operating cot, incentive cot, aount of capital, and wetland area of the Gapoktan. Wherea, the output variable conited of the total volue of food reerve, the value of ale, the purchae value, and the capital round. Input and VY...(4) (5) output variable were ued to calculate the efficiency value of each Gapoktan uing DEA output-oriented approach in both CRS and VRS. The ain factor included in the analyi odel which affected the Gapoktan efficiency in ipleenting Strengthening-LDPM conited of anagerial factor and econoic factor. The anagerial factor were the average of Gapoktan board and the nuber of farer group. The econoic factor were the volue of grain or rice ale, the total volue of food reerve, and the total loan interet fro food reerve unit. The regreion analyi wa applied to deterine the factor which affected the efficiency by uing ultiple regreion Ordinary Leat Square (OLS), which could be forulated a follow: Y 0 1X1 2X2 3X3 4X4 5X5 e...(13) Annotation: Y = efficiency level, β0 = intercept, β(1-5) = regreion coefficient, X1 = the age average of the Gapoktan board, X2 = aount of farer group, X3 = total volue of grain or rice ale, X4 = total volue of food reerve, X5 = total of loan interet, e=error ter. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Efficiency of Gapoktan Beneficiary of Strengthening- LDPM Progra in Yogyakarta Special Region in 2014 Efficient Gapoktanin carrying out Strengthening-LDPM Progra eant that the Gapoktan had cobined exiiting input and output to produce a axiu output. Gapoktan wa aid to be relatively efficient if the obtained value of efficiency wa equal to one and inefficient if the obtained value of efficiency wa le than one. Thi reearch wa carried out by oberving 40 Gapoktan Strangthening-LDPM beneficiary who had reached the pot-epowereent phae Figure 1. Efficiency Category of Gapoktan Beneficiary of Strengthening-LDPM Progra Fund in Yogyakarta Special Region in 2014 Source : The Priary Data Analyi (2016)

4 38 Ilu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) Vol. 2 No. 1, April 2017 Figure 2. RTS Category of Gapoktan Beneficiary of Strengthening-LDPM in Yogyakarta Special Region in 2014 Source : The Priary Data Analyi (2016) Table 1. DEA-CRS Model CCR verion Etiation Reult over Efficiency Influencing Factor of Gapoktan Ipleenting the Strengthening-LDPM Progra in Yogyakarta Special Region in 2014 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-statitic Prob C 4.545n LnUPG * LnKT 0.195n LnVpenj 0.182*** LnVCP * LnBP 0.033** R-quared Adjuted R-quared F-tatitic Prob (F-tatitic) Durbin-Waton tatitic Reark: ***: ignificant on 99% confidence level (ttable : 2.750); **: ignificant on 95% confidence level (ttable : 2.042); *: ignificant on 90% confidence level (ttable : 1.697); n: not ignificant. Source: Priary Data Analyi, 2016 which were firt pot-autonoy to fourth pot-epowereent. The data ued were the data which cae fro the tockopnae, end of the year 2014 to be exact. The average value of efficiency through DEA-CRS approach obtained wa aounted to Thi calculation reult howed that 37.5% of Gapoktan had been operating efficiently and 62.5% of Gapoktan operating inefficiently during Meanwhile through the DEA-VRS approach, the value of the average efficiency wa equal to Thi calculation reult howed that 50% of Gapoktan had been operating efficiently and 50% Gapoktan operated on an inefficient cale in 2014 (Figure 1). The value of the lowet efficiency uing CRS approach wa aounted to and while uing VRS approach, it wa aounted to Both of thee value were at the lowet efficiency at Suber Letari Gapoktan which wa located in Suberadi Village, Melati, Slean Ditrict. Reearch by Ueain et al. (2015) howed that out of 56 DMU a the aple, only one DMU wa efficient, uing the DEA-CRS or DEA-VRS approach. The average value of the VRS approach ( ) had higher efficiency than the CRS approach (0.700 to 0.790). In a production efficiency cae, reearch by Khohroo et al. (2013) howed that fro the analyi of efficiency uing DEA-CRS approach, 18 DMU had been efficient and 23 DMU were inefficient. Meanwhile, by uing DEA-VRS approach, it howed that 21 DMU had been efficient and 20 DMU were inefficient. Thi wa becaue the VRS approach did not require change in input and output of DMU occurred in a linear fahion, o that allowed the increae and

5 Ivan et al. : The Efficiency of Farer Group Aociation on Strengthening The Intitution 39 decreae in the value of efficiency (Wahyudi, 2014). In calculation exce of efficiency uing DEA-VRS approach; the poition of Return to Scale (RTS) fro oberved DMU could be known. RTS poition could be between the Increaing Return to Scale (IRS), Contant Return to Scale (CRS), or Decreaing Return to Scale (DRS). The calculation reult howed that 60% of Gapoktan were at the contant return to cale. Which eant, if the input wa added, a any a 60% farer aociation would get the ae value equal to the nuber of the given input. Meanwhile, a uch a 40% Gapoktan were at the increaing return to cale. That wa, if the input wa added, a any a 40% farer aociation would get a uch larger output with optiie the input to iprove the efficiency value (Figure 2). Reearch by Rotinulu (2005) howed that the average value of efficiency in increaing return to cale area carried out by DMU production with a capacity of le than 100 illion paenger k per year. Meanwhile, DMU production with a capacity of ore than 100 illion paenger k per year in decreaing return to cale area. Deterining Factor of Gapoktan Efficiency in Yogyakarta Special Region The variable ued for the analyi of the factor affecting efficiency Gapoktan of Strengthening-LDPM progra conited of a anagerial and econoic variable. Merger of thi two variable wa aied to ee both of their influence. Previouly, the calculation had been done eparately between econoic and anagerial variable, but apprently it howed bad reult. On the other hand, previou tudie on the econd tage related to the analyi of factor affecting the efficiency, any of which ued anagerial input. Therefore, thi reearch wanted to find out what if the econoic variable wa alo included a a variable input ued to affect efficiency. The claic auption tet well uing CRS or VRS approach did not reveal any ulticolinearity and heterocedaticity. The correlation value between independent variable howed that a value below 0.8 and variance inflation factor (VIF) value below 10 indicated no ulticolinearity (Ghozali, 2009). By uing Park and Glejer tet, the value of independent variable wa not ignificant at the level of and 0.05, which eant there wa no heterocedaticity (Ghozali, 2009). However, a ignificant nuber of independent variable ued CRS approach ore than VRS approach. On the other hand, the value of adjuted quare uing CRS approach wa higher than the value of the VRS and the tandard error uing the CRS approach a aller than the VRS approach. Therefore, a dicuion of the factor affecting the efficiency Gapoktan would then be dicued uing CRS approach. Baed on the reult of ultiple regreion analyi (Table 1), it wa tatitically known that the deterination coefficient value (Adjuted R 2 ) wa Thi eant that a uch a 28.50% of Gapoktan efficiency variation could be explained by the variation of the independent variable in the odel. Adjuted R-quare value obtained wa not uch different fro the reult of reearch conducted by Saleh (2012), which wa only 20%. Statitical tet reult alo howed the calculated F value of with of ignificant levele, eaning that iultaneou independent variable ignificantly affected the efficiency of the Gapoktan. Partially, value of t-tatitic which had a real probability wa owned by the age average of Gapoktan board variable with a confidence level of 95%, total ale volue of grain per rice with a confidence level of 99%, the total volue of food reerve of grain per rice with 95% confidence level, and the aount of loan interet fro the food reerve unit with a 99% confidence level. Meanwhile, the aount of farer group variable did not ignificantly affect the efficiency in ipleenting the Gapoktan Strengthening-LDPM Progra. Regreion coefficient of the age average of Gapoktan board had a ignificant value to Gapoktan efficiency at confidence level of 90% (ttatitic > ttable) with a negative ign. Thi eant the higher age of Gapoktan board would decreae the efficiency of Gapoktan. If every increae in the age of Gapoktan board wa a uch a 1 percent, it would decreae the value of efficiency by 1,101 percent in ipleenting the Gapoktan Strengthening-LDPM Progra. In thi cae, the age of the board wa related to Gapoktan anageent capabilitie a an organiation which epowered farer in it anageent. Age wa alo related to the productivity perforance of the farer; a higher age wa expected to caue the decreaing of productivity perforance of both peronal and group. It wa proven in the field that there were any Gapoktan led by chairen aged 50 and above. There wa even oeone at the age of 60 till erved a chairan of the Gapoktan. Regreion coefficient of total ale volue had a ignificant value to the Gapoktan efficiency at confidence level of 99% (t tatitic > t table ) with

6 40 Ilu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) Vol. 2 No. 1, April 2017 a poitive ign. Thi eant that higher total ale volue of grain or rice in Gapoktan would increae the efficiency of Gapoktan. If every increae in total ale volue of Gapoktan wa a uch a 1 percent, it would increae the efficiency of Gapoktan in ipleenting the Strengthening-LDPM Progra by percent. In thi cae, ore grain or rice old would further accelerate the capital turnover. However, the contraint on the field were their ethod of payent uing upenion yte which affected the ooth running of the turnover of capital, epecially if Gapoktan confronted with tockopnae tie. Thi wa becaue at the tie of the tockopnae report, financial of Gapoktan fro Strengthening-LDPM Progra ut be fully available in the for of cah, rather than good which were being rotated to cutoer of Gapoktan. Regreion coefficient of the total food reerve volue had a ignificant value to the efficiency of Gapoktan at confidence level of 90% (t tatitic > t table ) with a negative ign. Thi eant that higher total volue of food reerve of grain or rice in Gapoktan would decreae the efficiency of Gapoktan. Every increae in the total volue of food reerve a uch a 1 percent would lower the value of efficiency of Gapoktan in ipleenting the Strengthening LDPM Progra by percent. In thi cae, the volue of food reerve which were piling up in Gapoktan warehoue in a long tie could daage the quality of grain or rice. Therefore, in accordance with the guideline for the ipleentation of the Gapoktan Strengthening LDPM Progra; it wa needed to rotate food reerve at leat three onth. Volue of food reerve which had already been tored could be ubtituted for grain or rice fro the ditribution unit (exchanged), o the good would alway be renewed in Gapoktan warehoue. Regreion coefficient of food reerve unit loan interet had a ignificant value to the Gapoktan efficiency at confidence level of 95% (t tatitic > t table ) with a poitive ign. Thi eant that higher loan interet obtained by Gapoktan would increae the efficiency of Gapoktan. Every increae in total loan interet a uch a one percent would increae the efficiency of Gapoktan in ipleenting the Strengthening-LDPM Progra by percent. In thi cae, the loan interet received by the Gapoktan would increae the total volue of food reerve o that there wa an addition of the traded grain or rice volue. CONCLUSION Baed on the reult howed uing DEA-CRS approach, 37.5 percent of Gapoktan were efficient (0.753) and 62.5 percent of Gapoktan were inefficient. Meanwhile, uing the DEA-VRS approach, 50 percent of Gapoktan were efficient (0.811) and 50 percent were inefficient. According to the efficiency cale, 60 percent of Gapoktan were in contant return to cale area and 40 percent were in increaing return to cale area. The age average of the Gapoktan board, total volue of grain or rice ale, total volue of food reerve, and total loan interet variable ignificantly affected in increaing efficiency of Gapoktan in running the trengthening-ldpm Progra. REFERENCES Arifin, B Diagnoi Ekonoi Politik Pangan dan Pertanian. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Perada. Badan Ketahanan Pangan Laporan Tahunan Badan Ketahanan Pangan Tahun [pdf] Jakarta: Keentrian Pertanian, Available at : bkp.pertanian.go.id/tinycpuk/gabar/file/l AKIN_BKP_2016.co.pdf [Acceed 10 October 2016]. Charne, A., W. W. Cooper, and E. Rhode Meauring The Efficiency of Deciion Making Unit. European Journal of Operational Reearch, 2: Coelli, T. J., D. S. P. Rao, C. J. O Donnell and G. E. Battee An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analyi. New York, USA: Springer Second Edition, pp Ghozali, I Ekonoetrika Teori Konep dan Aplikai dengan SPSS 17. Searang: Univerita Diponegoro. Headey, D., M. Alauddin, and R. D. Praada Explaining Agricultural Productivity Growth: An International Perpective. Agricultural Econoic, 41: Khohroo, A., R. Mulwa, A. Erouznejadand, and B. Arabi A Non-Paraetric Data Envelopent Analyi Approach for Iproving Energy Efficiency of Grape Product. Journal Energy, 63: Rotinulu, J. F Analii terhadap Nilai Tabah Ekonoik, Bobot Kinerja, dan Efiieni Relatif PTPN I-XIV Periode Tahun Tei. Univerita Gadjah Mada. Saleh, Y., J. H. Mulyo, dan L. R.Waluyati Efiieni Lebaga Keuangan Mikro Agribini Gabungan Kelopok Tani dala Pengebangan Uaha Agribini

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