Power Generation from Solid Fuels 4) Springer

Transcription

1 Hartmut Spliethoff Power Generation from Solid Fuels 4) Springer

2 Contents 1 Motivation Primary Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions Development of Primary Energy Consumption in the Past 40 Years Developments Until Greenhouse Effect and Impacts an the Climate Greenhouse Effect Impacts Scenarios of the World Climate Strategies of CO2 Reduction Substitution Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Energy Saving Mitigation Scenarios References 13 2 Solid Fuels Fossil Fuels Origin and Classification of Coal Types Composition and Properties of Solid Fuels Reserves of Solid Fuels Renewable Solid Fuels Potential and Current Utilisation Considerations of the CO2 Neutrality of Regenerative Fuels Fuel Characteristics of Biomass References 54 3 Thermodynamics Fundamentals Cycles Carnot Cycle Joule Thomson Process Clausius Rankine Cycle ix

3 x Contents 3.2 Steam Power Cycle: Energy and Exergy Considerations Steam Generator Energy and Exergy Efficiencies Energy and Exergy Cycle Efficiencies Energy and Exergy Efficiency of the Total Cycle References Steam Power Stations for Electricity and Heat Generation Pulverised Hard Coal Fired Steam Power Plants Energy Conversion and System Components Design of a Condensation Power Plant Development History of Power Plants Correlation Between Unit Size, Availability and Efficiency Reference Power Plant Steam Generators Flow and Heat Transfer Inside a Tube Evaporator Configurations Steam Generator Construction Types Operating Regimes and Control Modes Design of a Condensation Power Plant Requirements and Boundary Conditions Thermodynamic Design of the Power Plant Cycle Heat Balance of the Boiler and Boiler Efficiency Design of the Furnace Design of the Steam Generator and of the Heating Surfaces Design of the Flue Gas Cleaning Units and the Auxiliaries Possibilities for Efficiency Increases in the Development of a Steam Power Plant Increases in Thermal Efficiencies Reduction of Losses Reduction of the Auxiliary Power Requirements Losses in Part-Load Operation Losses During Start-Up and Shutdown Efficiency of Power Plants During Operation Fuel Drying for Brown Coal Effects an Steam Generator Construction Membrane Wall Heating Surfaces of the Final Superheater High-Pressure Outlet Header Furnaces Fuelled by Dried Brown Coal Developments State of the Art and Future Hard Coal Brown Coal References

4 Contents xi 5 Combustion Systems for Solid Fossil Fuels Combustion Fundamentals Drying Pyrolysis Ignition Combustion of Volatile Matter Combustion of the Residual Char Pollutant Formation Fundamentals Nitrogen Oxides Sulphur Oxides Ash formation Products of Incomplete Combustion Pulverised Fuel Firing Pulverised Fuel Firing Systems Fuel Preparation Burners Dry-Bottom Firing Slag-Tap Firing Fluidised Bed Firing Systems Bubbling Fluidised Bed Furnaces Circulating Fluidised Bed Furnaces Stoker/Grate Firing Systems Travelling Grate Stoker Firing Self-Raking Type Moving-Grate Stokers Vibrating-Grate Stokers Legislation and Emission Limits Methods for NO, Reduction Combustion Engineering Measures NO, Reduction Methods, SNCR and SCR (Secondary Measures) Dissemination and Costs S02-Reduction Methods Methods to Reduce the Sulphur Content of the Fuel Methods of Fuel Gas Desulphurisation Dissemination and Costs Particulate Control Methods Mechanical Separators (Inertia Separators) Electrostatic Precipitators Fabric Filters Applications and Costs Effect of Slag, Ash and Flue Gas an Furnace Walls and Convective Heat Transfer Surfaces (Operational Problems) Slagging Fouling Erosion

5 xii Contents High-Temperature Corrosion Residual Matter Forming and Quantities Commercial Exploitation 344 References Power Generation from Biomass and Waste Power Production Pathways Techniques Involving Combustion Techniques Involving Gasification Biomass Combustion Systems Capacities and Types Impact of Load and Forms of Delivery of the Fuel Types Furnace Types Flue Gas Cleaning and Ash Disposal Operational Problems Biomass Gasification Reactor Design Types Gas Utilisation and Quality Requirements Gas Cleaning Power Production Processes Thermal Utilisation of Waste (Energy from Waste) Historical Development of Energy from Waste Systems (EfW) Grate-Based Combustion Systems Pyrolysis and Gasification Systems Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Sewage Sludge Steam Boilers Efficiency Increases in EfW Plants Dioxins Flue Gas Cleaning Co-combustion in Coal-Fired Power Plants Co-combustion Design Concepts Biomass Preparation and Feeding Co-combustion in Pulverised Fuel Firing Co-combustion in Fluidised Bed Furnaces References Coal-Fuelled Combined Cycle Power Plants Natural Gas Fuelled Combined Cycle Processes Overview of Combined Processes with Coal Combustion Introduction Hot Gas Purity Requirements

6 Contents xiii Overview of the Hot Gas Cleaning System for Coal Combustion Combined Cycles Effect of Pressure an Combustion Pressurised Fluidised Bed Combustion (PFBC) Overview Hot Gas Cleaning After the Pressurised Fluidised Bed Pressurised Bubbling Fluidised Bed Combustion (PBFBC) Pressurised Circulating Fluidised Bed Combustion (PCFBC) Second-Generation Fluidised Bed Firing Systems (Hybrid Process) Sununary Pressurised Pulverised Coal Combustion (PPCC) Overview Molten Slag Removal Alkali Release and Capture State of Development Summary and Conclusions Externally Fired Gas Turbine Processes Structure, Configurations, Efficiency High-Temperature Heat Exchanger State of Development Conclusions Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) History of Coal Gasification Applications of Gasification Technology Gasification Systems and Chemical Reactions Classification of Coal Gasifiers Gas Treatment Components and Integration State of the Art and Perspectives References Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Potential for Carbon Capture and Storage Properties and Transport of CO CO2 Storage Industrial Use Geological Storage Overview of Capture Technologies Technology Overview Separation Technologies 639

7 xiv Contents 8.5 Post-combustion Technologies Chemical Absorption Solid Sorbents Oxy-fuel Combustion Oxy-fuel Steam Generator Concepts Impact of Oxy-fuel Combustion Oxy-fuel Configurations Chemical-Looping Combustion Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles with Carbon Capture and Storage Comparison of CCS Technologies References Index