European legislation on CO 2 Geological Storage. Sergio Persoglia. ! OGS Board of Directors! CO2GeoNet Secretary General

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1 European legislation on CO 2 Geological Storage Sergio Persoglia! OGS Board of Directors! CO2GeoNet Secretary General

2 Directive 2009/31/EC (23 April 2009) on the geological storage of carbon dioxide! Legal framework for the environmentally safe geological storage of CO 2! Capture and transport related through amendments of existing legislation and at national level! Removes barriers to CCS in existing legislation! Member States determine whether and where CCS will happen on their territory! Requirement to be transposed by 25 June 2011

3 Related legislation the ETS! Emissions Trading Scheme! CCS included to allow net tonnes stored to be credited! Any loss of CO 2 must be measured and accounted for, with national allocations of emissions! Environmental Impact Assessment! All elements of CCS subject to EIA! Storage EIAs are likely to focus on construction and operational, licensed period

4 Principles of CGS Directive! Performance- and standard-based! Environmentally safe geological storage should lead to:! Net reduction in atmospheric CO 2 emissions! Permanent containment! Without negative effects and risks to the environment and human health! Jurisdiction includes MS continental shelves as defined by UN CLoS! Directive does not apply to storage of <100 kt! Storage in the water column is not permitted

5 Key elements of the Directive! The CGS Directive gives criteria for:! selection and characterisation of storage sites! obtaining exploration permits! obtaining storage permits (application procedures, conditions, content, and requirement for the EC to review permits, and changes and withdrawal of permits)! operation, closure and post-closure obligations

6 Obligations in the Directive! CO 2 stream acceptance criteria! Measurement, monitoring and reporting! Inspections by authority! Risk assessment and measures in case of leakage! Closure and post-closure obligations! Transfer of responsibility! Financial security and financial mechanisms! Third party access to network and storage sites! Reporting by member States to the EC! Trans-boundary cooperations! Penalties

7 Phase 1 Assessment Phase 2 Character -isation Phase 3 Development Phase 4 Operation Phase 5 Post-Closure Phase 6 Post-transfer M1 Award of Expl. Permit M2 Award of Storage Permit M3 Start injection M4 Cease injection M5 Transfer of Liability to MS Assess storage potential Define storage sites and exploration requirements Review exploration permit applications Key Phases Award Exploration permit Review of storage Permit applications (Compliance with all requirements of Directive, considering opinions of Commission) Project milestones Grant Storage permit Regulatory activities Oversight of any baseline monitoring & reporting Approval of any updates to monitoring & corrective measures plans CA permits & approvals Inspections Review of storage permit Oversee monitoring & reporting Approve monitoring/cm plan updates Ensure corrective Measures Periodic adjustment of financial security M4 Circumstance 1. Authorise closure Approve post closure plan Circumstance 2. Close site after permit withdrawal Circumstance 1 Continue iinspections, Oversee monitoring/ reporting Approve of monitoring plan updates Circumstance 2 Take on operator responsibilities for monitoring, reporting, updates to site char, risk assessment, and modelling M5 Approve transfer to MS Release financial security MS takes liability for site Long term stewardship by Member States Monitoring to detect leakages Conduct corrective measures, as needed Surrender allowances, as needed

8 Monitoring area Storage complex Leakage Migration Storage Site Defined volume within a geological formation used for CO 2 storage and associated injection wells and pumps Site + secondary containment formations Complex + surrounding environment in which monitoring activities may take place

9 Selection of storage sites and exploration! Selection of storage sites should be based on the characterization and assessment of the potential storage complex and surrounding area (requirements specified in Annex 1)! The selected storage site should not present a significant risk of leakage! Exploration permit monitoring of injection test included

10 Storage Permit! Scope - To enable operation of storage site! One operator per site! Application for storage permits! good characterization of the storage site and storage complex! risk assessment! the total quantity of CO 2 to be injected and stored! the composition of CO 2 streams, the injection rates and pressures! the location of injection facilities;! measures to prevent significant irregularities;! proposed monitoring plan! proposed corrective measures plan! provisional post-closure plan! proof that the financial security or other equivalent provisions (apply also on post-closure or emergency situations)

11 Storage permits (2)! Granting the storage permit! MS (CA) receive the permit applications! MS make the permit applications available to the Commission within one month after receipt! EC may issue a non-binding opinion on permit application in 4 months! CA notify the final decision to EC! Operator informs CA any changes planned in the operation of the storage site, including changes concerning the operator! MS ensure that no substantial change is implemented without a new or updated storage permit issued! MS to ensure that the operator keeps a register of the quantities and properties of the CO 2 streams delivered and injected, including the composition of those streams.! Revisal/Withdrawal in case of:! any leakages or significant irregularities,! non-compliance with permit conditions or risks of leakages or significant irregularities;! failure by the operator to meet the permit conditions;! it appears necessary on the basis of the latest scientific findings and technological progress;! Revisal commonly five years after issuing the permit and every 10 years thereafter.

12 Other provisions! Monitoring! Monitoring plan based on risk assessment, to detect any significant irregularity! Corrective measures plan! Operation, closure and post-closure obligations! CO 2 stream mainly CO 2! Reporting to the CA! Inspections of the storage site! Measures in case of leakages or significant irregularities! Transfer of responsibilities criteria! Financial security! Competent Authority (CA)! Transboundary cooperation! Public information - MS shall make available to the public environmental information relating to the geological storage of CO 2 in accordance with the applicable Community legislation! Amendments to other Directives in order to enable CCS

13 Annex 1 Criteria for the characterisation and assessment of the potential storage complex and surrounding area! The characterisation and assessment of the potential storage complex and surrounding area referred to in Article 4(3) shall be carried out in three steps according to best practices at the time of the assessment and to the following criteria.! Derogations from one or more of these criteria may be permitted by the competent authority! Step 1: Data collection! Step 2: Building the three-dimensional static geological earth model! Step 3: Characterisation of the storage dynamic behaviour, sensitivity characterisation, risk assessment

14 Annex 1 Data collection! Geology and geophysics;! Hydrogeology! in particular existence of ground water intended for consumption! Reservoir engineering! including volumetric calculations of pore volume for CO 2 injection and ultimate storage capacity! Geochemistry! dissolution rates! mineralisation rates! Geomechanics! permeability, fracture pressure! Seismicity! Presence and condition of natural and man-made pathways! including wells and boreholes which could provide leakage pathways

15 Annex 1 Data collection (2)! The following characteristics of the complex vicinity shall be documented:! domains surrounding the storage complex that may be affected by the storage of CO 2 in the storage site! population distribution in the region overlying the storage site! proximity to valuable natural resources, in particular! Natura 2000 areas! conservation of wild birds! natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora! potable groundwater and hydrocarbons! activities around the storage complex and possible interactions with these activities! exploration, production and storage of hydrocarbons! geothermal use of aquifers! underground water reserves! proximity to the potential CO 2 source(s)! including estimates of the total potential mass of CO 2 economically available for storage! adequate transport networks.

16 Annex 1 Three-dimensional static geological earth model! geological structure of the physical trap;! geomechanical, geochemical and flow properties of the reservoir overburden and surrounding formations! caprock, seals, porous and permeable horizons! fracture system characterisation and presence of any human-made pathways;! areal and vertical extent of the storage complex! pore space volume (including porosity distribution)! baseline fluid distribution! any other relevant characteristics

17 Annex 1 Characterisation of the storage dynamic behaviour! possible injection rates and CO 2 stream properties! the efficacy of coupled process modelling (that is, the way various single effects in the simulator(s) interact! reactive processes! the way reactions of the injected CO 2 with in situ minerals feedback in the model! the reservoir simulator used! multiple simulations may be required in order to validate certain findings! short and long-term simulations! establish CO 2 fate and behaviour over decades and millennia, including the rate of dissolution of CO 2 in water

18 Annex 1 Sensitivity characterisation! Multiple simulations shall be undertaken to identify the sensitivity of the assessment to assumptions made about particular parameters.! The simulations shall be based on altering parameters in the static geological earth model(s), and changing rate functions and assumptions in the dynamic modelling exercise. Any significant sensitivity shall be taken into account in the risk assessment.

19 ANNEX 1 Risk assessment! The risk assessment shall comprise, inter alia, the following hazard characterisation! characterising the potential for leakage from the storage complex! dynamic modelling! security characterisation! potential leakage pathways! potential magnitude of leakage! identified leakage pathways! critical parameters affecting potential leakage! maximum reservoir pressure! maximum injection rate! Temperature! secondary effects of storage of CO 2, including displaced formation fluids and new substances created by the storing of CO2;! any other factors which could pose a hazard to human health or the environment! The hazard characterisation shall cover the full range of potential operating conditions

20 CGS Directive Guidance Documents! GD support coherent implementation of CCS Directive across EU! GD published on CCS website on 31 March 2011! GD1 CO 2 Storage Life Cycle Risk Management Framework! GD 2 Characterization of the Storage Complex, CO 2 Stream Composition, Monitoring and Corrective Measures! GD3 Criteria for Transfer of Responsibility to the Competent Authority! GD4 Financial Security and Financial Mechanism

21 Transposition of CGS Directive Survey performed by CO2GeoNet

22 ! By June 25th 2011 transposition of the CCS Directive was accepted by the EC only in Spain! By the end 2013 the CCS Directive has been fully transposed into national law to the satisfaction of the EC in 20 out of 28 EU Member States, while six EU countries (Austria, Cyprus, Hungary, Ireland, Sweden and Slovenia) had to complete transposing measures! In July 2014 the EC has closed infringement procedures against Cyprus, Hungary and Ireland! Sweden (which temporary banned CO2 storage until end2013), in March 2014 published a new law, permitting CO2 storage offshore! In Poland, their CCS law was published in November 2013! Croatia entered the EU on July 2013 and simultaneously transposed the CCS directive! The evaluation of the national laws in Poland and Croatia is ongoing in 2014! Turkey as an associated EU Member State has to transpose the Directive at a later date, starting with the preparation process to join ETS (European Emission Trading System) in 2014

23 CO 2 storage Permitted or not in EU countries

24 Review of CGS Directive! After 5 years from its entry into force and in accordance with Art. 38, the Directive needs to be assessed in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, coherence, relevance and EU added value! A study is on-going by Triple, RICARDO-AEA and TNO (member of CO2GeoNet)! Online questionnaires (105)! Stakeholders interviews! Stakeholders workshop (September 2014)! Expert analysis of literature! Final report by December 2014

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26 CO 2 GeoNet association CO2GeoNet expanded in 2013: Yellow: new member countries Blue: founding member countries Membership s+ll open and expected to grow in 2015 (Sweden and Switzerland) Current membership: 26 research ins+tutes over 17 European countries

27 CO 2 GeoNet activities 1. Joint research 2. Scien+fic advice 3. Training 4. Informa+on and communica+on As an independent and mul?disciplinary scien?fic body, CO 2 GeoNet has the key role of building trust on CO 2 geological storage and supporang wide- scale CCS implementaaon Brochure available in 26 languages

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