Technological alternative to CO2 geological storage

Transcription

1 Scientific support to a competitive European low carbon economy: ENERGY TRANSPRT AND EMERGING TECHNLGIES Technological alternative to C2 geological storage Aleksander Sobolewski, PhD Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal, Zabrze (Poland) 7 July 2011 Warsaw, Poland

2 Contents Introduction Coal gasification with C 2 usage Polygeneration production of electricity & chemicals Chemical utilization of C 2 Conclusions

3 Methods of C 2 utilization Geological storage: ocean storage underground injection Fossil fuels usage for power generation C 2 C 2 separation Chemical sequestration: fuel production chemical synthesis others Are we ready for industrial scale application?

4 Coal gasification with C 2 usage circulating fluidized bed reactor Crude syngas C + C 2 2C kj/mol C + 2 C kj/mol C + H 2 C + H kj/mol C + ½ 2 C kj/mol Fossil fuel 2, H 2 C 2 Char Effects: utilization of C 2 removed from fossil fuels conversion, increase of process yield and improvement of syngas synthesis economy, reduction of fossil fuels consumption in syngas production, decrease of oxygen consumption (C 2 as oxidation agent).

5 Thermodynamic basis of the process Process condition: reduction of C consumption: 17 30% (depending on temperature) C 2 inlet: kmol C 2 /kmol C. optimal temperature : o C (in fluidized bed)

6 Technological process conditions perative CFB Reactor Designed CFB Reactor Circulating fluidized bed reactor: 900 C, 200 kg/h Pressurized circulating fluidized bed reactor: 1,5 MPa, 900 o C, 100 kg/h

7 Polygeneration production of electricity & chemicals

8 Polygeneration production of electricity & chemicals

9 Polygeneration production of electricity & chemicals The concept developed by the ZAK-PKE consortium foresees the establishment of a zero-emission facility combining power engineering with chemical production. Two methods of utilizing C 2 generated in the process of coal gasification: 66% - storing C 2 underground in the deep layers of porous rock over 1 km depth 26% - chemical trapping of C 2 in methanol, urea and other chemical products The aim of plant is to implement the principles of EU s energy and environmental protection policy in terms of: reducing C 2 emissions biomass incineration to increase the share of energy obtained from renewable sources reducing nonrenewable energy resources usage

10 Polygeneration production of electricity & chemicals 8 % BIMASS (10%) HARD 0.25 mln CAL 2, 09 mln Mg/year HARD CAL 1.9 mln Mg/year mln Mg/year 100% 26 % 66 % Mg C 2 /year (Methanol) Total Carbon Emission 8% - 10% (Biomass) = -22 % Mg C 2 /year 92 %

11 Utilization of carbon dioxide Technological usage Chemical usage (carbon dioxide as source of carbon in chemical synthesis) Biological usage (carbon dioxide is fixed in terrestrial or aquatic biomass) Technological usage: amount of C 2 used * perspective amount of C 2 used ER (Enhanced il Recovery) Food processing Technological usage Urea 13.5 Mt/y 60 Mt/y several tens Mt/y >100 Mt/y Carbonated beverages Supercritical extraction Refrigeration Fire extinguishers Metal construction (welding) Medicine Methanol and derivatives Salicylic acid Polycarbonate Cyclic and linear carbonate ther chemical 10 Mt/y 20 kt/y few kt/y few kt/y 30 Mt/y tens Mt/y several kt/y tens kt/y > 120 Mt/y In Utilization of Greenhouse Gases ; Liu, C., et al..; ACS Symposium Series, 2003, 2-39.

12 The possible application of C 2 in chemical synthesis NH 2 C H 2 N NH 2 CH 3 H Na RH Na CNa + + C R R n A C 2 D H 2 RNH 2 HCH HCNHR C n H 2n C n H 2n+2 C CH A at present B research and development 2 CH C in the future CR H +, e - Br H 2 C CH 2 CH D in the future CR CR R R B C CH CH RNH 2 + R'H HNR C R' + H N H 3 H N n C H 'Carbon Dioxide as Chemical Feedstok', Aresta M., 2010 Wiley-vch

13 Advantages of using C 2 in chemical synthesis Usage of unique physical properties of carbon dioxide in the supercritical condition as a solvent, solvent / reagent (olefins hydroformylation, hydrogenation, oxidation, polymerization) - low process temperature (enzymes, flavors, pharmaceuticals, reactive monomers) - elimination of phase boundary, efficient mass transport - improved process yield and selectivity - minimization of by-products - carrying out chemical reactions in milder conditions - plasticizing effect on polymers C 2 recycling as a carbon source for production of chemicals and fuels, using a renewable energy sources Conversion of C 2 in terms of biochemistry

14 Perspective conversion of C 2 Electrochemical synthesis of molecules with high molecular complexity (pharmaceuticals, aminoacids, asymetric compounds) Electrochemical reduction of C 2 to hydrocarbons Reaction of C 2 and H 2 into ethanol and highter alcohols Photochemical conversion of C 2 and H 2 into fuels Photochemical conversion C 2 into HCH, HCH, CH 3 H Reaction catalysed by enzymes under electron transfer conditions C 2 C HCH HCH Selective carboxylation of phenol into 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid

15 How to increase the usage of C 2? production of useful materials for synthesis development of more efficient methods of C 2 separation development of efficient processes using a gas enriched in carbon dioxide from industrial installations, without its separation replacement of traditional organic solvents by carbon dioxide (perchloroethylene in dry cleaning and cooling gases in fixed or mobile air conditioners, extraction) replacement of harmful or less effective reagents by C 2 (phosgene synthesis of urea, carbamates) To make all of these processes cheaper!!!

16 Conclusions 1. Industrial technologies based on carbon dioxide are well known. They should be developed, especially those, which are capable of using crude, unpurified C 2 2. New areas of C 2 utilization should be investigated, particularly those leading to liquid and gaseous fuels. 3. According to the predictions technologies being currently in development should allow to utilize of up to 10% of emitted C 2 4. To ensure effective reduction of C 2 emission, which is an alternative for geological sequestration new technologies for fuels synthesis must be developed. 5. CCTW in Zabrze will be the testing field for new technologies development and Poland s important contribution to the reduction of greenhouse gases emission in the EU.

17 INSTITUTE FR CHEMICAL PRCESSING F CAL 1 Zamkowa Str Zabrze PLAND Phone: Fax: Web: office@ichpw.zabrze.pl