The Contribution of Solar Energy to Reduce Electricity Shortage in the Gaza Strip through Using Photovoltaic Panels as a Replacement to Roofing Tiles

Transcription

1 Internatinal OPEN ACCESS Jurnal Of Mdern Engineering Research (IJMER) The Cntributin f Slar Energy t Reduce Electricity Shrtage in the Gaza Strip thrugh Using Phtvltaic Panels as a Replacement t Rfing Tiles Eng. Rafat Saikly 1, Dr. Aeman Aead 2, Prf. Dr. Samy Abu Naser 3 1 Department f Engineering Prfessin, University Cllege f Applied Sciences (UCAS), 2 Department f Engineering, Faculty f Engineering & Infrmatin Technlgy, Al-Azhar University, Palestine 3 Department f Infrmatin Technlgy, Faculty f Engineering & Infrmatin Technlgy, Al-Azhar University, Palestine ABSTRACT: The The Gaza Strip is suffering frm a variety f prblems due t the Israeli siege. Electricity shrtage is ne f the mst prfund prblems causing regular pwer cuts with drastic effects n peple's daily lives. The current electricity shrtage reaches 48% f the required 400 MW demand. This study prpses a slutin t this prblem based n expliting slar energy, which is highly available in the Gaza Strip, t vercme electricity shrtage. Such slutin wuld be suitable fr an average husehld f five persns. Frm an ecnmic perspective, there is a financial feasibility fr replacing rfing tiles with phtvltaic panels. The savings f nt using rfing tiles can be used t munt phtvltaic panels which in turn will have huge savings in cutting electricity bills. The verall aesthetic view f the huse can als be imprved. Keywrds: Electricity Shrtage, Slar Energy, Energy cnsumptin per Husing Unit, Phtvltaic Panels, Rfing Tile, I. Intrductin In the uppermst psitin the variable flr becmes nt nly pwerful security system fr yur pl, but als a part f the riginal curtyard that surrunds it. This is wed t the regin f pl becming entirely cvered and inaccessible. Renewable energy is the fcus f attentin f gvernments and researchers in the wrld due t many reasns, the mst imprtant ne is the envirnmental damage resulting frm the emissin f harmful gases and glbal warming and the rising in temperature f the earth t have a negative impact n bth humans and the envirnment. Fr Palestine in general and Gaza in particular, the gvernment and institutins must be thinking in the explitatin f these resurces and the supprt f all related prjects. Gaza Strip especially has tw main surces available, they are the sun and the wind, that can be utilized in the prductin f electrical energy, which Gaza Strip is suffering frm the shrtages f it due t the siege impsed n it fr a number f years. Because the prductin f large amunts f alternative energy, whether frm the sun require large tracts f land and this is what is nt available within the eligible ppulated regins, and there is an urgent need t supply the buildings with energy prduced frm renewable surces. All eyes f the wrld are directed tward benefiting frm the rftps either tiled r flat in energy prductin because f the many benefits it has, the mst imprtant f them the getting rid f the large electrical lsses in the supply f husing units. 1.1 Research Objectives The bjectives f this research paper are t shw that: alternative energy surces available in the Gaza Strip. hw cntributin f alternative energy can help in cvering the deficit f energy in Gaza Strip hw expliting space rftps in putting tgether alternative energy systems hw the feasibility f replacing tiled rfs with Phtvltaic Panels IJMER ISSN: Vl. 4 Iss. 1 Jan

2 The Cntributin f Slar Energy t Reduce Electricity Shrtage in the Gaza Strip 1.2 Ttal energy cnsumptin in the Gaza Strip and the existing deficit Accrding t the statistics f the United Natins technical ffice fr crdinatin f humanitarian affairs fr the mnth f March 2012, as described in the figure 1, the ttal electric pwer fed t Gaza Strip is 217MW, while the energy cnsumptin required fr it is 359MW, a ttal deficit f 36.6% [1]. Adding t the crisis, the blckade impsed n the Gaza Strip since 2006, made it impssible t prvide this much energy at the mment, s it impses the deficit n the cmpany f distributing electricity in the Gaza Strip and fr years the cmpany re-distribute the electrical lads available accrding t a specific timetable t all districts and prvinces f Gaza Strip. Figure 1: The distributin f available energy t the prvinces in Gaza Strip. [2] II. The Mst Imprtant Alternative Energy Surces Are Available In The Gaza Strip Palestine in general and Gaza Strip in particular is nt cnsidered rich area f natural energy resurces such as il r natural gas nly in very limited quantities barely cver the csts f extractin it, s mving attentin t alternative energy r renewable surces, and there are many surces in Gaza Strip, including: Slar energy Can be used in tw ways: a. Phtvltaic: The generatin f electricity thrugh slar PV cells which are the cleanest types f energy and the mst imprtant. b. Slarthermie: The water heating by the sun is ne f the ldest methds fr the prductin f thermal energy and the mst widespread in the wrld. Wind energy This energy can be utilized in a psitive way in the current era in electric pwer generatin, based n wind speed. Bi energy It can be prduced frm agricultural and animal waste. 2.1 Hw t take advantage f alternative energy surces t cver the deficit in the electric pwer in Gaza Strip In recent years, high-raised buildings in the Gaza Strip had spread in line with the sharp increase in ppulatin; the cnsumptin f electrical energy in these buildings is huge due t the high cntent f residential units, each cnsisting f an average f five members. What distinguishes these buildings in Gaza Strip that large tracts surfaces and mst wners f these buildings prefer the tiled wrk surfaces in the last flr. The fllwing is a detailed study f the needs f residential units cnsisting f five members and the amunt f cnsumptin f energy and the necessary calculatins fr the slar phtvltage able t cver the needs f the husing unit Average daily requirement fr the husing unit that cnsists f five members: Based n the abve, high-raised buildings in Gaza Strip cnsist f multiple residential units; each husing unit is cmpsed f an average f five members [3]. IJMER ISSN: Vl. 4 Iss. 1 Jan

3 The Cntributin f Slar Energy t Reduce Electricity Shrtage in the Gaza Strip The fllwing table shws an example f a realistic amunt f electric pwer cnsumed by such residential units per day, als illustrates the types f devices mst cmmnly used in Gaza Strip, as well as the average number f wrking hurs f each device and its cnsumptin. Table 1: Average daily cnsumptin f energy fr a husing unit that cnsists f five members S. Devices Number f devices Wrking hurs Cnsumptin [W] Ttal cnsumptin [Wh] 1 Refrigeratr PC Fan Televisin Lighting PL Water pump Washer Water Heater Micrwave Ttal daily cnsumptin [Wh / day] 9740 The abve table shws that the average daily cnsumptin f a residential unit cnsisting f five members up t abut 10KWh/day within 24 hurs. III. Utilizatin Of Slar Energy T cver the cnsumptin f a husing unit which is cmpsed f five members, as shwn in the table abve is 10KW. In this research, a study f the pssibility f making use f slar energy that can be prvided in apprpriate cst with lcal effrts in Gaza Strip. The number f hurs f slar radiatin is linked directly t that f slar energy can be prduced thrughut the day r thrughut the year. Figure 2 shws that the hurs f slar radiatin in Gaza Strip up t 8 hurs per day [4] as an annual rate. This is the number f hurs amng the highest in the wrld, which cnfirms the feasibility f the use f slar phtvltage in the prductin f alternative electrical energy in Gaza Strip. Figure 2: Average hurs f slar radiatin f Gaza city cmpared with Hebrn and Jerich by mnths f the year 2007 Frm the abve data, the average number f hurs f slar radiatin t Gaza City is clear that the rate is 8 hurs per day thrughut the year, after taking int accunt the peak hurs f sunlight as the higher efficiency f slar cells and the gradual decrease in the efficiency with changing the angle f sunshine frm hur t anther, and the cnsequent weakness f the prductive capacity f slar cells must take int accunt the angle f rientatin f slar cells by sun preference in the fur seasns f the year, while in the case f cells IJMER ISSN: Vl. 4 Iss. 1 Jan

4 The Cntributin f Slar Energy t Reduce Electricity Shrtage in the Gaza Strip mving n ne axis is cnsidered t change the rientatin f cells depending n the mvement f the sun is definitely better in terms f prductivity abut 30 % [6]. Figure 3. The sun s nntime height abve the hrizn changes seasnally. This is imprtant t cnsider when sitting and psitining a PV array ] 7[. Figure 4. Angles installing slar cells t Gaza City by the fur seasns f the year Accrding t figure 3 and figure 4 abve and in rder t avid the high csts assciated with mvable cells, this study has fcused nly n fixed angle slar cells f 45 t make the mst f slar radiatin thrughut the year, s t take advantage f daily slar radiatin in Gaza. The real rate f the number f hurs is abut Installing slar cells n the rfs f building As fr the installatin f slar cells n the rfs f buildings, there are tw ways, either the traditinal way, as shwn in the figure 5a ver tiled surfaces, r Figure 5b ver high-rise buildings 45 angle in the directin f the suth. Figure 5b: Abve the high-rise buildings Figure 5a: Abve tiled rftps 3.2 Replacing tiled surfaces with slar panels In this research a study f replacing tiled surfaces with slar panels was dne in rder t preserve the envirnment n ne hand and the ther hand t explit the space available n the rfs f buildings in generating alternative energy frm the sun. The aims f the researchers are t study the pssibility f really utilizing these tiled surfaces, and t replace them with slar panels t be able t prduce alternative energy t cver the deficit f these buildings. Figure 4: Replacing tiled rfs with slar panels. IJMER ISSN: Vl. 4 Iss. 1 Jan

5 The Cntributin f Slar Energy t Reduce Electricity Shrtage in the Gaza Strip In terms f ecnmic, aesthetic and cnstructin, the replacement prcess is strng and weatherprf leaking water r heat f the sun int the building, except fr the bvius explitatin f the surfaces in the prductin f electrical energy frm sunlight. 3.3 The fllwing are the advantages and disadvantages f replacing the tiled surfaces with slar panels Advantages f surfaces cnsisting f slar panels cmpared t tile: Taking advantage f the surface area in the prductin f energy Mre beautiful than the tiled surfaces Des nt require cnstant maintenance Cnsidered mre stable than the tiled, especially in the strm atmsphere Mre weatherprf than tiled Disadvantages f surfaces cnsisting f slar panels cmpared t the tiled Increased lsses in the prductin f energy in the case f high temperature under the slar panels Cst f tiled surfaces is less expensive than surfaces equipped with slar panels In the event f replacing tiled surfaces with slar panels, there is a clear saving in term f the cst f the material assciated with installing tiles, and a majr benefit f slar phtvltage when generating electricity. IV. Mdel Of Slar Pht vltage System Needed T Cver Husing Units Cnsisting Of Five Members Due t the lack f available space abve residential buildings, slar cells f the type (Mn crystalline) were selected because f their high efficiency f energy prductin with the least pssible space cmpared t ther slar cells [5,10]. Engineering calculatins fr a husing unit that cnsists f five members in Gaza City has been made n the basis f the fllwing facts: Table 2: Engineering data mdel fr slar phtvltage system t cver the need f husing units cnsisting f five members f the electric pwer The necessary data Units The daily energy cnsumptin f the residential unit The average daily number f hurs f slar radiatin Type f slar cells used The dimensins f the cell length X width X thickness in centimeters Searing angle f slar panels Vltage needed t run electrical appliances Used batteries 10KW 8 accrding t the surce, 6.5 with high efficiency Mn crystalline, 270Wp 150X100X8 cm Suth with an f angle 45 O 220V 12V/195Ah Ttal electrical lsses (by the efficiency f the system) % 20 The surface area f the building available 150m 2 The ttal daily energy = energy needed fr residential unit + ttal lss f the electrical system = 10KW + 20% * (10kW) = 12KWh/day Ttal daily Amp required per hur = 12KWh / 12V = 1000 Ah / day The number f batteries needed t cver daily energy strage = ttal daily Amp necessary / Amp per hur battery. = 1000 Ah / 195 Ah = 5.12 batteries, taking int accunt the lss 6 batteries wuld be required. IJMER ISSN: Vl. 4 Iss. 1 Jan

6 The Cntributin f Slar Energy t Reduce Electricity Shrtage in the Gaza Strip Energy t be prduced by the average daily hurs f slar radiatin = ttal pwer / average daily hurs f slar radiatin = 10KW / 6.5 hurs = 1.55KWp The number f slar panels required t cver the necessary energy = energy t be prduced / energy f slar panels. = 1.55KWp / 270Wp = 5.75 slar panels, taking int accunt the lsses, 6 slar panels wuld be required. The space required fr a number f slar panels = number f slar panels * length f panel * width f the panel = 6 * 1.5m * 1m = 9 m 2 The engineering calculatins abve shw that the husing unit cnsisting f five members, which need abut 10KW f energy per day requites 6 batteries, 6 slar panels, and a ttal area f apprximately 9 m 2. V. Ecnmic Feasibility Of Replacing Tile Surfaces With Slar Panels The fllwing figure (see Figure 6) shws the cntinued decline in the price f slar panels ver the past years [8], with an estimated price f 1 $ / W, this means that the price f slar phtvltage system fr residential unit cnsisting f five members up t $10,000.U.S. Figure 6: The cst f slar pht vltage systems ver the past years It is knwn that the life span f the slar pht vltage system is 25 years [9], that is, the ttal cst f the system must be fully distributed t the life span and in additin t the cst f regular maintenance. 5.1 Slar phtvltage system withut tiles (tiles replacement) The ttal cst (25 year ) = ttal cst f the slar phtvltage system + the cst f regular maintenance = $ 10, dllars = $ 11, TILED ROOFS WITHOUT SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAGE SYSTEM The ttal cst ( 25 years ) = cnsumptin f the residential unit energy cst + 9m2 f tiles = (10KW * 0.5 * NIS 365 Days * 25 years ) + (9 m2 * 48 shekels ) = 45,625 shekels NIS = NIS = 13,159 US dllars Ttal difference = 13,159-11,000 = 2,159 dllars The abve cmparisn shws that the replacement f tiled surfaces with slar phtvltage system fr a time frame f 25 years is better ecnmically as a ttal amunt f 2159 dllars, accrding t current prices fr energy systems. IJMER ISSN: Vl. 4 Iss. 1 Jan

7 The Cntributin f Slar Energy t Reduce Electricity Shrtage in the Gaza Strip VI. Results And Recmmendatins Due t the imprtance f the tpic in general and t Palestine in particular, we recmmend the fllwings: Invitatin t explit the rfs f high-rise buildings in the prductin f electrical energy frm slar pht vltage system Supprt prjects aimed at replacing the tiled rfs with slar panels. The state shuld cntribute in alternative energy prjects Exempt prjects related t alternative energy frm tax Buy surplus f the needs f citizens by linking it t the electricity netwrk VII. Cnclusin This study prpsed a slutin t the prblem f electricity shrtage in Gaza Strip due t the Israeli siege impsed n Gaza Strip. The slutin is based n expliting slar energy, which is highly available in the Gaza Strip, t vercme electricity shrtage. Such slutin wuld be suitable fr an average husehld f five persns. Frm an ecnmic perspective, there is a financial feasibility fr replacing rfing tiles with phtvltaic panels. The savings f nt using rfing tiles can be used t munt phtvltaic panels which in turn will have huge savings in cutting electricity bills. The verall aesthetic view f the huse can als be imprved. REFERENCES [1] Gaza Electricity Distributin Cmpany, the mnth f April f the year 2013, Gaza, Palestine. [2] The Humanitarian Impact Of Gaza's Electricity And Fuel Crisis, United Natins, March 2013 [3] Central Bureau f Statistics, Expenditure and Cnsumptin f Family Survey reprt, September [4] Central Bureau f Statistics, climatic cnditins in the Palestinian territries, Annual Reprt [5] Slar energy, an invitatin t explit them befre it is t late, Philadelphia cultural, Philadelphia University Jrdan, [6] Renewable energy, renewable energy technlgies German success stry, the German Energy Agency DENA, [7] Phtvltices: Basic Design Principles and Cmpnents, March [8] Date visited [9] Renewable Energy Slutins, Slar phtvltaic electricity system, 1. General Infrmatin, [10] Encyclbeamia.slarbtics.net. Date visited IJMER ISSN: Vl. 4 Iss. 1 Jan