Advancing the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of cryogenic hydrogen systems

Transcription

1 Advancing the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of cryogenic hydrogen systems H H Y P E R drogen roperties for nergy esearch Jacob Leachman, Associate Professor School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering jacob.leachman@wsu.edu (509)

2 lab: Advancing H 2 -TRLs Only cryo-h 2 university lab in US Risk, expense, and development timeline are challenging. Goal is to progress hydrogen technology from TRL 1-6 as efficiently as possible. Necessitates a lean-production philosophy with a continuous design-build-test progression. TRL Definition 7-9 Actual System Testing (Industry) System/sub-system model or prototype demonstration in a relevant environment. Component and/or brassboard validation in relevant environment. Component and/or breadboard validation in laboratory environment. Analytical and experimental critical function and/or characteristic proof of concept. Technology concept and/or application formulated. Basic principles observed and reported. 2

3 Lab: Design-Build Facilities 3

4 Lab: Testing Facility 4

5 Engineering Applications 5

6 Significance of ortho-para manipulation Partial ortho-para conversion.. Offers the greatest opportunity for reduced liquefaction power consumption. ~C. Baker 1979 Because of the entropy difference between ortho- and parahydrogen, it is tempting to think of some external force which could change the equilibrium concentration at some temperature. Practical levels of electric field gradients or magnetic fields would have only a minor effect on the equilibrium concentration, though further studies may be useful. ~ Ray Radebaugh

7 Mass Flow Rate [kg/hr] Mole Fraction Orthohydrogen, y[i] [-] Applications: Catalytic pressurization of liquid hydrogen fuel tanks 4 1 Excess fuel vented 3 Fuel supplemented by catalyst y[i] Additional fuel required 0.5 m req[i] 1 Addition of catalyst 0.25 Orthohydrogen depleted m out[i] Time in Flight [hr] 7 Leachman et al., Advances in Cryogenics (2011)

8 Applications: Vapor-cooled shielding of Centaur LOx A theoretical increase of 50% in cooling capacity is possible Total energy absorbed (per mole H 2 ) 8

9 Cooling Capacity Gain [%] Applications: Cryocatalysis Hydrogen Experiment Facility (CHEF) Activated Catalyst Non-Activated Catalyst V space [1/min] 14 9 Bliesner et al., AIAA Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (2012)

10 Applications: Liquid Hydrogen Fueled UAS Funded $20,000 on June 30th 2012 Mission From Dean: Be the first university team to design, build, and fly an LH 2 fueled UAV. 10

11 Applications: Design - Build - Test 11

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13 Applications: World s 1 st 3-D Printed Cryogenic Tank inner insulation inner duct outer insulation outer duct pressure load distribution pins 13

14 Applications: World s 1 st 3D printed cryogen tank 74% reduction in heat load compared to no-flow condition 14

15 Applications: DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN FOR A DROP-IN HYDROGEN FUELING STATION TO SUPPORT THE EARLY MARKET BUILD-OUT OF HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE Key Rules and Guidelines: Low cost current H 2 stations are $2-4 million each Hydrogen delivered for $7/kg Fuel 2 vehicles simultaneously, 25 vehicles per day 5 minute fill time for 700 bar, 5 kg fuel tank Transportable Low maintenance Operated and monitored remotely Hydrogen storage should withstand 48 hr shutdown 15

16 2-4 MW charge rate 16 Compare to 120 kw fast EV superchargers

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18 Applications: Low-cost liquefaction 80-90% of non-pipeline H 2 delivered via liquid tanker truck. 1 LH 2 will propel the early H 2 economy. 2 Only 8 LH 2 plants in North America -Only 1 is carbon free (Niagara) -Smallest is 30 tonne/day (>50 MW) -Can only ramp 30%/day Production cost: $5-5.60/kgLH 2 Delivery cost: $4-12/kgLH 2 Efficient, small (<1 MW), modular H 2 liquefiers will increase renewable value and enable H 2 economy. 18 1) Technology Transition Corporation (TTC), H2 & Fuel Cells Market Report (2010) 2) Elgowainy, A., Tecnoeconomic Analysis of H2 Transmission & Distribution, DOE Workshop (2014)

19 Applications: Kinetic para-ortho manipulation via vortex tube Vortex tubes separate faster (higher T) from slower due to flow geometry Enables para-ortho conversion to drive bulk cooling A. Hydrogen inlet from precooler 77 K & 50 psi o-p F. Cold H2 outlet B. As hydrogen flows along tube, faster molecules migrate to outside D. Insulation on tube wall forces endothermic reaction to cause bulk cooling E. Hot, ortho-rich H2 recycled To 2 nd vortex tube or J-T valve C. Catalyst along tube wall causes endothermic conversion of hot parahydrogen to orthohydrogen 19

20 Cold Temp Drop [K] Applications: V-T CFD Performance CFD modeled in both COMSOL & Ansys 4 Comparison to Experiment 3 2 Experiment 1 CFD with Normal Hydrogen CFD with ParaHydrogen Cold Fraction 20

21 Applications: Heisenberg Vortex Measurements 21

22 Applications: Heisenberg Vortex Measurements 38-57% improvement with catalyzed tube. 22

23 Community: The HOW of a Hydrogen Organized Washington 23

24 Community: Electricity grid wind woes-bpa BPA Installed Wind Capacity Curtailment limit reached in

25 Community: BPA Balancing Reserves Curtailment limits exceeded

26 Community: H 2 -Flo: Containerized liquifier Supported by: Paul Laufman Doug Orr The Hesterberg s Washington Research Foundation 26

27 Community: H 2 -Flo Container Safing 27

28 Where we are going: Cryo Load Cycling Cryogenic refueling technologies both on this planet and off! Kraken Mare on Titan 28

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30 Thank you! 30

31 Hydrogen Safety: DOE H2 vs gas car 0 sec 3 sec 60 sec 90 sec 31

32 Hydrogen Safety: AFRL lightning & incendiary tests 32

33 Hydrogen Safety: Hindenburg vs. Graf Zeppelins 33

34 Foundations: World s 1 st <77 K PVT-x measurements Rubotherm Isosorp 2000 magnetic suspension microbalance modified for cryogenics. Conducted first ever liquid He-H2, He- Ne, H2-Ne PVT-x measurements. Developed first mixture EOS. 34

35 Applications: World s 1 st Diagnostic Twin-Screw Extruder for H 2 Validated predictive model for H2, D2, and Ne extrusions. 35

36 2. Storing H 2 : Geological & Gaseous Gaseous at 700 bar (10,000 psi) and 295 K is 39.7 g/l $700/kg above ground vs. $7/kg below ground c 36 1) Lord et al. Sandia Report SAND

37 1) Making H 2 : NREL s Wind-to-H 2 Project Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer 100 kw turbine direct coupled to 33 kw alkaline & 6 kw PEM stack 37 1) K. Harris, NREL to Wind hydrogen project, presentation to DOE (2009) 2) Courtesy of Monterey Gardiner/DOE FCTO (2014)

38 2. Adding Value: By the numbers Cost of Conventional: Electricity = $ /kW-hr Natural Gas = $0.05/kW-hr Cost of H 2 : LH 2 = $5-18/kg Production = $5/kg Delivery = $2-4/mile Dispensing = $2/kg 3.3 kw-hr = Energy in 1 kg H 2 = Energy in 1 gal gasoline H 2 = $ /kW-hr LH 2 is worth times more as an energy product. 38