Pyrolysis of Low Grade Biomass and Waste

Transcription

1 Pyrolysis of Low Grade Biomass and Waste Dr. Marion Carrier Fuel and Energy Research Forum 27 th June 2017 Leeds

2 Primary processing Biochemical conversion Thermochemical conversion Fermentation Enzymatic hydrolysis Anaerobic digestion Combustion Liquefaction Pyrolysis Gasification 2

3 Thermal behaviour Larrain et al., Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 5

4 Pyrolysis reactors o X o X X X o o o oo X X X X oo o o o o X X X X X X X X X X X X X Fixed bed Fluidized bed Entrained-flow o oo o o o Fuel Gas Bed material 6

5 Pyrolysis oil Chemicals Wiser s model of coal R 1, R 2 = OCH 3 or H Lignin s units cellulose O OH β-1,4 bonds HO O OH 2 O O HO O O O OH OH OH OH OH 3 O 1 O O O OH OH glucomannan PET PMMA PE Biomass Coal Plastics -acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, phenols, guaiacols, syringols, sugars, furans, alkenes, PAHs, nitrogen compounds, and miscellaneous oxygenates -water - light-benzene, toluene, xylenes, styrene, phenols, pyridine, anilines and quinolones - water -mixture of aliphatic and aromatic compounds C 5 - C 8 /low molecular weight compounds. - hydrocarbons: Benzene, Toluene, Xylene. -water 9

6 Low Grade Biomass and Waste Forest residues & pulp and paper residues Dry urban wastes (construction and demolition waste); Logs; Shrubs and wood residues; Sawdust; Bark; Wood chips; Damaged wood from plantation fires; sludges Municipal waste Waste tires Agricultural residues Sugar Cane Bagasse Corn stover Maize cob Manure Electronic waste Vineyards prunings Black Wattle 10

7 Challenges for waste pyrolysis Collection and transport Heterogeneity Ash and water contents Physical preparation (on-site storage and blending, mixing and shredding) Presence of contaminants (alkali metals, halides, sulfur, nitrogen) Choice of the reactor Feeding Quality assessment of products 11

8 Agricultural residues surface functional groups on biochar surfaces high cation capacities mostly alkaline in nature high aromatic carbon contents high surface areas and micro-porosities C carboxyl C aromatic C substituted C paraffinic C carbonyl C phenolic Carrier et al., Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 96 (2012) Uras et al., Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 98(2012)

9 Adsorption mechanisms Postulated mechanisms of the interactions of biochar with organic contaminants Postulated mechanisms of biochar interactions with inorganic contaminants 13

10 Pulp and Paper sludges 14

11 Pulp and Paper sludges Energy conversion Chemicals Biomaterials Ridout et al., Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 111 (2015) Ridout et al., Energy Conversion and Management 111 (2016)

12 Municipal solid waste Major dry MSW fractions in Mauritius are: -paper, -plastic, -and yard waste. Pyrolysis of MSW: Producing fewer toxins due to the absence of oxygen; Handling mixed plastic waste alternative to landfilling; 16

13 Municipal solid waste A mixture (MX) between polypropylene (PP), cardboard (CB) and branches (BR) at a mass ratio 1:1:1. Sample Y char (%) DTG T peak ( C) DTG max (1/s) T onset ( C) T range ( C) PP CB BR MX , , , H 2 O CH 4 C x H y CO DTG CO 2 H 2 Gunasee et al., Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 121 (2016)

14 Synergism BIOMASS PE, PP BTX Dorado et al., Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 162 (2015)

15 Take-home messages Pyrolysis chemistry and thermodynamics Design of reactor adapted to the type of feedstocks Control of products yields (e.i. bio-oil / tar / waxe, char and gas) possible Production of commodity and fine chemicals according to the nature of feedstocks Co-pyrolysis may provide a solution when it comes to increase yield of valuable products. Pyrolysis of low grade biomass and waste - A Win-Win-Win scenario Volume reduction, alternative to landfilling (for MSW) and combustion Production of high-value products (biomaterials and bio-chemicals) Permanently sequestering carbon and nitrogen / Carbon and mineral recycling 19

16 Acknowledgements Currently working on an European Union and Horizon 2020 program to financially support the Action H2020-MSCA-IF-2014, Pyrochem, grant number entitled: Biopolymers 13 C tracking during fast pyrolysis of biomass-a 2-level mechanistic investigation. And the EBRI team 16

17 Acknowledgements Prof. Anthony Bridgwater Dr. François-Xavier Collard Prof. Johann Gorgens Sanjana Gunasee Dr. Ailsa G. Hardie Jan-Erns Joubert Prof. Hansie Knoetze Tomas Larrain Prof. Romeela Mohee Prof. Ljubisa Radovic Dr. Angelo Ridout Umit Uras 17