Taoyuan County, 338, ROC, Taiwan 2 Department of Statistics and Information Science,

Transcription

1 Amercan Journal of Appled Scences 8 (3): , 2011 ISSN Scence Publcatons Evaluatng the Green Supplers of the Prnted Crcut Board Factores Base on the Fuzzy Analytc Herarchy Process and Vlsekrterjumska Optmzacja I Kompromsno Resenje 1 Jun-Yuan Kuo, 2 Ben-Chang Sha, 3 Yun-Chn Chen and 1 Jou-Yng Ho 1 Department of Internatonal Busness, Kanan Unversty, Taoyuan County, 338, ROC, Tawan 2 Department of Statstcs and Informaton Scence, Fu Jen Catholc Unversty, Tape Hsen, 24205, ROC, Tawan 3 Department of Busness Admnstraton, De Ln Insttute of Technology No.1, Ln. 380, Qngyun Rd, New Tape Cty 236, ROC, Tawan Abstract: Problem statement: The Energy Polcy for Europe, EPE and three envronmental drectves, proposed by the European Unon (EU) n 2007, are strcter than those self-restraned by the enterprses. For ths reason, the enterprses have to shortly mprove ther products for meetng wth the strct requests setup by the EU. Consequently, t becomes even more mportant that the manufacturers evaluate the green supplers. Approach: Through arrangng the ndex lteratures for evaluatng the green supplers and applyng the Fuzzy Analytc Herarchy Process (FAHP) and the Vlsekrterjumska Optmzacja I Kompromsno Resenje (VIKOR) n ths study, t wll be dscussed that the Prnted Crcut Board (PCB) company n ths case study evaluates and assesses the performances of three types of green supplers (the supplers of processng machne tools, the supplers of raw materals and the supplers of mantenance spare parts). The weght of performance ndcators was derved by FAHP method, whch were nput to the VIKOR method for evaluate the performance of three types of green supplers. Results: The research results, whch the company n ths case study assessed at the supplers of the equpment machne tools, the raw materals and the spare parts, show that the satsfacton of the supplers of raw materals s superor to the supplers of equpment machne tools and even better than that of the supplers of spare parts. Concluson/Recommendatons: The feasblty green suppler of performance evaluaton method was presented through a real scenaro, whch can help the PCB procurements make objectvely and dstngush the dsadvantages and advantages of the green supplers. Key words: Green supplers, herarchy process, Prnted Crcut Board (PCB), equpment machne tools, fuzzy logc, evaluaton ndces, research method, envronment-protecton drectves, European Unon (EU) INTRODUCTION The object of envronment protecton s an mportant trend to the future ndustres. The worldwde governments and nternatonal enterprses also keep focusng on the ssues of the envronment protecton, green producton, green procurement and recycle. All companes must keep mprovng ther procedures of producton, procurement and transportaton for gradually decreasng the volume of carbon emsson and achevng the goals and requests of envronment protecton. In a past decade, the EU has also ssued the three envronment-protecton drectves to use the WEEE recovery-and-recycle products to the utmost for desgnng the green products. Addtonally, the EU has asked to mnmally use Restrcton of Hazardous Substances (RoHs) hazardous materals and lmt the emssons of greenhouse gases to the lowest level (European, 2007). To the general PCB ndustres, the three envronment-protecton drectves ssued by the EU totally cover the substrate materals selected durng the desgn perod, the chemcal materals used n the manufacturng processes and the fnal product processes ncludng the qualty nspectons, packng and transportaton to the customers. In other words, t should be serously consdered f the products agree (European, 2007) and has requested the manufacturers Correspondng Author: Jun-Yuan Kuo, Department of Internatonal Busness, Kanan Unversty, Taoyuan County, Tawan 338, ROC, Tawan 246

2 Am. J. Appled Sc., 8 (3): , 2011 wth the EU s standards at the begnnng of desgn. ncludng the electrc applances, equpment Therefore, the EU s three envronment-protecton drectves do greatly mpact on the PCB ndustres. The factory owners must obey the coverage of the EU s regulatons and make all procedures of product procurement, processng, transportaton and so on to meet wth the natonal carbon-emsson standards n the Europe. For above reasons, the PCB factory owners must follow the EU s envronment-protecton regulatons from the evaluaton of the green supplers to the manufactures and so on n Chna. (Ghedar et al., 2009) submtted to employ a mathematcal model to solve the problem of total cost of supply chan and adopt the mxed nteger nonlnear plannng to construct the problems of suppler selecton, through selectng supplers to optmze the beneft of the ntegral supply chan and buyers beneft. Kuo et al. (2010) used the ntegrated method of the enterprse artfcal neural network and mult-attrbute decsons to analyze the selecton of green supplers. (Punnyamoorthy et al., procedures of manufacturng, transportaton and 2011) also adopted the structure equaton model and recovery. Specfcally, to evaluate and select the green supplers s a qute mportant and far-reachng ssue, whch mpacts not just on the envronment-protecton achevements of the enterprses and ther products. The unsutable green supplers wll also cause the goodwll humlaton and the cost lost of the enterprses. Because of the keen competton on evaluatons between global markets, the excellent supplers wll brng huge benefts to the manufacturers n the PCB ndustres. In these years, wth the advancement of the envronment-protecton conscousness and for meetng fuzzy logc to choose the suppler strategy models. Many researchers have focused the problems n the PCB ndustres and solve the problems by research methods n ther nvestgatons (Rahmat et al., 2010; Msran et al., 2008; Kumar et al., 2009; Daut et al., 2006). The concept of evaluaton ndex also has extensvely appled by numerous researches (Nader and Mehdzadeh, 2010; Lu, 2005). There are also many research dscuss about the envronment protecton and the EU s nformaton (Hoffmann and Hoffmann, 2007; Athanasos et al., 2010). wth the requests of envronment-protecton Integratng above lteratures, there s fewer regulatons, the problem that manufacturers choose lteratures havng ever dscussed the satsfacton to the green supplers s becomng remarkable. In evaluate the green supplers n the PCB ndustres and consequence, the experts and scholars gradually pay the satsfacton assessment of the supplers of processng attenton to ths subject. machne tools, raw materals and mantenance spare Accordng the coverage of the EU s three parts. Therefore, through arrangng the ndex lteratures for evaluatng the green supplers and applyng the Fuzzy envronment protecton drectves to the processes of Analytc Herarchy Process (FAHP) and the the PCB ndustres (European, 2007), all WEEE s Vlsekrterjumska Optmzacja I Kompromsno Resenje products from manufacturng processes to delvery to (VIKOR) to conduct the analyses, hopefully, ths study customers should be recovered and regenerated. RoHS wll provde the PCB factory owners wth a reference drectve regulates that the hazard content should be drecton to evaluate the green supplers. In addton, ths lower than the level of dssolvng toxcty n the overall study may be treated as a reference drecton n manufacturng processes and delvery to the customers. conductng green processes and procurements for the Nevertheless, the EuP drectve requres that the recovery company n ths case study. and the mnmal volume of total carbon emsson should be consdered at the begnnng of desgn. The green procurements and processes, therefore, have evolved to be a forthcomng mportant trend. To evaluate the green supplers s one of the more and MATERIALS AND METHODS Ths study appled the FAHP and VIKOR concepts to help procurements to make proper decsons n more emphaszed topcs to the managers. Lee et al. evaluatng Supplers performance. Ths research (2009) proposed selecton model of green supplers for the h-tech ndustres. Employng the Delph method, Analytc Herarchy Process (AHP), Fuzzy set theory and Fuzzy Delph method, manufacturers can assess and select the most sutable green supplers for cooperaton. (Xnxng et al., 2009) presented the supplers wth supply chan of agle selecton: a knd of nformaton processng model and nstructon, whch uses the method of Radal Bass Functon (RBF) artfcal neural network on the busness trades conssts of three stages, ncludng (1) the green suppler performance ndcators dentfcaton stage, (2) the green suppler performance evaluaton stage and (3) comparson and analyss stage. The Fg. 1 shows the structure n ths research. The AHP s the research foundaton of FAHP, the FAHP s a famous research method for analyzng problems and fndng out the mportant ndces and weghts. Many researchers has appled AHP and FAHP to solve ther problems n ther nvestgatons (Cheong 247

3 Am. J. Appled Sc., 8 (3): , 2011 et al., 2008; Lotf et al., 2009; Lu, 2005; Ahmed et al., 2009; Bovornsethanant and Wongwses, 2010.) The VIKOR s one of research methods for sortng plenty of projects. (Wu et al., 2009) proposed the Fuzzy Multple Crtera Decson Makng (FMCDM) and assessed the achevements of banks on the bass of the concept of balanced scorecard. Wu used the FAHP to calculate the weghts of evaluaton ndces and later respectvely used the SAW, TOPSIS and VIKOR to grade the achevements of banks. Also, the results wll be analyzed and compared (Wu et al., 2009).Besdes, accordng to the optmal soluton by the VIKOR agan, the evaluatons and analyses of supplers are conducted and the nstructon and explanaton are presented. Green suppler performance ndcators dentfcaton stage: In ths stage, the data nformaton of the Supply process was collected and the lterature on the performance ndcators for procurements was revewed. Ths study s for conductng the research on evaluatng and selectng the green supplers for the PCB ndustres. Based on the Herarchy structure of the evaluaton ndces of the green supplers proposed by (Lee et al., 2009) as a research foundaton, the sutable aspects and ndces are pcked up for desgnng the questonnare contents to dscuss wth subject company managers. Further, the FAHP s appled to mplement par-wse comparson. There s no human subjectve determnaton nvolved n the conventonal Analytc Herarchy Process. The selecton and preference have a great nfluence on polcymakers. Buckley (1985) used ths evoluton algorthm to calculate the weghts and trapezodal fuzzy number whch can even accurately compute the values most close to those flled by experts and scholars. Thus, the trangular fuzzy number s used to calculate the weghts of the fuzzy nterval to the evaluaton ndces of supplers. The calculaton steps of FAHP are lsted as below (Buckley, 1985). Construct fuzzy par-wse comparson matrx B and compare the weght of each rule and check the unformty of matrx B : 1 b b 1 b b 12 1n 12 1n b 21 1 b 2n 1/b 12 1 b 2n B = = b b 1 1/b 1/b 1 n1 n2 1n 2n (1) Calculatng the trangular fuzzy numbers of: Trangular fuzzy numbers represented by B = ( L,M,U), where U and L are the possble upper and lower boundares of the fuzzness data respectvely. Use the fuzzy geometrc means r to compute the fuzzy weghts w of the postve recprocal matrx and use themethod of Center Of Area (COA) proposed by Oprcovc and Tzeng (2003). Employ the BNP (Best Nonfuzzy Performance Value) to solve defuzzfcaton (Sun et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2009): ( ) 1/ n r = b b b (2) 1 2 n w = r ( r r ) 1 (3) 1 m ( ) ( ) (4) BNP = UR LR + MR LR /3+ LR, Normalze the fuzzy weght matrces NW and analyze and compare them (Wu et al., 2009): n = 1 NW = BNP / BNP (5) After calculatng the fuzzy weghts of each element and herarchy, the user can make a decson based on the sgnfcance and fuzzy weghts revealed by the herarches and elements. Fg. 1: Structure of ths study Green suppler performance evaluaton stage: The PCB Company n ths case study was evaluated and assessed the performances of three types of green supplers (the supplers of processng machne tools, the 248

4 supplers of raw materals and the supplers of mantenance spare parts). The VIKOR s a mult-objectve decson method usng the compromse concept to select projects. Ths method can mprove the drawbacks of TOPSIS score calculaton (Oprcovc and Tzeng, 2007). The VIKOR method whch was proposed by (Oprcovc and Tzeng, 2007). was appled to understand and evaluate the performance of three types of green supplers, the fve scale was desgned for evaluators to dentfy the performance of the suppler ndcators of three types of green supplers, respectvely, the weght of suppler ndcators derved by FAHP and the statstcal results of fve-scale forms were then nput to the VIKOR process for analyss. The major calculaton steps of the VIKOR are lsted as below (Oprcovc and Tzeng, 2007; Wu et al., 2009). Determne the aspred level and worst level: Ths step determnes the best and worst performance values obtanable among the varous aspects (assessment crtera), thus servng as a bass for gap calculaton. The equaton s as follows: Ideal Soluton: x j = max x j, I = 1,2,, m beng the aspred level of each crteron as establshed by the decson maker; non-ideal Soluton: x j = mnx j, I = 1,2,, m beng the worst level or tolerable level of each crteron as establshed by the decson maker, where x j s the deal soluton of aspect j and x s the non-deal soluton of aspect j. If all of x are added up together to form the performance values of one person n the respectve aspects, t s a dream combnaton, whch means that the person has the best performance value n all aspects. On the contrary, f x j are added up together, a worst combnaton s formed, sgnfyng that the person has ganed the worst performance value n all aspects. Calculate the dstances and comprehensve ndces: Ths step s used to calculate deal and non-deal gaps correspondng to evaluatons of the optons; the results are added up to obtan a general ndcator. Where s s the normalzed gap between deal solutons or the aspred solutons of th opton when p = 1.The formula s shown below: R s the gap between the worst level and the aspred level of opton, whch s the maxmum normalzed gap: 1/p p n * x p p j x j d = wj * j 1 x j x (6) = j n * x p 1 j x = j S = d = w j ;p= 1 (7) * j= 1 xj x j Am. J. Appled Sc., 8 (3): , x x * j j R = max j= 1,2,,n * xj x j (8) Calculate the comprehensve weghts G for enablng to obtan and compare the dstances of projects wth those of desred level and worst level. Sort all projects by ther weghts for managers to comparson and selecton on makng decsons. Addtonally, the managers can set the parameter ν. The larger ν (>0.5) means that G trends the majorty rule (Oprcovc and Tzeng, 2007; Wu et al., 2009). The followng formula s appled to calculate the overall weghts: * * = ( ) ( ) * * ( ) ( ) ( ) G v S S / S S + 1 v R R / R R,v= 0.5 Where: (9) S = mns, S = maxs and R = mn R, R = max R * * and v s a weght parameter. When parameter v s greater (>0.5), t means that the degree of regret obtaned by G s hgher and based to the majorty rule. The parameter s usually set to 0.5. After the VIKOR analyss process, the performances of three green supplers were evaluated and the performances of green suppler ndcators of three types were dentfed. The results of VIKOR process are analyzed and compared n the next stage. Comparson and analyss stage: Ths stage analyzes and compares the achevement of green suppler ndcators and the suppler performance of dfferent green supplers. Usng these results, procurements can make decsons to mprove ther suppler performance. RESULTS The questonnare objects n ths study are manly the famous companes of the PCB ndustres n Tawan. The persons partcpatng to fll those questonnares were the employees of frutful professonal careers and experences. A questonnare based on FAHP was dstrbuted to 30 managers and procurements responsble for suppler evaluaton. The questonnare data were arranged and analyzed by the FAHP for understandng the concerned crtcal factors and aspect weghts, the descrptons and weghts of green suppler ndcators are shown n Table 1.

5 Am. J. Appled Sc., 8 (3): , 2011 Table 1: Dmenson weght and rankng of the green suppler ndcators Dmenson Intal fuzzy Weghts of Overall weght weght defuzzfcaton rankng Qualty (0.2021, , ) Technology capacty (0.1291, , ) Contamnaton control (0.1440, , ) Envronment management (0.0993, , ) Green competton (0.0771, , ) Table 2: Overall weght and rankng of the green suppler ndcators Dmenson Green suppler Intal fuzzy Intal weghts of Comprehensve weghts Rankng performance ndcators weghts defuzzfcaton of defuzzfcaton Qualty Qualty-related verfcaton (0.2865, , ) Qualty control (0.1894, , ) The relablty for dealng wth (0.1382, , ) abnormal qualty Technology Technology Level (0.1739, , ) Capacty The development, nnovaton (0.1391, , ) and patent capactes The capactes and stablty of (0.1681, , ) manufacturng processes of supplers the control (0.1255, , ) capactes of producton yeld rate Contamnaton Waste materal processes (0.3166, , ) Control The control of energy (0.1542, , ) consumpton The control of usng (0.1577, , ) hazardous materals Envronment standng montorng and (0.3336, , ) check complyng wth the regulatons Management Inner control procedures (0.1667, , ) The desgn of transportaton (0.1172, , ) procedures of green supply chan Green Socal responsblty (0.2517, , ) Competton Enablng to change (0.2126, , ) products and procedures for reducng the use of natural resources Materals and components (0.1515, , ) whch can reduce the use of natural resources Based on the result of Table 2, the most concerned transportaton procedures of green supply chan aspects are orderly: qualty (0.3114), contamnaton (0.0276), the use of natural resources for the materals control (0.2193), technology capacty (0.2024), and components (0.0278). envronment management (0.1508) and green Ths research result appears that, from the competton (0.1161), whle the company n ths case vewponts of manufacturers to evaluate the green study evaluates and selects the green supplers. supplers, the more concerned tems are the qualtes of Moreover, from the Table 2, to the evaluaton provded products and technology capactes. Also, the ndex part of green supplers, the most mportant fve capacty of processng waste materals s emphaszed for provdng the manufacturers wth the better ndces are sequentally: qualty-related verfcaton envronment-protecton products and servces. (0.1448), water materal processes (0.1111), qualty However, the desgn of supply chan of transportaton control (0.0968), standng montorng and check procedures and the use of natural resources are nclned complyng wth the regulatons (0.0824) and relablty to the nner control, management and desgn of green for dealng wth abnormal qualty (0.0698). The less supplers themselves. That s why the manufacturers concerned tems are respectvely the desgn of less concern the assessment ndex of those aspects. 250

6 Am. J. Appled Sc., 8 (3): , 2011 Table 3: The average value of fve-scale form of green supplers Green supplers Green suppler performance ndcators Equpment machne tools Raw materals Spare parts Qualty-related verfcaton Qualty control The relablty for dealng wth abnormal qualty Technology Level The development, nnovaton and patent capactes The capactes and stablty of manufacturng processes of supplers The control capactes of producton yeld rate Waste materal processes The control of energy consumpton The control of usng hazardous materals standng montorng and check complyng wth the regulatons Inner control procedures The desgn of transportaton procedures of green supply chan Socal responsblty Enablng to change products and procedures for reducng the use of natural resources Materals and components whch can reduce the use of natural resources Table 4: The values of S and R of the green supplers Green supplers Equpment machne tools Raw materals Spare parts S j R j Table 5: The G of the green supplers (v = 0.5) Green supplers Equpment machne tools Raw materals Spare parts G j In the aspect of green supplers, the general employees from the companes n ths case study from manufacturers have to confront three types of green the PCB ndustres to fnsh the assessments for supplers whch are respectvely the supplers of constructng the comprehensve assessment on equpment machne tools, the supplers of raw materals evaluatng the supplers of the equpment machne and the supplers of spare parts. Confrontng the green tools, the raw materals and the spare parts as ndcated envronment-protecton agtatons, the manufacturers n the Table 3. In addton, through employng the should properly assess and compare the achevement comprehensve weghts calculated by the FAHP and the performances on the green envronment-protecton of VIKOR, the supplers of the equpment machne tools, those three types of supplers. Consequently, the fnal the raw materals and the spare parts were assessed and products from the manufacturers can meet wth the sorted. Intally, n ths study, the aspred level x* s oblgated green requrements for envronment determned by 5 and the worst level x - s set as 1. protecton. In ths study, the 16 ndces assessed by the Combnng wth the fuzzy weghts of the FAHP to FAHP are used to assess all supplers of the equpment conduct the calculatons, the decson mode s machne tools, the raw materals and the spare parts. optmzed f t s even closer to 0; the project effect s There s setup a 5-pont scale for assessng all better (Oprcovc and Tzeng, 2007; Wu et al. 2009). rules, each of whch represents the dfferent Analyzed by the VIKOR and calculated by v = 0.5, the satsfactons, ncludng pont 1 of extremely low calculatng results are lsted n the Table 4-5. The satsfacton, pont 2 of low satsfacton, pont 3 of far values of S and R from the green supplers are shown satsfacton, pont 4 of hgh satsfacton and pont 5 of n Table 4. The values of G from the green supplers extremely hgh satsfacton. There asked totally 30 are shown n Table

7 DISCUSSION The research results, whch the company n ths case study assessed at the supplers of the equpment machne tools, the raw materals and the spare parts, show that the satsfacton of the supplers of raw materals (0.3862) s superor to the supplers of equpment machne tools (0.3936) and even better than that of the supplers of spare parts (0.4826). That means the company n ths case study can stll accept the green products and servces provded by ther supplers of the raw materals and equpment machne tools. Under the above comparsons, the supplers of spare parts should be mproved. That company should greatly concern the products and servce levels provded by her supplers of the spare parts for expectedly agreeng wth the standards of related envronment-protecton regulatons. CONCLUSION For quckly mprovng the product qualtes, the enterprses requre them shortly to meet wth the requrements of the EU s crterons. In accordance wth the lterature arrangements, ths study constructs a set of necessary ndces sutable for the PCB manufacturers to evaluate the green supplers. Also, the FAHP s used to explore the sgnfcances between those ndces and conduct a sortng sequence. Fnally, use the VIKOR to assess at the satsfacton that the manufacturers evaluate the supplers of processng equpment machne tools, the raw materals and the mantenance spare part. Through the prevous research results, the most concerned aspect found by the FAHP s the qualty when the company n ths study case evaluates the green supplers. The next are the contamnaton control and the technology capacty. To the ndex part, the most fve ndces are n turn: Qualty-related verfcatons, waste materal processes, qualty control, standng montorng and check complyng wth the regulatons and relablty for dealng wth abnormal qualty. In the analyses by the VIKOR, the company s ths case study s slghtly more satsfed wth the products and servces provded by the supplers of the raw materals and the processng equpment. The man reason may be that the PCB manufacturers even more emphasze the sources of raw materals and processng procedures. Furthermore, t s contnuously concerned and requested that the supplers of the processng equpment and the raw materals should conform to the requrements of envronment protecton. Secondly, perhaps because of fewer frequences for mantanng and exchangng parts, that causes the supplers of the mantenance spare parts are less concerned and requested. Am. J. Appled Sc., 8 (3): , On the bass of above nferences, the company n ths case study should pay more attenton to the products and servce level provded by the supplers of the spare parts for expectedly reachng the crterons setup by the related envronment-protecton regulatons. Furthermore, the contrbutons by ths study wll be able to provde the PCB manufacturers wth the reference bases to conduct the procurements for green processes. REFERENCES Ahmed, E.F., W.J. Yang and M.Y. Abdullah, Novel method of the combnaton of forecasts based on rough sets. J. Comput. Sc., 5: DOI: /jcssp Athanasos, V., A. Stergos and E.C. Laskardou, The mportance of nformaton through accountng practce n agrcultural sector-european data network. J. Soc. Sc., 6: DOI: /jssp Bovornsethanant, S. and S. Wongwses, Assessment of useful lfe of lubrcants usng Analytcal Herarchy Process (AHP) and Vector Projecton Approach (VPA). Am. J. Eng. Appled Sc., 3: DOI: /ajeassp Buckley, J.J., Fuzzy herarchcal analyss. Fuzzy Set Syst., 17: DOI: / (85) Cheong, C.W., L.H. Je, M.C. Meng and A.L.H. Lan, Desgn and development of decson makng system usng fuzzy analytc herarchy process. Am. J. Appled Sc., 5: DOI: /ajassp Daut, I., R. Al and S. Tab, Desgn of a snglephase rectfer wth mproved power factor and low THD usng boost converter technque. Am. J. Appled Sc., 3: DOI: /ajassp Ghedar, K.J., S.H. Ghodsypour and C.O. Bren, Optmzng whole supply chan beneft versus buyer's beneft through suppler selecton. Int. J. Prod. Econ., 121: DOI: /j.jpe Hoffmann, K. and J. Hoffmann, The utlzaton of peat, lgnte and ndustral wastes n the producton of mneral-organc fertlzers. Am. J. Agrc. Bol. Sc., 2: DOI: /ajabssp Kumar, K., J. Sngh and P. Kumar, Fuzzy relablty and fuzzy avalablty of the seral process n butter-ol processng plant. J. Math. Stats., 5: DOI: /jmssp

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