Energy Management :: 2008/2009

Transcription

1 :: 2008/2009 Class # 4T Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Prof Pa lo Ferrão Prof. Paulo Ferrão ferrao@ist.utl.pt

2 Historical pattern of Environmental Strategies Historical pattern of Environmental strategies Time and Space Business-as-usual Compliance with regulation Pollution prevention Extended product responsability EIA, Energy audits, Envir. audits Eco-efficiency i Design for Environment Life Cycle Assessment LCA Process oriented Product oriented Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 2 of 53

3 Life cycle thinking MSW EEE Car Resources Resources Components Manufacturing Assembly Use Waste Environment Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 3 of 53

4 Life cycle thinking MSW Other s EEE Car Components Manufacturing Assembly Use Resources Waste Environment Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 4 of 53

5 Historical pattern of Environmental Strategies Historical pattern of Environmental strategies Time and Space Business-as-usual Compliance with regulation Pollution prevention Extended product responsability EIA, Energy audits, Envir. audits Eco-efficiency i Design for Environment Life Cycle Assessment LCA Industrial Ecology Creating loop closing industrial ecosystems Promoting waste exchanges Cascading energy utilization Process oriented Product oriented Systems Oriented Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 5 of 53

6 MSW Others EEE Components Manufacturing Assembly Car Use Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 6 of 53

7 Bulk- MFA TOOLS MSW Others EEE LCA Components Manufacturing Assembly Car Use SFA MFA Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 7 of 53

8 Historical pattern of Environmental Strategies Product life cycle Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 8 of 53

9 Life Cycle Assessment ENERGY INCINERATION PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION USE MATERIAL A LANDFILL MATERIAL B RE-USE OTHER RECYCLING Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 9 of 53

10 Definition of LCA Definition of LCA according to ISO 14040: LCA is a technique [ ] compiling an inventory of relevant inputs and outputs of a product system; evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with those inputs and outputs; and interpreting ti the results of the inventory and impact phases in relation to the objectives of the study. Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 10 of 53

11 Life cycle assessment Life cycle assessment terminology terminology (ISO 14040:2006) (ISO 14040:2006) Elementary flows (e.g. resource extractions) input flows Economy-environment system boundary Functional unit economic process Intermediate flow economic process Intermediate flow economic process Intermediate flow economic process Product system Elementary flows (e.g. emissions to air) output flows Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 11 of 53

12 LCA - Main stages The main stages of an LCA are: 1. Inventory in which h the data describing the system are collected and converted to a standard format to provide a description of the physical characteristics of the system of interest. 2. Interpretation in which the physical data from the inventory are related to observable environmental problems. 3. Improvement in which the system is modified in some way to reduce or ameliorate the observed environmental impacts. Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 12 of 53

13 ISO ISO Product - SERVICE Functional Unit Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 13 of 53

14 LCA Step 1 - Goal Definition and Scope Goal Definition The purpose the analysis The uses of the results The stakeholders of the study Scope Spatial boundaries (geographic) Temporal coverage (specific or averaged data) Spatial coverage (specific or averaged data) Technology coverage (specific or averaged data) Environmental interventions and impacts Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 14 of 53

15 LCA Step 2 - Inventory Analysis Step 2 - Inventory Analysis Determine inputs and outputs of all life-cycle (material and energy) Process tree or flow-chart classifying i the events in a product s life-cycle Collect relevant data for each event (emissions produced and resources used) Material and energy balance(s) for each process stage Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 15 of 53

16 Inventory analysis stages The inputs and outputs of all life-cycle processes have to be determined in terms of material and energy. Produce a process tree or a flow-chart classifying the events in a product s life-cycle which are to be considered in the LCA, plus their interrelations. Next, start collecting the relevant data for each event: the emissions from each process and the resources (back to raw materials) used. Establish (correct) material and energy balance(s) for each process stage and event. Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 16 of 53

17 Functional Unit The functional unit describes the primary function(s) fulfilled by a (product) system, and indicates how much of this function is to be considered in the intended LCA study. It will be used as a basis for selecting one or more alternative (product) systems that can provide these function(s). The functional unit enables different systems to be treated as functionally equivalent and allows reference flows to be determined for each of them. Having defined the functional unit, the amount of product which is necessary to fulfill the function shall be quantified. The result of this quantification i is the reference flow. Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 17 of 53

18 Internet resources for LCA: (American Center for LCA) (EPA website on LCA) (US LCI Database) (UNEP/SETAC life cycle initiative) EU website on LCA & LCI database) (Swiss centre for LCI data) (German LCA network) (Pre: SimaPro, downloads available) Eco-indicator 95 reports Eco-Indicator 99 reports Class # 2 :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 18 of 53

19 Eco-Indicator 95 The evaluation method for calculating the Eco-Indicator 95 strongly focuses on the effects of emissions on the ecosystem. For the valuation, the distance to target principle is used, but the targets are based on scientific data on environmental damage and not on policy statements. The targets values are related to three types of environmental damage: deterioration of ecosystems (a target level has been chosen at which only 5% ecosystem degradation will still occur over several decades) deterioration of human health (this refers in particular to winter and summer smog and the acceptable level set is that smog periods should hardly ever occur again) human deaths (the level chosen as acceptable is 1 fatality per million inhabitants per year) Class # 2 :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 19 of 53

20 Eco-Indicator 95 Impact Effect Damage Valuation Result CFC Pb Cd PAH Dust VOC DDT CO 2 SO 2 NO P x Ozone layer depl. Heavy metals Carcinogenics Summer smog Winter smog Pesticides Greenhouse effect Acidification Eutrophication Fatalities Health impairment Ecosystem impairment Subjective damage assessment Eco-indicator value Class # 2 :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 20 of 53

21 Eco-Indicator 95 Setting equivalents for these damage levels is a subjective choice. The current choice (see below) came about after consultation with various experts and a comparison with other systems. Environmental Weighting Criterion effect facto r Greenhouse effect C rise every 10 years, 5% ecosystem degradation Ozone layer depletion 100 Probability of 1 fatality per year per million inhabitants Acidification 10 5% ecosystem degradation Eutrophication 5 Rivers and lakes, degradation of an unknown number of aquatic ecosystems (5% degradation) d Summer smog 2.5 Occurrence of smog periods, health complaints, particularly amongst asthma patients and the elderly, prevention of agricultural damage Winter smog 5 Occurrence of smog periods, health complaints, particularly amongst asthma patients and the elderly Pesticides 25 5% ecosystem degradation Airborne heavy metals 5 Lead content in children s blood, reduced life expectancy and learning performance in an unknown number of people Waterborne heavy metals 5 Cadmium content in rivers, ultimately also impacts on people (see airborne) Carcinogenic substances 10 Probability of 1 fatality per year per million people Class # 2 :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 21 of 53

22 LCA- Characterization Efeito de estufa kg CO2 equivalente Camada de ozono Kg CFC11 equivalente CFC HALON CFC (hard) 7100 HALON CFC HALON CFC HALON ,4 CFC HALON ,25 CFC Tetraclorometano 1,08 HALON CFC-113 1,07 HALON CFC (hard) 1 CFC CFC-11 1 CFC CFC-12 1 HFC-143a 3800 CFC-13 1 CFC CFC-114 0,8 HFC methyl bromide 0,6 HCFC-142b 1800 CFC-115 0,5 CFC (soft) 1600 HALON ,25 HCFC HALON ,14 Tetraclorometano 1300 Tricloroetano 012 0,12 HFC-134a 1200 HCFC-141b 0,11 HCFC-141b 580 HCFC-142b 0,065 HCFC CFC (soft) 0,055 N2O 270 HCFC-22 0,055 HFC-152a 150 HCFC-225cb 0, ,1,1-trichloroethane 100 HCFC-225ca 0,025 HCFC HCFC-124 0,022 Triclorometano 25 HCFC-123 0,02 Diclorometano 15 Metano 11 CO2 1 Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 22 of 53

23 Problem vs. Damage oriented approaches In the problem-oriented approaches, flows are classified into environmental themes to which they contribute. Themes covered in most Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies are: Greenhouse effect (or climate change), Natural resource depletion, Stratospheric ozone depletion, Acidification, Photochemical ozone creation, Eutrophication, Human toxicity and Aquatic toxicity. These methods aim at simplifying the complexity of hundreds of flows into a few environmental areas of interest. The EDIP or CML 2000 methods are examples of problemoriented methods. The damage-oriented methods also start by classifying a system's flows into various environmental themes, but model each environmental theme's damage to human health, ecosystem health or damage to resources. For example, acidification - often related to acid rain - may cause damage to ecosystems, but also to buildings or monuments. In essence, this method aims to answer the question: Why should we worry about climate change or ozone depletion? EcoIndicator 99 is an example of a damage-oriented method. Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 23 of 53

24 Eco-indicator 95 vs. Eco-indicator 99 Eco-indicator 95 Eco-indicator 99: Bottom-up approach Top-Down approach Human health ( all human beings, in present and future, should be free from environmentally transmitted illnesses, disabilities or premature deaths) Ecosystem Quality( non-human species should not suffer from disruptive changes of their populations and geographical distribution) Resources ( the nature s supply of non-living goods, which are essential to the human society, should be available also for future generations) Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 24 of 53

25 Eco-indicator 99 Three spheres are considered: Techno-sphere Eco-sphere See: Value-sphere Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 25 of 53

26 In the model for Human Health four sub-steps are used: Energy Management Human Health DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Years) a) Fate analysis, linking an emission (expressed as mass) to a temporary change in concentration. b) Exposure analysis, linking this temporary concentration to a dose. c) Effect analysis, linking the dose to a number of health effects, like the number and types of cancers, and respiratory effects. d) Damage analysis, links health effects to the number of years lived disabled (YLD) and Years of Life Lost (YLL). Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 26 of 53

27 Leading DALY causes in the World (1990) DALY (million years) % All causes Acute lower respiratory infections Diarrhoeal diseases Childhood cluster Tuberculosis Cerebrovascular disease Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 27 of 53

28 Ecosystem health For ecosystem health two different approaches are used: a) Toxic emissions and emissions that change acidity and nutrients levels go through the procedure of: i) Fate analysis, linking emissions to concentrations ii) Effect analysis, linking concentrations to toxic stress or increased nutrient or acidity levels. iii) Damage analysis. Linking these effects to the increased potentially disappeared fraction for plants. b) Land-use and land transformation is modeled on the basis of empirical data on the quality of ecosystems, as a function of the landuse type and the area size. Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 28 of 53

29 Ecosystems health PDF*area*time * [m2.yr] Percentage of species that disappeared from a certain location for a given time Main contributions by: Toxic stress, PAF Potentially Affected Fraction, % of species exposed to damaging concentrations ) Acidification and Eutrofication)(POO Probability of Occurrence, of a plant in a given place, PDF = 1-POO) Soil Use (PDF Potentially Disappeared Fraction) Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 29 of 53

30 Resources The method proposed considers only takes into account the long-term trends of lowering resource quality. The primary assumption in this method is that if the resource quality is reduced, the effort to extract the remaining resource increases. Plain market forces will ensure that mankind always exploits the resources with the highest quality. This means each time a kg of a resource is used, the quality of the remaining resources is slightly decreased and thus the effort to extract the remaining resources is increased. This decrease of quality and thus increase of future effort is used to express the damage to Resources MJ/kg Additional i energy required to extract the resource, when humanity may have extracted N times the total extracted before N=5 Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 30 of 53

31 Environmental indicators framework Enhance the capability of the decision making process Integrating physical and economical indicators, environmental impacts and policies with causality-effect relations Requires appropriate Indicators Framework 31 Class # 4T :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 31 of 53

32 DPSIR framework Effectiveness of responses Responses Risk assessment costs and benefits of action/in action Drivers Effectiveness of responses Effectiveness of responses Impact Effectiveness of responses Eco-efficiency indicators and emissions factors Dose response indicators and relationships Pressures State Pathways and dispersion models 32 Class # 2 :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 32 of 53

33 DPSIR framework Drivers are the underlying factors that influence a variety of relevant variables very static are useful to calculate pressures indicators, to help decision-makers to plan action and to serve as basis for scenario development Pressure s describe the variables that directly cause environmental burdens should be responsive due to their celerity, demonstrate the effectiveness of policy actions State show the current condition of the environment have a great inertia Used to do a first assessment of the situation, and to answer the question where do we stand? Impact describe the ultimate effects on the environment or changes of state react even slower than state indicators formalize the cause-effect relationships, are more scientific decision models rather then statistical indicators Response demonstrate the efforts of society, namely decisionmakers to solve the problems are very fast monitor the measures taken to reduce the environmental problems, in conjunction with others indicators show the effectiveness of the measures (Jesinghaus, 1999) Class # 2 :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 33 of 53 33

34 DPSIR framework for the transport sector Drivers Pressures State Impact Economic activity Number, size, and income of households Spatial distribution of economic activities and of settlements Transport infra structure and services Market prices of fuels and transport Vehicle fleet Energy consumption Emission of g reen house, acidifying and toxic gases Noise emissions Waste Land take Traffic accidents Climate change Effects on human health Decrease in air, water and soil qualiy quality Biodiversity loss Exposure to high noise levels Fragmentation of habitats and communities Congestion Transport poverty Regulation (e.g. technical standards, speed limits) Responses Price signals (e.g. taxes, road pricing, subsidies) Investment in public transport Spatial and mobility planning (e.g. zoning, parking restrictions) Awareness and behaviour 34 Class # 2 :: Life Cycle Assessment, Energy and Environment Slide 34 of 53