EFFECT OF DYEING AND TEXTILE INDUSTRY ON NOYYAL RIVER WATER QUALITY, TIRUPPUR A CASE STUDY

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2017, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_08_10_110 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed EFFECT OF DYEING AND TEXTILE INDUSTRY ON NOYYAL RIVER WATER QUALITY, TIRUPPUR A CASE STUDY Ajith Babu Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Amrita University, Coimbatore, India Prakash Chinnaiyan Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Amrita University, Coimbatore, India Abinaya S Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Amrita University, Coimbatore, India ABSTRACT This paper evaluates the extent of degradation that has happened in the natural water body Noyyal River that flows through the four districts of Tamilnadu, India, due to the letting of wastewater from small scale industrial dyeing unit in the Tiruppur region, Tamil Nadu. Samples from river were taken and were analysed for the following physiochemical properties: hardness, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, ph, sulphates, DO, Iron and Manganese using standard procedure. In addition, the trace metals like Lead, Zinc, Copper, and Chromium were also analysed by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The results were compared with the standards followed by the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB). The results obtained indicate that many of the physiochemical properties of the water exceed the standard limits. In addition, the analysis for the trace metal content in the water indicates a high level of lead content, which is highly toxic and may result in nervous system disorders. Lead content in water could be attributed to many factors including the effluents from the textile industries, which uses lead mixed dyes. Key words: Noyyal river, dyeing industry, textile industry, water quality, trace metal, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Cite this Article: Ajith Babu, Prakash Chinnaiyan and Abinaya S, Effect of Dyeing and Textile Industry on Noyyal River Water Quality, Tiruppur A Case Study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(10), 2017, pp editor@iaeme.com

2 Ajith Babu, Prakash Chinnaiyan and Abinaya S 1. INTRODUCTION Pollution is defined as the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment causing adverse effects in the ecological structure of the region. Water pollution is usually caused by the discharge of waste water from households and industries into the surface water or ground water without treatments to remove the contaminants that may otherwise affect the natural environment of the water source. During the heavy industrialization after independence, many textile (dying and bleaching) industries came into being along the Noyyal River. The effluents from these industries were directly let into the river leading to heavy contamination of the water making it unfit for human consumption (1,2). The scenario is almost same in different water resources and are documented by various studies (3,4,5). Though the advancement in GIS and data interpretation using GIS helps to study the scenario (7), physical sampling and raw data are needed for the same. Earlier studies a decade back on ground water quality along the Noyyal river basin does indicate few water quality parameters exceeding the limit (8, 9, 10). In a more recent study done by Zahir et al., (11) focussed on calculation of the water quality index at Tiruppur region. Veena et al (12), studied the water management in the Noyyal river basin and documented a report. Also in the last decade, because of the court and government orders, treatments plants were established to treat the wastewater before it reaches the river. Some of these treatment plants are run by the governments directly and others by the private using government subsidies and are being checked periodically to prevent misuse of facilities and funds. Though these moves have curbed the pollution to some extent, it has not been completely effective.llegal small-scale home-run units continue to pollute the river. Even the treatment plants that have been established are primary treatment plants and therefore treat only biodegradable organic pollutants. The untreated inorganic matters are not removed by boiling. Heavy metals, benzodine structures and other toxins present in the industrial and dying effluents are also not removed. As a result, the river water usage for irrigation and human consumption remains a cause for concern. Keeping in mind the stated problems, this paper aims to study the physiochemical parameters, trace metal presence in the river. METHODOLOGY 2.1. Study Area Noyyal River originates in the Velliangiri hills in Coimbatore and drains into the Cauvery River at Noyyal in Erode. It is a 173 km long river with a basin width of 25 km and basin area of around 3510 sq.km. It flows through the districts of Coimbatore, Tiruppur and Erode and joins Cauvery upon entering Karur District. Around 700 units of small scale to medium scale dyeing unit have their presence in Tiruppur, Erode region. Out of which approximately 450 units collectively have set up 20 CETPs while balance 150 units have set up their own individual effluent treatment plants (IETPs) to comply the Zero Liquid Discharge limit set by the Government. To understand the impact of these industries on the natural environment, study area was selected for 40 km stretch of the Noyyal River from Coimbatore to Noyyal (Erode). Four sampling points at about 10 km interval were decided upon. Sample locations include Aathupalam in Coimbatore (S1), Mangalam (S2) and Nallur (S3) in Tiruppur and Erode (S4). The sample points were selected such that, S1 indicate the background concentration in Noyyal river before it flows through the industrial cluster which were represented by S2 and S3 and lastly S4 to understand the natural attenuation process, if any Analysis of Surface Water The river water was collected from the sample points in clean sterile plastic containers of 1 l capacity at a depth of 20 cm from the water surface. The sample collection period was from editor@iaeme.com

3 Effect of Dyeing and Textile Industry on Noyyal River Water Quality, Tiruppur A Case Study November 2013 to January 2014, which is the rainy season. Samples were collected six times in total that is, twice every month with about a 15-day interval between them. The collected samples were stored at room temperature and analysed for following the physiochemical parameters: ph, alkalinity, total hardness, total dissolved solids, chlorides, iron, manganese and sulphates were analysed. The trace metals lead, copper, chromium were analysed using Atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). The trace metals were analysed, because these metals are commonly present in the dyes and the other chemicals used in the industries. In addition, they may not be removed in the conventional wastewater treatment plants designed for treating domestic waste. The tests were done in accordance with the procedure prescribed in the IS code using the standard equipments and chemicals. The analyses were repeated until a concordant value was reached. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 3.1. Surface Water Quality The data obtained for the six sampling dates at each location were shown through Table 1 to Table 4 and the average value in Table 5: Table 1 Surface water quality parameters at location S1 S 1 Parameters ph DO (mg/l) Alkalinity TH (mg/) TDS (mg/l) Iron (mg/l) Manganese (mg/l) Sulphate (mg/l) Zinc (mg/l) Chromium (mg/l) Lead (mg/l) Table 2 Surface water quality parameters at location S2 S 2 Parameters ph DO (mg/l) Alkalinity TH (mg/) TDS (mg/l) Iron (mg/l) Manganese (mg/l) Sulphate (mg/l) Zinc (mg/l) Chromium (mg/l) Lead (mg/l) editor@iaeme.com

4 Ajith Babu, Prakash Chinnaiyan and Abinaya S Table 3 Surface water quality parameters at location S3 S 3 Parameters ph DO (mg/l) Alkalinity TH (mg/) TDS (mg/l) Iron (mg/l) Manganese (mg/l) Sulphate (mg/l) Zinc (mg/l) Chromium (mg/l) Lead (mg/l) Table 4 Surface water quality parameters at location S4 S 4 Parameters ph DO (mg/l) Alkalinity TH (mg/) TDS (mg/l) Iron (mg/l) Manganese (mg/l) Sulphate (mg/l) Zinc (mg/l) Chromium (mg/l) Lead (mg/l) Table 5 Surface water quality parameters for different sampling points (average value) Parameters Guideline values S 1 S 2 S 3 S 4 ph DO (mg/l) > Alkalinity TH (mg/) < TDS (mg/l) < Iron (mg/l) < Manganese (mg/l) < Sulphate (mg/l) < Zinc (mg/l) < Chromium (mg/l) < Lead (mg/l) < Variation of Physico Chemical Parameters ph The ph value of all the sampling points during the sampling period remains within the standard range of 6.5 to editor@iaeme.com

5 Effect of Dyeing and Textile Industry on Noyyal River Water Quality, Tiruppur A Case Study DO The DO values are low at S3 with a maximum value of 1.7 mg/l in the sample taken on 26/01/2014. The S2 values are around 3.5 mg/l, S3 values at 1.5 mg/l. The S4 values are relatively quite high compared to other sample points with an average value of around 8.4 mg/l. The increase in DO values in the end can be because of the high reduction in the effluents released into the Noyyal River in the end of sampling area due to less industries and also high contact with the atmosphere in the course of running the almost industry free area. Alkalinity The alkalinity of water is quite low at S1, comparatively at S2 and S3, and reduces again to low values at S4. The alkalinity of water is at an average of 233 mg/l at S1, 870 mg/l at S2, 687 mg/l and 101 mg/l at S4 during the sampling period. The variation of alkalinity may be due to the chemicals present in the effluents released into the river like the chemicals used in dyeing industry, soaps, pharmaceutical products, creams, etc. Total Hardness: The hardness value is low at S1, increases drastically at S2 and S3, and reduces again to low values at S4. The increase in hardness could be attributed to the presence of salts in and near the S2 and S3 due to effluents from industrialization of the Tiruppur region. TDS The value of TDS was found to be very high at S2, S3 and S4. It was well above the limit prescribed (500 mg/l) and the maximum extended limit (1000 mg/l). The high TDS value represents the presence of many unwanted minerals in the water that can have undesirable effects on the health of humans, animals and vegetation. High TDS would also result in the water having odour, colour and turbidity that makes the water undesirable for human consumption. Iron The amount of Iron in river water as prescribed by the IS standard is 0.03 mg/l (6). At the sampling points S1 (Coimbatore) and S4 (Erode) the value is within the range during the sampling period whereas at the points S2 and S3 (Tiruppur) the amount of Iron in water exceeds to 0.07 mg/l. But, the limit prescribed may be extended till 1 mg/l and all the values are within the maximum limit prescribed. Manganese The presence of manganese in the river water is very low and within the limit of 0.1 mg/l as prescribed by the IS standards at the range of 0.00 mg/l to 0.03 mg/l. This presence of manganese in such low levels is naturals in surface water bodies and is not a cause for concern. Sulphates The Sulphate content in river water at S1 and S4 are in the range 7.2 mg/l to 7.6 mg/l. At S2 and S3, value exceeds to the range of 9 mg/l to 10.6 mg/l. The points S2 and S3 (Tiruppur) is prone to be affected by the effluents released by the industries and households editor@iaeme.com

6 Ajith Babu, Prakash Chinnaiyan and Abinaya S Variation of Trace metals in surface water Zinc The amount of Zinc in the river water during the sampling period is lower than the limit prescribed by the IS standard and is not a cause for concern. Chromium The Chromium content in river water ranges from 0.01 mg/l to 0.07 mg/l. S3 seems to have the maximum value among the sample points with an average value of 0.06 mg/l and S2 has the minimum value among the points with an average of 0.15 mg/l. The values at all the sample points are within the limit prescribed by the IS code. Lead The amount of Lead prescribed by the IS standard is 0.01 mg/l. At all the sampling points S1, S2, S3 and S4 the value of lead in the river water during the sampling period is very high compared to the value prescribed by the standard. The amount of lead in S2 and S3 is comparatively very high to the amount of lead in S1 and S4, as shown in Fig 1. The very high value of lead content in the river water may be attributed to the usage of lead based dyes in the textile industries. The results indicate that the cluster of dyeing industry seems to have a net negative impact on environment with respect to the lead content. Figure 1 Temporal variation of lead concentration (mg/l) in different sampling points 4. CONCLUSIONS The results that have been obtained from the study show that the Noyyal river pollution by the dyeing and bleaching units is extensive and has affected the quality of the river water making it unfit for human consumption. It was observed that the colour of the river water was green and black and the odour was not pleasant. Among the physiochemical parameters that were analyzed, it was found that Total hardness and Total Dissolved Solids were exceeding the limit. The testing for trace metals in the river water yielded interesting results. Though the editor@iaeme.com

7 Effect of Dyeing and Textile Industry on Noyyal River Water Quality, Tiruppur A Case Study trace metals like copper and chromium was within the limit and can be attributed to natural causes, the lead content of the water was high. The high presence of lead in water can cause damage of central nervous system and may even result in paralysis. When this water is used for irrigation, the lead may accumulate in the soil, at a point may result in causing damage to the vegetation, and may cause problems when consumed. Government authority shall set up trace metal purification plants along with the existing and future water purification plants. The limitation of paper shall be similar analysis can be done for an increased period of time to show the yearly variance of quality of water with respect to the business growth of textile industry. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are thankful for the Department of Civil engineering, Amrita University and CWRDM, Calicut for providing the necessary lab facilities. REFERENCE [1] Mariraj Mohan S. and Vanalakshmi P., Assessment of water quality in Noyyal River through water quality index, International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Vol. 5(1), pp , January 2013 [2] A. Samuel Rajkumar and S. Nagan, Study on Tiruppur CETPs discharge and their impact on Noyyal River and Orathupalayam dam, Tamil Nadu (India), Journal of Environmental Research And Development Vol. 5 No. 3, January-March 2011 [3] Mohamed M. El Bouraie, Ahmed A. El Barbary, et al, Heavy metal concentrations in surface river water and bed sediments at Nile Delta in Egypt, Helsinki 2010 Suo 61(1): 1 12 Research notes [4] Basanta KM, Chitta RP (2009). Assessment of water quality index in Mahanadi and Atharabanki Rivers and Taldanda Canal in paradip Area. India J. Hum. Ecol. 26(3): [5] Dhage SS, Chandorkar AA, Rakesh K, Srivastava A, Gupta I (2006). Marine water quality assessment at Mumbai West Coast. Environ. Int. J. Water Res. Environ. Eng. Int. 32: [6] IS: Indian standards of Drinking Water Specification, Bureau to Indian Standards (BIS),New Delhi, India (1991) [7] M. Kaviarasan, Geetha, P., and Dr. Soman K. P., GIS-based ground water quality monitoring in Thiruvannamalai district, Tamil Nadu, India, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol. 397, pp , [8] M. Lenin. Saseetharan M.K, Ground water quality in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu along Noyyal river, Journal of Environ Science & Engg, vol. 50, No.3, pp , [9] A.Geetha et al., Assessment of Underground Water Contamination and Effect of Textile Effluents on Noyyal River Basin In and Around Tiruppur Town, Tamilnadu, E-Journal of Chemistry, vol. 5, No.4, pp , [10] Usharanai et al. Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Characteristics of Noyyal River and Ground Water Quality of Perur, India, J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. Vol. 14 (2) 29 35, 2010 [11] A. Zahir Hussain and K. M. Mohamed Sheriff, Study of water quality index of groundwater on the bank of Noyyal river at Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu, India, Archives of Applied Science Research, 2016, 8 (1): editor@iaeme.com

8 Ajith Babu, Prakash Chinnaiyan and Abinaya S [12] Srinivasan, V, D. Suresh Kumarb, P. Chinnasamya, S. Sulagnaa, D. Sakthivelb, P. Paramasivamb, S. Lelea Water management in the Noyyal River basin: A situation analysis. Environment and Development Discussion Paper No.2. Bengaluru: Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment. [13] SS. Asadi, Ramya.Aduri and Kowmudhi.Bachinappa, Evaluation of Water Quality Role on Environmental Impact Assessment Study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(3), 2017, pp [14] A. Ambica, B. Sartiha and R. Anbarasan, Groundwater Quality Assessment using Water Quality Index and GIS, Maduravoyal, Chennai, India, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(8), 2017, pp editor@iaeme.com