Two Faces of Chinese Environmental NGOs in Climate Change Campaigns

Transcription

1 Two Faces of Chinese Environmental NGOs in Climate Change Campaigns Jun JIN Tsinghua University (Beijing) 2011/10/22, Bucheon City, Korea

2 1, China and CC talks 2, Policy network and media analysis 3, NGOs participation in CC talks 2011/10/22 J. JIN, Tsinghua U 2

3 1.1 GHG emission in China GHG emission China became the largest greenhouse gas emitter in the world recently Still below the world average per capita CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel China s GHG emission is very likely to keep growing Industrialization Became the world factory and the largest exporter The car market increased 44% in 2009 and became the largest in the world Urbanization Hundreds of millions are locating in urban areas A new middle class is emerging China's primary energy mix is dominated by coal Raw coal accounted for 76.4% of the primary energy production in /10/22 J. JIN, Tsinghua U 3

4 1.2 China in Climate Change talks China participated in Climate Change talks from quite early on Partially due to China s environmental diplomacy Premier Wen Jiabao: CC talks will be the most important international talks in the 21 st century China s official position: Decrease energy intensity by 40-45% by 2020 Insist on common but differentiated responsibility Refuse to set binding emission reduction target Suggest historic responsibility of industrialized countries Urges financial support and low carbon technology transfer 2011/10/22 J. JIN, Tsinghua U 4

5 1.3 Economic and political impacts Economic impacts An temporary overlap between emission reduction and economic growth China is very active in CDM market Chinese firms received $ 600 million between 2006 to 2008 China had 40% of registered projects with 57% CER in 2009 Political impacts China has been facing increasing pressure from both developed and developing countries since COP /10/22 J. JIN, Tsinghua U 5

6 2.1 Examine policy network through media analysis COMPON project compares 15+ cases The China case: Three nationally influential Chinese newspapers: People s Daily ( 人民日报 ), the official mouthpiece of Chinese government 21 st Century Business Herald (21 世纪经济报道 ), a leading economic newspaper Southern Weekly ( 南方周末 ), the most outspoken newspaper in China Data collection PD: CBH: SW: /10/22 J. JIN, Tsinghua U 6

7 # of articles 2.2 Findings of Level 1 and level 2 data 160 Numbers of Climate Change articles per year by Chinese publications PD SW CBH /10/22 J. JIN, Tsinghua U 7

8 Climate Change News Shares of Chinese Media % % % % % PD SW CBH % % /10/22 J. JIN, Tsinghua U 8

9 200 Annual Frequency of Climate Change Articles by Primary Frame - Chinese Publications Ecology/Meteorological 140 Policy-making Economic and energy interests Culture Science and technology Civil society /10/22 J. JIN, Tsinghua U 9

10 Science and Percentage of Primary Frame technology, 5% Civil society, 0% Culture, 4% Ecology/Meteor ological, 15% Ecology/Meteorological Civil society, 5% Science and technology, 3% Culture, 2% Ecology/Meteor ological, 6% Percentage by Primary Frame Chinese publications (2009) Ecology/Meteorological Policy-making Policy-making Economic and energy interests, 21% Economic and energy interests Culture Economic and energy interests, 18% Economic and energy interests Culture Policy-making, 55% Science and technology Policy-making, 66% Science and technology Civil society Civil society Policy-making, including international and bilateral talks, national policies, and official statements, dominated Chinese CC coverage in last three years not only witnessed a significant increase of CC coverage from 2008, but also showed a jump of the presence of NGOs and a noteworthy shrink of articles on the ecological and meteorological consequences of CC. 10

11 Public debates in 2009 Public Debates Total PD CBH SW yes no yes no yes no yes no Kyoto Protocol is essential for future global actions Low-carbon Economy is beneficial in the long run Carbon tariff is a form of protectionism U.S. domestic politics slows global efforts down Developed countries are historically responsible China did well in emission reduction Emission right equals development right Carbon market works just fine /10/22 J. JIN, Tsinghua U 11

12 3.1 Chinese Environmental NGOs participation in CC talks Policy participation is highly centralized in China The state largely controls the framing of Climate Change participation Some Chinese suspect Climate Change as a strategy employed by the West to prevent China s rise Right of emission means right of development NGOs were quite late to join the game Have been active since the 1990s Did NOT focus on Climate Change until 2006 Seldom openly criticize government on major national policies 2011/10/22 J. JIN, Tsinghua U 12

13 3.2 Domestic participation Chinese environmental NGOs Conducted independent researches on the impacts of CC Launched campaigns to raise public awareness Published Chinese Civil Society on Climate Change to urge Chinese government to take the lead among developing countries in combating CC commit major efforts to develop renewable energy take the principle of social equity in decision making 2011/10/22 J. JIN, Tsinghua U 13

14 3.3 International participation Chinese environmental NGOs actively participated in COP15 and COP16 Those who criticize China s official position back in China start to defend the same official position in international arenas Cancun Fossil of the Day NGOs from developed (Canada) and developing (India) countries did their best to fully take advantage of international talk to press their own governments to act more agressively Chinese ENGOs did their best to prevent China from winning the award 2011/10/22 J. JIN, Tsinghua U 14

15 3.4 Two faces of Chinese ENGOs Chinese ENGOs acted significantly differently in domestic and international arenas Why did they do so? Losing face : cultural hypothesis According to traditional Chinese culture, losing face in front of outsiders is a big shame Nationalism tops environmentalism National interests top global interests Small world : structural hypothesis NGOs are building a small world where they cannot openly criticize state policies Further survey will test these two hypotheses 2011/10/22 J. JIN, Tsinghua U 15

16 Thanks very much! 2011/10/22 J. JIN, Tsinghua U 16