Water management in farms and potential water reuse strategies

Transcription

1 Water management in farms and potential water reuse strategies M. Terré 1, M. Calderer 2, L. Llenas 2, X. Martinez 2, I.Jubany 2, G. Serra 2, C. Biel 3, R. Savé 3 Date / Author

2 INTRODUCTION Increasing water demand around the world Consumers habits: meat consumption, building large homes, energy-consuming devices Increases in population (9,1 billion, 2050) Increasing energy production Agriculture needs: food production

3 INTRODUCTION Agriculture account for more than 70% of water use With the increase of food demands, agriculture will need to produce 60% more food There is a need to change agriculture habits

4 OBJECTIVE Use of reclaimed water in livestock farming activities Technologies Improve the efficiency of water use: environment public and animal health food safety

5 ACTIVITIES To determine water cycles in farms To evaluate possibilities of using reclaimed water in livestock farming activities

6 MATERIALS and METHODS One dairy cow farm (Sant Esteve de Guialbes, Girona, Spain) One pig fattening unit (Alfès, Lleida, Spain) One broiler unit (Empuriabrava, Girona, Spain)

7 MATERIALS and METHODS Measurements and sampling during visits: Monthly water consumption Identify water entrance points Identify water consuming activities Quantify water consumption for each activity: directly with water meters estimating the time of cleaning and the hose flow for cleaning activities estimating animals water intake according to their physiologic characteristic following requirements made by NRC

8 MATERIALS and METHODS Measurements and sampling during visits: Identify water outputs Evaluate the quality (conductivity, ph, suspended solids, turbidity, N content, bacterial counts, COD and BOD) of the outgoing water Evaluate the farm water cycles, and the potential usages of reclaimed water

9 RESULTS: dairy farm Source: Groundwater Total water consumed: 86 m 3 /d Chlorination Drinking (70%) Cleaning milking parlor (17.6%) Cooling cows (sprinklers) (4.2%) Cleaning milking equipment (1.1%) Other services (7.1%) Yard flushing 18.2 m 3 /d 15.1 m 3 /d 3.6 m 3 /d 0.9 m 3 /d 6.1m 3 /d Manure Pit Milk 40.3 m 3 /d Field Anaerobic digestor

10 RESULTS: dairy farm

11 RESULTS and DISCUSSION: dairy farm 700 dairy cows 672,000 kg milk/month 2,580 m 3 water/month Authors L water/kg milk Hospido et al., Drastig et al., Capper et al., L water/kg milk

12 RESULTS: dairy farm Parameter Trough After cleaning milking machine After cleaning milking parlor Yard flushing Conductivity, ms/cm ph Suspended solids, mg/l < 10-7,300 30,400 Turbidity, NTU Coliforms, cfu/100ml E.coli, cfu/100ml N Kjeldhal, mg N/L ,219 COD, mg O 2 /L ,724 BOD, mg O 2 /L ,525

13 RESULTS: pig fattening unit Source: Public net Total water consumed: 7 m 3 /d Chlorination not always Unit cleaning (3.8%) Drinking water (96.2%) 0.27m 3 /d 6.1 m 3 /d Manure heap and field

14 RESULTS: broiler unit Source: Groundwater Total consumption: 3.5 m 3 /d Purification membranes Chlorination not always Unit cleaning (18.5%) Drinking water (81.5%) Field

15 RESULTS: pig and broiler unit Parameter Pig trough After cleaning the facility (pig) Broiler trough After cleaning the facility (broiler) Conductivity, ms/cm ph Suspended solids, mg/l ,320 Turbidity, NTU > 800 Coliforms, cfu/100ml E.coli, cfu/100ml N Kjeldhal, mg N/L COD, mg O 2 /L - 18, BOD, mg O 2 /L - 17,

16 DISCUSSION Cleaning 3% PIGS Milk processing Cleaning 11% 7% COWS Drinking 97% Cleaning 19% POULTRY Drinking 82% Drinking 81%

17 DISCUSSION Legislation requires drinking water for livestock animals to be fresh, clean and nonhealth risk, but not specifically for a potable source Legislation requires water for cleaning the milking-machine, udder and cow teats come from a potable source

18 DISCUSSION Parameter Cow trough Pig trough Broiler trough Potable water Conductivity, ms/cm ph > ph > 9.5 Suspended solids, mg/l < Turbidity, NTU Coliforms, cfu/100ml E.coli, cfu/100ml N Kjeldhal, mg N/L

19 DISCUSSION Pathogen /Chemical agent: Pathogens: parasites, viruses, bacteria, algae toxins Accumulation metals and organic compounds Other pollutants: hormones, antibiotics, pesticides Associated disease: Gastroenteritis, Respiratory disease, Typhoid fever, Dysentery, Cholera, Meningitis, Hepatitis, Amebiasis, Taeniasis, Trichuriasis Adverse effects: Toxic effect, carcinogenic, teratogenic and/or mutagenic effect, bioaccumulation,

20 DISCUSSION EXAMPLE: Use of reclaimed water in Victoria Primary treatment not considered its use Secondary treatment minimum for most agricultural and municipal reclaimed water uses Tertiary treatment to reduce pathogens to very low levels

21 DISCUSSION EXAMPLE: Use of reclaimed water in Victoria RISKS Key parameters E.Coli Turbidity Suspended solids BOD ph Cl 2 N, P USES Urban Agricultural Industrial

22 DISCUSSION Minimum Reclaimed WATER CLASS for Dairy cattle grazing & livestock drinking in Australia: Class Treatment processes Water quality objectives Reclaimed water quality monitoring B Secondary treatment + Pathogen disinfection Suggested best practice: UV, chlorination or ozonation (and helminth reduction) Bacteriological criteria: <100 E.coli org/100 ml Helminth and other pathogens: Helminth reduction for cattle grazing with pondage or disinfection system. Others: ph 6 9 < 20 mg/l BOD < 30 mg/l SS ph, BOD, SS weekly E.coli weekly Disinfection systems daily Nitrogen, phosphorous

23 DISCUSSION Treated Wastewater Reuse Regulations EU LEVEL It is not a Directive. Guidelines: Water Reuse in Europe: Relevant guidelines, needs for and barriers to innovation (2014) An EU regulatory instrument for water reuse is planned to be developed by 2015 At national Level: Royal Decree 1620/2007 of December 7 th, which lays down the legal regime for the reuse of treated wastewater, establishes both the basic requisites for water reuse, and the necessary procedures to obtain the concessions and authorizations

24 DISCUSSION Treated Wastewater Reuse Regulations The most restrictive

25 DISCUSSION Spanish standards for reclaimed water in agriculture (Royal Decree 1620/2007): APPLICATIONS 2.1 Irrigation of fresh products for human consumption allowing direct contact of regenerated water with edible parts. 2.2 Irrigation of not fresh products for human consumption not avoiding direct contact of regenerated water with edible parts (with industrial posttreatment). Irrigation of pastureland for milk or meat producing animals. Aquaculture 2.3 Localized irrigation of ligneous crops impeding contact of regenerated water with food for human consumption. Irrigation of ornamental flowers and greenhouses with no direct contact of regenerated water with crops E.Coli CFU/100 ml Nematodes eggs/10l Legionella spp CFU/l SS mg/l Turbidity (NTU) Treatment train <100 <1 < Chemical precipitation, depth filtration and disinfection (ultraviolet radiation together with chlorination); residual chlorine may be needed in distribution system <1000 <1 No limit set 35 No limit set <10000 <1 < No limit set Filtration and disinfection (tendency to use ultraviolet radiation followed by residual chlorine) No standards for livestock drinking in Spain

26 NEXT STEPS: demonstration Primary Settling Caldes de Montbui WWTP Activated Sludge Clarification Caldes de Montbui WWTP Effluent: ph mg/l BOD 14.3 mg/l SS 8.9 NTU At WWTP Storage Tank UF Module Membrane treatment + Disinfection: UF + UV + Cl? At IRTA Storage Tank UV Lamp Storage Tank Chlorination Tank 100 L/d Livestock watering: Bacteriological criteria: <100 E.coli org/100 ml Helminth and other pathogens: Disinfection system for pathogen reduction Others: ph 6 9 < 20 / 30 mg/l BOD / SS 8 Australian legislation (State Government Victoria) Water from municipal sewerage treatment plants is treated by a combination of disinfection methods including lagooning, filtration, chemical treatment (e.g. chlorine) and UV disinfection.

27 CONCLUSIONS The use of reclaimed water from a wastewater treatment plants for livestock drinking purposes, seems the most feasible option to reuse water in farms. The use of the secondary effluent, plus an ultrafiltration with membranes, and an UV and a chlorination disinfection treatment is the proposal to reach the standards proposed by Australian law for livestock drinking purposes

28 Thank you for your attention