Bioenergy: Current Status, Promising Directions and Barriers to Wider Deployment

Transcription

1 15 April 2014, UNSW Bioenergy: Current Status, Promising Directions and Barriers to Wider Deployment Dr Stephen Schuck Bioenergy Australia Manager Tel/Fax: (02)

2 Biomass comes in many forms Sewage and manure Agricultural residues (e.g. bagasse, straw) Portion of urban wastes Sawmill wastes Purpose grown woody,herbaceous and oil energy crops (e.g. Pongamia pinnata) Woody weeds (e.g. Camphor laurel, Acacia nilotica) Processing wastes (e.g. black liquor, peach pips) Macro and micro-algae Common thread photosynthesis

3 Pongamia pods Chipping wastes Urban Wood Wastes Algae Source: Earthrise Nutraceuticals LLC, California

4 Total Primary Energy Contributions Biomass provides ~10% of TPES or 55 EJ Technical potential 1,500 EJ by 2050 Sustainability consideration EJ

5 Global Bioenergy Facts Bioelectricity now amounts to 83 GW capacity (way larger than Australia s total coal fired power capacity) In 2012, approx. 350 TWh bioelectricity generated world wide (cf national renewables target of 45 TWh from all sources by 2020) Globally bioethanol production was 83.1 billion litres and biodiesel 22.5 billion litres in Liquid biofuels provide 3.4% of global road transportation fuels. In Australia this is less than one percent. Biomass provides approx. 4% of TPES and 0.9% of Australia s electricity (~900 MW).

6 United States Germany Brazil China Japan Sweden United Kingdom Finland Italy Canada Netherlands Poland Denmark Austria Belgium France Spain India Thailand Portugal Australia Bioelectricity Generation 20 leading countries plus Australia TWh/a on average (source REN21)

7 A Few Things Bioenergy Provides Greenhouse gas reduction Dispatchable base load power Regional development and employment Salinity mitigation and land repair Security of supply indigenous resource Weed control Fire hazard reduction Biodiversity and animal habitat Odour control Waste management

8 Conversion Pathways

9 Scale of Bioenergy Combustion Systems

10 Wood Pellets International trade in biomass pellets has mushroomed in recent years, to approx. 15 Mt/a at the present time.

11 Cofiring Trial Delta Electricity Major conversions to 100% biomass: Drax unit 2,UK 400 MW Burger, Ohio, USA Atikokan, Ontario, Canada Les Awirs converted from coal to 100 % pellets

12 Bega Cheese Boiler House and Fuel Storage Process Heat Examples 60 MWth Fluidised Bed Combustor at Nestle, Gympie, Qld BEA11 conference tour

13 270 kwe ORC at Gympie Timber BEA11 conference tour Source: Turboden

14 Macadamia Nut Shell Project Gympie Qld 1.5 MW pinhole grate unit

15 Simmering 23 MWe Wood Biomass Power Plant Vienna, Austria Wanze Biorefinery 22 MWe Boiler - fired on wheat bran

16 Australian Example of a Grate Boiler Condong Sugar Mill NSW - 30 MW

17 Alhomens Kraft 550 MWth, 240 MWe CFBC plant - Finland

18 Multi-fuel Unit AVEDØRE 2 CHP Plant 10 km south of Copenhagen Opened 2002; 505 MW e and 565 MW th USC boiler 310 bar Multifuel capability: straw, wood pellets, natural gas, oil and coal Separate straw boiler 40 MW e and 50 MW th. Straw 200,000 t/a 300,000 tonnes/a wood pellets. Efficiency up to 94%

19 Gasifier types, sizes & efficiencies Efficiency to electricity (%) Downdraft Pressure CFB Entrained flow CFB 2 fluid bed Fluid bed Rotary kiln etc Updraft 0 10kWe 100kWe 1MWe 10MWe 100WMe

20 Development and demonstrations of small-scale gasifiers in Australia. ID Gasifiers and Forestry Tasmania. Dual fired genset in Huon Valley,Tas.

21 Güssing - Austria CHP gasification plant Cogeneration Unit 2 MW e 4.5 MW th Electrical efficiency 25% Overall efficiency 81.3% Progressed to further, larger plants

22 AMER Centraal gasifier - adjacent to 900 MW coal fired unit Co-firing wood gas: 83 MWth fuel input

23 Anaerobic Digestion combustible biogas Range of sizes and complexities

24 Biogas (~200 MW) Carrum Downs Waste Water Treatment Plant, Melbourne AJ Bush Digester and Gas Engine, Bromelton, Qld

25 Trends - Stationary Bioenergy Technologies Basic & applied R&D Demonstration Early commercial Commercial Biomass densification Torrefaction Pyrolysis Pelletization Biomass to heat Gasification Combustion (in boilers & stoves) Combustion ORC, Stirling Engine Steam cycle Gasification IGFC IGCC, IGGT Gasification + Steam Cycle Co-firing Indirect co-firing Parallel co-firing Direct co-firing Anaerobic Digestion Microbial fuel cells 2-stage AD 1-stage AD

26 Advanced Biofuels Two Main Technology Platforms Biochemical: conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose to sugars and fermentation to alcohol fuels Thermochemical: gasification to syngas and synthesis to fuels; pyrolysis and hydrothermal routes for bio-oils and bio-crudes. Advanced biofuels aim to reduce costs, broaden range of feedstocks and hence allow increase in scale.

27 Pre-treatment Saccharification Fermentation of C5 & C6 Sugars Ethanol Biomass (CH2O)n Methanol Synthesis DME Synthesis BTL syndiesel Transport Fuels Drying Gasification Cleaning Synthesis Gas Advanced Liquid Biofuels

28 Pyrolysis Bio-oil Dark brown mobile liquid Combustible Not miscible with hydrocarbons Heating value ~ 17 MJ/kg (60%v diesel) Density ~ 1.2 kg/l Acidic, ph ~ 2.5 Pungent odour Main use is towards upgrading for transportation fuels

29 KiOR wood to fuel plant in Mississipi Enerkem MSW to Ethanol Plant in Alberta Canada under construction Examples of Advanced Biofuels Developments Beta Renewables Ethanol Plant in Crescentino, Italy

30 Myths and Issues Food vs fuel. <3% arable land dedicated to energy issues due to many factors, e.g. poor harvests, high energy costs, rising prices, poverty, rising demand, food cartels, lack on investment in agriculture. Target marginal land, algae, use of wastes (e.g. Manildra, Wilmar) Land use and land use change. Integrated production. See Ecofys studies for IEA, UN. Burn native forests. 1 REC produced in 13 years. Ethanol power and damage to vehicles. In % of vehicles okay for ethanol. RON 113 vs 91 for RULP. Void car warrantees by using biofuels. GHG effectiveness. For power 5-50 gco2eq/kwh.

31 Some Barriers Related to Policies Sovereign risk e.g. RET review and treatment of biomass in its various forms; excise on biofuels. No recognition of thermal energy in national target focus on energy services. No Feed-in Tariffs appropriate for bioenergy. No mandate for liquid biofuels (except NSW where mandate is voluntary). Bioenergy at intersection of several portfolios agriculture, forestry, energy, water, infrastructure

32 BIOENERGY IN AUSTRALIA Status and Opportunities Major 345 page report launched at Bioenergy Australia 2012 annual conference in Nov. Available as a free download from web page. by Colin Stucley, Stephen Schuck, Ralph Sims, James Bland, Belinda Marino, Michael Borowitzka, Amir Abadi, John Bartle, Richard Giles, Quenten Thomas

33 Conclusions World-wide 83,000 MW bioelectricity Australia has some 700 MW of all forms of bioelectricity capacity Globally 83 Gl bioethanol and 22 Gl biodiesel Large, unrealised potential in Australia To learn more engage with Bioenergy Australia