Stabilization of expansive soil treated with tile waste

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1 Stabilization expansive soil treated with tile waste Sumayya k.p#1 Mohammed Rafeequedheen.k*2 Sameer v.t*3 Firoz*4 Khais p.t*5 Jithin k*6 # Faculty Civil Department, RCET Akkikavu, India *Student Civil Department, RCET Akkikavu, India For any pavement, subgrade suitability. Swelling expansive soils causes layer is very important and it has to be serious problems and produces harm to many Abstract - strong to support entire wheel load. To structures. Many research organizations are doing extensive work on waste materials concerning work on soils, we need to have proper viability and environmental suitability. Expansive knowledge about ir properties and clays are most problematic soils due to ir factors unique which affect ir behavior. Swelling expansive soils causes serious problems. By consolidating under load alternate swell-shrink behavior with fluctuations in moisture content. World over, many case studies failed structures built on expansive soils have been reported. The situation in India is and changing volumetrically along with also no different with extensive coverage seasonal se expansive soils that occupy almost one fifth problems are manifested through swelling, geographical land area. It is an established fact that shrinkage and unequal settlement. In this suitable moisture variation, paper experimental study is planning site conditions are not available everywhere due to wide variations in subsoil specially presence treacherous soils pose a to do on expansive soil with treated tile challenge to civil engineers. To put waste. A study is planning to check infrastructure in position, re is no or-go but to improvements improve sub soil for expected loads and make expansive soil with tile waste in varying m suitable for type construction planned. in properties percentages by adding an increment. Furr, it is to be stated that road alignment is constrained due to accessibility and connectivity criteria, which invariably may encounter expansive Keywords: Tile waste, OMC, MDD, UCS, CBR soils enroute and hence it becomes imminent to improve ir load carrying capacities due to traffic I. INTRODUCTION operations with suitable treatment to in-situ soil in general and expansive soils in particular. The Expansive soils are so widespread that it becomes impossible to construction.many avoid m highway for agencies, highway private organizations and researches are doing extensive studies on waste materialsand research projects concerning ir feasibility and environmental earlier ceramics were pottery objects made from clay, eir by itself or mixed with or materials, hardened in fire. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to create a colored, smooth surface. The potters used to make glazed tiles with clay, hence tiles are called as ceramic tiles. Page 67

2 R. Ali (12) studied by effect Monica Malhotra (13) studied by marble dust and bagasse ash on stabilization Expansive soils always create problems more for expansive soils. Expansive soils are always lightly loaded structures than moderately loaded characterized by ir high expansion, high structures. By consolidating under load and moisture high changing volumetrically along with seasonal shrinkage on drying along with wide polygonal moisture variation, se problems are manifested cracks through content, and high sufficient compressibility, swelling on wetting. swelling, shrinkage and unequal Expansive soils (problematic soil) are present in settlement. From results it is clear that a change different parts world and extensively found expansive soil texture takes place. When in many locations particularly in Pakistan. In KPK lime & fly ash are mixed with expansive soil, province we select five different sites and collect Plastic limit increases by mixing lime and soil sample and determine ir index properties. liquid limit decreases by mixing fly ash, which While selecting sites we visually inspect soil decreases plasticity index. As amount fly ash and collect soil sample from area having wide & lime increases re is apparent reduction in cracks in soil in dry condition. From index modified dry density & free swell index and properties all soil samples, soil were increase in optimum moisture content. It can be classified as expansive soil having liquid limit concluded that mixing lime & fly ash in greater than 5 and plasticity index greater than specific proportion with expansive soil is an. effective way to tackle problem shrinkage, M Muthu Kumar (15) studied by waste marble swelling and unequal settlement. dust which is byproduct marble industry, is Akshaya Kumar Sabat studied effect used for soil stabilization. Utilization waste polypropylene fiber on engineering properties marble powder may reduce disposal problem rice husk ash lime stabilized expansive soil. He and preserve ecological system. Use marble concluded that addition Rice Husk and Lime powder is used to improve Engineering decreases MDD and increases OMC property expansive soil, thus making it more expansive soil. MDD goes on decreasing and OMC stable and also to stabilize soil with a very low goes increasing with increase in percentage cost material. The marble powder has very high polypropylene fiber in rice husk ash lime lime (CaO) content and is reported Many stabilized expansive soil. Addition rice husk ash researchers. We have added marble powder to and lime increases UCS and soaked CBR expansive soil as 5%, 15%,, 25% and expansive soil with addition polypropylene studied compaction characteristics and strength fiber. characteristics. The maximum unconfined compressive strength clay is 215kN/m2 at Akshaya Kumar Sabat (14) studied by Expansive soil is a problematic soil for civil 15% marble powder engineers because its low strength and cyclic The Marble Powder is added about 15% to soil swell-shrink behavior. Stabilization using solid as strength. The expansive soil was modified in to wastes is one different methods treatment, low plasticity and silty behavior. to improve engineering properties and make it suitable for construction. The beneficial effects some prominent solid wastes as obtained in 61 Page 68

3 laboratory studies, in stabilization expansive soil used for soil stabilization. Tile waste is Stabilization expansive soil using solid wastes readymade material, cheap, easy laying in field improves geotechnical properties expansive and biodegradable. soil. Majority researchers have discussed effects stabilization on index properties, compaction properties, UCS, CBR and swelling properties expansive soil. The effects stabilization on, consolidation properties, shear strength, splitting tensile strength, stiffness and hydraulic conductivity expansive soil have not been studied by most researchers. Investigations on, effects contaminants on III. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME A. Materials 1) Expansive soil Expansive soils contain minerals such as clays that are capable absorbing water. When y absorb water y increase in volume. The more water y absorb more ir volume increases. This change in volume can exert enough force on a soil, building or or structure to cause damage. mineralogical studies, durability and economic Expansive soils will also shrink when y dry aspect stabilization are limited in literature. out. This shrinkage can remove support from Behavior stabilized soil subjected to cyclic buildings or or structures and result in loading is also limited in literature. The methods damaging subsidence. Fissures in soil can also construction utilizing solid wastes are hardly develop. These fissures can facilitate deep found in literature. Results field studies are also penetration water when moist conditions or found to be negligible in literature. runf occurs. This produces a cycle shrinkage II. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE and swelling that places repetitive stress on geotechnical properties stabilized INVESTIGATION structures. Soils with a high percentage swelling A. Objective clay have a very high affinity for water partly To study effect tile waste on ir positive ions. Soils with a high percentage properties soil. To determine suitable material for soil swelling clay have a very high affinity for water partly because ir small size and partly samples collected. because ir small size and partly because To study subgrade strength characteristics stabilized clayey soil by studying variations California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values under soaked and un-soaked conditions B. Scope work because ir positive ions. 2) Tile waste The earlier ceramics were pottery objects made from clay, eir by itself or mixed with or materials, hardened in fire. Later ceramics were In many areas Kerala, main problem in glazed and fired to create a colored, smooth construction is poor bearing capacity surface. The potters used to make glazed tiles with expansive soil. Most se areas are covered clay; hence tiles are called as ceramic tiles. with clay very st consistency. Hence it is The raw materials to form tile consist clay necessary to find some methods to improve minerals mined from earth s crust, natural expansive soil and reby make it suitable for minerals such as feldspar that are used to lower construction. Now day s tile wastes are widely firing temperature, and chemical additives for Page 62 69

4 shaping process. A lot ceramic tiles wastage is mm. The Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) produced during formation, transportation and soil sample was determined. placing ceramic tiles. This wastage or scrap California bearing ratio test under material is inorganic material and hazardous. unsoaked condition was done using obtained Vitrified tiles are latest and largest growing optimum moisture content (OMC) to evaluate industry alternate for many tiling requirements suitability subgrade soil. A graph was plotted across globe with far superior properties between penetration (mm) and load (kg) using compared to natural stones and or man made obtained values. California bearing ratio (CBR) tiles. Hence its disposal is a problem which can be values corresponding to 2.5mm and 5 mm removed with idea utilizing it as an penetration was calculated. The higher se admixture to stabilization. values was taken as CBR value. A ceramic tile is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid Sample was prepared by replacing prepared by action heat and subsequent expansive soil by hand rammed tile waste cooling. Ceramic materials may have crystalline or 4.25mm passing and 75 micron retained. The partly crystalline structure, or may be amorphous. rammed tile waste replacing in percentage, The tile waste mainly consisting Cao and Silica.,,. The each sample is compacted Tiles waste was collected from a local industry using Modified proctor test and Optimum Moisture Euro-Tech Pvt. Changaramkulam, Malappuram Content (OMC) each soil sample was district, Kerala. Ceramic tile waste are cheap and determined. California bearing ratio test was done non-reusable all by replacing expansive soil with tile waste. The construction area and easy to collect. By using California bearing ratio (CBR) values were noted. ceramic tile waste to reduce waste materials The California bearing ratio (CBR) test is also to be in earth and economical. conducted under soaked condition. Then, test IV. Methodology Experiment was repeated by replacing tile waste by material, it is shown in percentages,,, and. The material used in this project is expansive soil which is taken from paddy field. Tile wastes are used throughout this project to reinforce soil. Tile waste was obtained from Euro-Tech Pvt. California bearing ratio (CBR) values corresponding to 2.5mm and 5 mm penetration was calculated. Table I Basic Properties Expansive Soil The natural water content given expansive Specific gravity 2.68.Liquid limit was obtained using Casagrande s Water Content 75. apparatus. Plastic limit was determined by rolling Liquid Limit.56% Plastic Limit 32.26% and using mercury. The soil samples are compacted Plasticity Index % using Modified proctor test. About 6 kg soil Shrinkage limit 12. soil is obtained. Consistency limits were obtained soils into threads 3 mm diameter. Shrinkage limits was found out by preparing shrinkage pats passing through 4.75 mm sieve is compacted in a Heavy mould 1 mm diameter and mm height using a rammer 4.89 kg with a free drop 4 Maximum Dry density (g/cc) 1.5 g/cc 63 Page 7

5 Optimum Moisture Content 16.7% Light Maximum Dry density (g/cc) 1.54 g/cc Optimum Moisture Content.2% Penetration Penetration 3.41% Indian Standard System Classification CI Fig.3 Graph Dry density Vs Water content FLOW CURVE LOAD VS PENETRATION LOAD (KG) WATER CONTENT (%) PENITRATION (MM) NUMBER OF BLOWS (N) Fig.4 Graph Dry Load Vs Penetration V. Results and Discussion Fig. 1 Flow Curve A. Effect tile waste on liquid limit Particle size Distrbution curve. expansive soil 8. Liquid Limit 35 Fig.2 Particle Size Distribution Curve using Percentage finer % Particle size D,mm.1.1 Hydrometer Test 1 Table II Results Liquid Limit Page 64 71

6 C. Effect tile waste on Shrinkage limit expansive soil Liquid Limit Shrinkage Limit Fig.5 Result variation Liquid Limit B. Effect tile waste on Plastic Table IV Results Plastic Limit limit expansive soil Plastic Limit Shrinkage Limit Table III Results Plastic Limit Fig.7 Result variation Plastic Limit D. Effect tile waste on dry density and moisture content expansive soil Table V OMC and MDD for different percentage Tile waste for Expansive Soil 35 Plastic Limit 25 % Tile Waste OMC (%) MDD (g/cc) Fig.6 Result variation Plastic Limit Page 72 5

7 Optimum Moisture content Table VI UCS for different percentage Tile waste for Expansive Soil Fig.8 Fig.6 Result variation OMC UCS Max. Dry Density value Fig. Fig.6 Result variation UCS 1.55 F. Effect tile waste on California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value expansive soil LOAD VS PENETRATION Fig.9 Fig.6 Result variation MDD percentage Tile waste, it was found that Tile waste was found to be optimum, as it gives Maximum Dry Density. In later experimental studies, this optimum value is taken along with load (kg) From compaction test carried out on various various percentages and aspect ratios tile. E. Effect tile waste on Unconfined Compressive Strength expansive soil UCS Penetration in mm Fig.11 Load Vs Penetration Curve for Soil with adding tile waste Page 73 66

8 Table VII CBR Value for different percentage Tile waste for Expansive Soil The liquid limit, plastic limit and shrinkage limits was found to be.56%, CBR value 32.26% and 12. respectively Using Indian standard classification system, soil was classified as expansive soil (inorganic clay high plasticity). The optimum moisture content for 4.88 expansive soil sample is.2%. Using this optimum moisture content, California bearing ratio test was done and its value is 3.46% Addition tile waste up to decreases values liquid limit, CBR value plastic limit and optimum moisture content. And increases values shrinkage limit, maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio (CBR). After addition tile waste values are opposing corresponding 5 values and lose soil properties. Fig.12 Result variation CBR So from obtained results preferable addition tile waste is From CBR test carried out on various having percentage Tile waste, it was found that maximum stabilization and economic considerations for expansive Tile waste was found to be Maximum CBR value. soil. In later experimental studies, this optimum value is taken along with various percentages and that ACKNOWLEDGEMENT aspect ratios tile. Every success stands as a testimony not VI. CONCLUSIONS only to hardship but also to hearts behind it. Likewise, present project work has been The various samples soils were collected from paddy field. undertaken and completed with direct and indirect help from many people and we would like to The natural water content expansive acknowledge same. soil sample was obtained as 75.3% by oven drying method. pleasure The specific gravity expansive soil sample was found to be First and foremost we take immense respected in thanking Principal, Dr. Management Priestly Shan, providing us with wider facilities. Page and for

9 We express our sincere thanks to Dr. heartfelt thanks to our beloved parents for ir Surendran A, Head Department Civil blessings, our friends / classmates for ir help and engineering for giving us opportunity to present wishes for successful completion this this project and for timely suggestions. project. We wish to express our deep sense Above all we would like to thank Almighty God for blessings that helped us to gratitude to project coordinators complete this venture smoothly. Mr. Muhammed Shareef K, Asst.Pressor & Mr. Mahesh K.M, Asst.Pressor, in Department Civil Engineering, who coordinated in right path. Words are inadequate in fering our thanks to Mrs. Sumayya K.P, Asst. Pressor, Department Civil Engineering, for his encouragement and guidance in carrying out project. Needless to mention that teaching and non teaching faculty members had been a source inspiration and timely support in conduct REFERENCES [1] T.Geeta Rani. Strength Behavior Expansive Soil Treated with Tile Waste.Volume, Issue 12 (December 14), PP.5257 [2] R. Ali1. Expansive Soil Stabilization Using Marble Dust and Bagasse Ash. International Journal Science and Research (IJSR) [3] Monica Malhotra, Stabilization Expansive Soils Using Low Cost Materials International Journal Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 2, Issue 11, May 13. [4] Akshaya Kumar Sabat. Stabilization expansive soil using industrial solid wastes Vol. 19 [14], Bund. [5] G Radhakrishnan. Swelling Properties Expansive Soils Treated with Chemicals and Fly ash. American Journal Engineering Research (AJER), Volume-3, Issue-4, pp-2452 [6] Holtz, W.G. and Gibbs, H.J., "Engineering Properties Expansive Clays", Transactions ASCE, Vol. 121, 1956, pp [7] Alam Singh Soil Engineering in ory and practice, Fundamentals and General Principles Vol. 1, 4th Editio our project. We would also like to express our Page 68 75