NON-ENERGY PRODUCTS FROM FUELS AND SOLVENT USE

Transcription

1 Chapter 5: Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use CHAPTER 5 NON-ENERGY PRODUCTS FROM FUELS AND SOLVENT USE 2006 IPCC Gudelnes for Natonal Greenhouse Gas Inventores 5.1

2 Volume 3: Industral Processes and Product Use Authors Jos G. J. Olver (Netherlands) Domenco Gaudoso (Italy), Mchael Gllenwater (USA), Cha Ha (Canada), Lef Hockstad (USA), Thomas Martnsen (Norway), Maarten Neels (Netherlands), H-chun Park (Republc of Korea), and Tmothy Smmons (UK) Contrbutng Author Martn Patel (Netherlands) IPCC Gudelnes for Natonal Greenhouse Gas Inventores

3 Chapter 5: Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use Contents 5 Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use Introducton Lubrcant use Introducton Methodologcal ssues Choce of method Choce of emsson factors Choce of actvty data Completeness Developng a consstent tme seres Uncertanty assessment Emsson factor uncertantes Actvty data uncertantes Qualty Assurance and Qualty Control (QA/QC), Reportng and Documentaton Qualty Assurance and Qualty Control Reportng and Documentaton Paraffn wax use Introducton Methodologcal ssues Choce of method Choce of emsson factors Choce of actvty data Completeness Developng a consstent tme seres Uncertanty assessment Emsson factor uncertantes Actvty data uncertantes Qualty Assurance and Qualty Control (QA/QC), Reportng and Documentaton Qualty Assurance and Qualty Control Reportng and Documentaton Asphalt producton and use Introducton Methodologcal ssues Completeness Uncertanty assessment Reportng and Documentaton Solvent use IPCC Gudelnes for Natonal Greenhouse Gas Inventores 5.3

4 Volume 3: Industral Processes and Product Use Introducton Completeness Developng a consstent tme seres Uncertanty assessment References Equatons Equaton 5.1 Basc formula for calculatng CO 2 emssons from non-energy product uses Equaton 5.2 Lubrcants Ter 1 method Equaton 5.3 Lubrcants Ter 2 method Equaton 5.4 Waxes Ter 1 method Equaton 5.5 Waxes Ter 2 method Fgures Fgure 5.1 Sectoral allocaton of emssons from lubrcants and waxes Fgure 5.2 Decson tree for CO 2 from non-energy uses of lubrcants Fgure 5.3 Decson tree for CO 2 from non-energy uses of paraffn waxes Tables Table 5.1 Non-energy product uses of fuels and other chemcal products Table 5.2 Default oxdaton fractons for lubrcatng ols, grease and lubrcants n general Box Box 5.1 Asphalt producton and use IPCC Gudelnes for Natonal Greenhouse Gas Inventores

5 Chapter 5: Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use 5 NON-ENERGY PRODUCTS FROM FUELS AND SOLVENT USE 5.1 INTRODUCTION Ths secton provdes methods for estmatng emssons from the frst use of fossl fuels as a product for prmary purposes other than ) combuston for energy purposes and ) use as feedstock or reducng agent. Emssons from the latter two uses are accounted for by methods descrbed n the chemcal ndustry (Chapter 3) and n metal ndustry (Chapter 4). The products covered here comprse lubrcants, paraffn waxes, btumen/asphalt, and solvents. Emssons from further uses or dsposal of the products after frst use (.e., the combuston of waste ols such as used lubrcants) are to be estmated and reported n the Waste Sector when ncnerated or n the Energy Sector when energy recovery takes place. Generally, the methods for calculatng carbon doxde (CO 2 ) emssons from non-energy product uses follow a basc formula, n whch the emsson factor s composed of a carbon content factor and a factor that represents the fracton of fossl fuel carbon that s Oxdsed Durng Use (ODU), e.g., actual co-combuston of the fracton of lubrcants that slps nto the combuston chamber of an engne). Ths concept s appled to oxdaton durng frst use only of lubrcants and paraffn waxes and not to subsequent uses (e.g., energy recovery): EQUATION 5.1 BASIC FORMULA FOR CALCULATING CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM NON-ENERGY PRODUCT USES CO 2 Emssons = ( NEU CC ODU ) 44 / 12 Where: CO 2 Emssons = CO 2 emssons from non-energy product uses, tonne CO 2 NEU = non-energy use of fuel, TJ CC = specfc carbon content of fuel, tonne C/TJ (=kg C/GJ) ODU = ODU factor for fuel, fracton 44/12 = mass rato of CO 2 /C The producton and use of asphalt for road pavng and roofng and the use of solvents derved from petroleum and coal are ether not sources or are neglgble sources of drect greenhouse gas emssons. They are, however, ncluded n ths chapter snce they are sometmes substantal sources of non-methane volatle organc compounds (NMVOC) and carbon monoxde (CO) emssons whch eventually oxdse to CO 2 n the atmosphere. The resultng CO 2 nput can be estmated from the emssons of these non-co 2 gases (see Secton of Volume 1). Whle almost neglgble for asphalt, for solvent use ths may have some sgnfcance. Emssons from any other non-energy product of fossl fuels not descrbed here should be reported under the subcategory 2D4 Other. There may be a rsk that some of the CO 2 emssons calculated for ths source category could be partly accounted for elsewhere. Cases where ths may occur are clearly ndcated n the subsequent sectons and should be crosschecked to avod double countng. Methane (CH 4 ) emssons from the actvtes covered n ths chapter are expected to be mnor or not to occur at all. Although some CH 4 emssons occur from asphalt producton and use for road pavng, no method to estmate CH 4 emssons s provded snce these emssons are expected to be very neglgble. Secton 1.4 of Chapter 1 of ths volume provdes gudance for assessng consstency and completeness of carbon emssons from non-energy and feedstock use of fuels by (a) checkng that non-energy use/feedstock requrements of processes ncluded n the nventory are n balance wth the non-energy use/feedstock supply as recorded n natonal energy statstcs, (b) checkng that total reported bottom-up calculated CO 2 emssons from non-energy use/feedstock sources at dfferent subcategory levels are complete and consstent, (c) documentng and reportng how these emssons are allocated n the nventory. The sources descrbed n ths chapter are part of the verfcaton of completeness of fossl CO 2 from non-energy sources and reportng of ther allocaton IPCC Gudelnes for Natonal Greenhouse Gas Inventores 5.5

6 Volume 3: Industral Processes and Product Use TABLE 5.1 NON-ENERGY PRODUCT USES OF FUELS AND OTHER CHEMICAL PRODUCTS Types of fuels used Examples of non-energy uses Gases covered n ths chapter Lubrcants Paraffn waxes Btumen; road ol and other petroleum dluents Whte sprt 1, kerosene 2, some aromatcs Lubrcants used n transportaton and ndustry; Secton 5.2 Candles, corrugated boxes, paper coatng, board szng, adhesves, food producton, packagng; Secton 5.3 Used n asphalt producton for road pavng and e.g., n roofng; Secton 5.4 As solvent e.g. for surface coatng (pant), dry cleanng; Secton 5.5 CO 2 X X NMVOC, CO X X 5.2 LUBRICANT USE Introducton Lubrcants are mostly used n ndustral and transportaton applcatons. Lubrcants are produced ether at refneres through separaton from crude ol or at petrochemcal facltes. They can be subdvded nto (a) motor ols and ndustral ols, and (b) greases, whch dffer n terms of physcal characterstcs (e.g., vscosty), commercal applcatons, and envronmental fate Methodologcal ssues The use of lubrcants n engnes s prmarly for ther lubrcatng propertes and assocated emssons are therefore consdered as non-combuston emssons to be reported n the IPPU Sector. However, n the case of 2- stroke engnes, where the lubrcant s mxed wth another fuel and thus on purpose co-combusted n the engne, the emssons should be estmated and reported as part of the combuston emssons n the Energy Sector (see Volume 2). It s dffcult to determne whch fracton of the lubrcant consumed n machnery and n vehcles s actually combusted and thus drectly results n CO 2 emssons, and the fracton not fully oxdsed that results frstly n NMVOC and CO emssons (except for the use n 2-stroke engnes, whch s excluded here). For ths reason, these NMVOC and CO emssons are very seldom reported by countres n the emsson nventores. Therefore, for calculatng CO 2 emssons the total amount of lubrcants lost durng ther use s assumed to be fully combusted and these emssons are drectly reported as CO 2 emssons. Regulatons and polces for the dsposal of used ol n most OECD countres often restrct landfllng and dumpng, and encourage the separate collecton of used ol. A small proporton of lubrcants oxdses durng use, but the man contrbuton to emssons s when the waste lubrcants are collected at the end of ther use, n accordance wth country-specfc regulatons, and subsequently combusted. These waste ol handlng emssons, however, are to be reported n the Waste Sector (or n the Energy Sector when energy recovery takes place). Fgure 5.1 llustrates ths. 1 Also known as mneral turpentne, petroleum sprts, ndustral sprt ( SBP ). 2 Also known as paraffn or paraffn ols (UK, South Afrca) IPCC Gudelnes for Natonal Greenhouse Gas Inventores

7 Chapter 5: Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use Fgure 5.1 Sectoral allocaton of emssons from lubrcants and waxes Lubrcants and Waxes Prmary Usage (.e., lubrcaton or for coatng) Carbon released to atmosphere Emssons reported n IPPU Sector Carbon remanng n products Secondary fate after Prmary Usage Carbon released to atmosphere (.e., Combusted for useful Heat/Energy) (.e., Dsposed, landflled, or ncnerated) Carbon released to atmosphere Emssons reported n Energy Sector Emssons reported n Waste Sector Snce CH 4 and N 2 O emssons are very small n comparson to CO 2, these can be neglected for the greenhouse gas calculaton CHOICE OF METHOD There are two methodologcal ters for determnng emssons from the use of lubrcants. Both Ter 1 and Ter 2 rely on essentally the same analytcal approach, whch s to apply emsson factors to actvty data on the amount of lubrcant consumpton n a country (n energy unts, e.g., TJ). The Ter 2 method requres data on the quanttes of dfferent types of lubrcants, excludng the amount used n 2-stroke engnes, n combnaton wth type-specfc Oxdsed Durng Use (ODU) factors to actvty data, preferably country-specfc, whle the Ter 1 method reles on applyng one default ODU factor to total lubrcant actvty data (see decson tree, Fgure 5.2). Snce the default ODU factor s four tmes smaller for greases than for lubrcatng ols, usng a hgher ter method wll prmarly capture the mpact of usng actual fractons of ols and greases n the emsson calculaton. It s consdered good practce to use the Ter 2 method when ths s a key category. Ter 1: CO 2 emssons are calculated accordng to Equaton 5.2 wth aggregated default data for the lmted parameters avalable and the ODU factor based on a default composton of ol and greases n total lubrcant fgures (n TJ unts): EQUATION 5.2 LUBRICANTS TIER 1 METHOD CO 2 Emssons = LC CC Lubrcant ODU Lubrcant 44 /12 Where: CO 2 Emssons = CO 2 emssons from lubrcants, tonne CO 2 LC = total lubrcant consumpton, TJ CC Lubrcant = carbon content of lubrcants (default), tonne C/TJ (= kg C/GJ) ODU Lubrcant = ODU factor (based on default composton of ol and grease), fracton 44/12 = mass rato of CO 2 /C 2006 IPCC Gudelnes for Natonal Greenhouse Gas Inventores 5.7

8 Volume 3: Industral Processes and Product Use Ter 2: The Ter 2 method for lubrcants reles on a smlar equaton, however detaled data on the quanttes consumed per type of lubrcants use (n energy unts, e.g., TJ) and, preferably, country-specfc emsson factors should be used. The emsson factors are composed of fuel type specfc carbon content and the ODU factor: EQUATION 5.3 LUBRICANTS TIER 2 METHOD CO 2 Emssons = LC CC ODU 44 / ( ) 12 Where: CO 2 Emssons = CO 2 emssons from lubrcants, tonne CO 2 LC = consumpton of lubrcant type, TJ CC = carbon content of lubrcant type, tonne C/TJ (= kg C/GJ) ODU = ODU factor for lubrcant type, fracton 44/12 = mass rato of CO 2 /C Lubrcant refers to motor ols/ndustral ols and greases separately, excludng the amount used n 2-stroke engnes. In both ters the carbon contents may be the default value for lubrcants descrbed n Volume 2 (Chapter 1, Table 1.3), or a country-specfc value, f avalable. Fgure 5.2 Decson tree for CO 2 from non-energy uses of lubrcants Start Are data collected for non-energy uses of lubrcants, motor ols and greases? No Collect actvty data. Yes Are country-specfc statstcs avalable on the fates and composton of lubrcants, motor ols and greases? No Yes Estmate CO 2 emssons usng countryspecfc quanttes of lubrcants, excludng the amount used n 2-stroke engnes (see Fgure 5.1 n ths Chapter and Volume 2, Chapter 3 on road transportaton) Box 2: Ter 2 Is Category 2D a key category 1 and s Lubrcant Use a sgnfcant subcategory? No Estmate CO 2 emssons usng the IPCC default oxdaton fracton. Box 1: Ter 1 Yes Collect data for the Ter 2 method. Note: 1. See Volume 1 Chapter 4, Methodologcal Choce and Identfcaton of Key Categores (notng Secton on lmted resources), for dscusson of key categores and use of decson trees IPCC Gudelnes for Natonal Greenhouse Gas Inventores

9 Chapter 5: Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use CHOICE OF EMISSION FACTORS The emsson factor s composed of a specfc carbon content factor (tonne C/TJ) multpled by the ODU factor. A further multplcaton by 44/12 (the mass rato of CO 2 /C) yelds the emsson factor (expressed as tonne CO 2 /TJ). For lubrcants the default carbon contents factor s 20.0 kg C/GJ on a Lower Heatng Value bass. (See Table 1.3 n Chapter 1 of Volume 2. Note that kg C/GJ s dentcal to tonne C/TJ.) It s assumed that use s combuston resultng n 100 percent oxdaton to CO 2, wth no long-term storage of carbon n the form of ash or post-combuston resdue. A small fracton of lubrcatng ols s oxdsed durng use (see Table 5.2). An even smaller fracton of greases are oxdsed durng use. Default ODU factors for ols (20 percent) and greases (5 percent) are based on lmted avalable data (Table 5.2). Ter 1: Havng only total consumpton data for all lubrcants (.e., no separate data for ol and grease), the weghted average ODU factor for lubrcants as a whole s used as default value n the Ter 1 method. Assumng that 90 percent of the mass of lubrcants s ol and 10 percent s grease, applyng these weghts to the ODU factors for ols and greases yelds an overall (rounded) ODU factor of 0.2 (Table 5.2). Ths ODU factor can then be appled to an overall carbon content factor, whch may be country-specfc or the default value for lubrcants to determne natonal emsson levels from ths source when actvty data on the consumpton of lubrcants s known (Equaton 5.2). Ter 2: Those countres wth specfc detals on the specfc quanttes of lubrcants used as motor ols/ndustral ols and as greases can apply dfferent ODU factors, ether the default values of 0.2 and 0.05, respectvely, or ther own ODU factors for lubrcants and greases based on natonal knowledge. These default or country-specfc ODU factors can then be multpled wth the country-specfc carbon content factors or the sngle default IPCC carbon content factor for lubrcants to determne natonal emsson levels (Equaton 5.3). TABLE 5.2 DEFAULT OXIDATION FRACTIONS FOR LUBRICATING OILS, GREASE AND LUBRICANTS IN GENERAL Lubrcant / type of use Default fracton n total lubrcant a (%) ODU factor Lubrcatng ol (motor ol /ndustral ols) Grease IPCC Default for total lubrcants b 0.2 a Excludng the use n 2-stroke engnes. b Assumng 90 percent lubrcatng ol consumpton and 10 percent grease consumpton and rounded to one sgnfcant dgt. Source: Rnehart (2000) CHOICE OF ACTIVITY DATA Data on the non-energy use of lubrcants are requred to estmate emssons, wth actvty data expressed n energy unts (TJ). To convert consumpton data n physcal unts, e.g., n tonnes, nto common energy unts, e.g., n TJ (on a Lower Heatng Value bass), calorfc values are requred (for specfc gudance see Secton of Chapter 1 of Volume 2 on Energy). Basc data on non-energy products used n a country may be avalable from producton, mport and export data and on the energy/non-energy use splt n natonal energy statstcs. Addtonal nformaton may need to be collected to determne the amount of lubrcants beng used n 2-stroke engnes, whch should be excluded from the Ter 2 calculaton n ths source category. For the Ter 2 method, the ndvdual quanttes appled as motor ol/ndustral ols and as greases need to be separately known. For specfc gudance on the data collecton for lubrcants used for 2-stroke engnes, see Chapter 3 on Road Transport of Volume 2: Energy COMPLETENESS Emssons from the use of lubrcants n 2-stroke engnes should be accounted for n the Energy Sector. Any emssons that occur due to oxdaton from post-use combuston or degradaton after dsposal should be accounted for separately n the Waste Sector (or Energy Sector, f combuston s used for energy recovery). To avod double countng and to ensure completeness, the proper allocaton of those emssons not related to the non-combuston usage of lubrcants n the Energy and Waste Sectors should be cross-checked IPCC Gudelnes for Natonal Greenhouse Gas Inventores 5.9

10 Volume 3: Industral Processes and Product Use DEVELOPING A CONSISTENT TIME SERIES Emssons from lubrcants should be calculated usng the same method and data sets for every year n the tme seres Uncertanty assessment EMISSION FACTOR UNCERTAINTIES The default ODU factors developed are very uncertan, as they are based on lmted knowledge of typcal lubrcant oxdaton rates. Expert judgment suggests usng a default uncertanty of 50 percent. The carbon content coeffcents are based on two studes of the carbon content and heatng value of lubrcants, from whch an uncertanty range of about ±3 percent s estmated (U.S.EPA, 2004) ACTIVITY DATA UNCERTAINTIES Much of the uncertanty n emsson estmates s related to the dffculty n determnng the quantty of nonenergy products used n ndvdual countres, for whch a default of 5 percent may be used n countres wth well developed energy statstcs and percent n other countres, based on expert judgement of the accuracy of energy statstcs. If the amount of lubrcants used n 2-stroke engnes, whch s to be subtracted from the total consumpton used here, s not known, the uncertanty n the actvty data wll be hgher and based (too hgh). In countres where a large fracton of the use s n 2-stroke engnes, the uncertanty range n the actvty data n ths secton s much hgher at the lower end, and can be estmated from the estmated share of 2-stroke engnes n the natonal consumpton total Qualty Assurance and Qualty Control (QA/QC), Reportng and Documentaton QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL It s good practce to check the consstency of the total annual consumpton fgure wth the producton, mport and export data. In addton, t s recommended to compare the amounts dscarded, recovered and combusted and the amount used n 2-stroke engnes, f avalable, wth total consumpton fgures n the calculaton to check the nternal consstency of actvty data and ODU factors used n the calculaton of dfferent source categores across sectors REPORTING AND DOCUMENTATION It s good practce to report and document: The total amount of lubrcants produced, mported, exported, consumed, and dscarded are to be reported when avalable. In addton, the amount used for 2-stroke engnes and subtracted should be reported. If the latter nformaton s not avalable or not used n the emsson calculaton ths should be reported. When usng the Ter 2 method, the consumpton data should be reported per type of lubrcant used n the calculaton. If the default ODU factor s used, ths should be noted n the reportng documentaton. If a country-specfc emsson factor for lubrcants was developed, n other words, f a country-specfc ODU factor and/or country-specfc carbon contents fracton s used, the correspondng data should be provded wth an explanaton of how ths was measured. The allocaton of CO 2 emssons from lubrcants n Table 1.6 on the allocaton of CO 2 from non-energy use of fossl fuels (see Chapter 1 of ths volume) IPCC Gudelnes for Natonal Greenhouse Gas Inventores

11 Chapter 5: Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use 5.3 PARAFFIN WAX USE Introducton The category, as defned here, ncludes such products as petroleum jelly, paraffn waxes and other waxes, ncludng ozokerte (mxtures of saturated hydrocarbons, sold at ambent temperature). Paraffn waxes are separated from crude ol durng the producton of lght (dstllate) lubrcatng ols. Paraffn waxes are categorsed by ol content and the amount of refnement Methodologcal ssues Waxes are used n a number of dfferent applcatons. Paraffn waxes are used n applcatons such as: candles, corrugated boxes, paper coatng, board szng, food producton, wax polshes, surfactants (as used n detergents) and many others. Emssons from the use of waxes derve prmarly when the waxes or dervatves of paraffns are combusted durng use (e.g., candles), and when they are ncnerated wth or wthout heat recovery or n wastewater treatment (for surfactants). In the cases of ncneraton and wastewater treatment the emssons should be reported n the Energy or Waste Sectors, respectvely (see Fgure 5.1) CHOICE OF METHOD There are two methodologcal ters for determnng emssons and storage from paraffn waxes. Both Ter 1 and Ter 2 rely on essentally the same analytcal approach, whch s to apply emsson factors to actvty data on the amount of paraffn waxes consumed n a country (n energy unts, e.g., TJ). The Ter 2 method reles on determnng the actual use of paraffn waxes and applyng a country-specfc ODU factor to actvty data, whle the Ter 1 method reles on applyng default emsson factors to actvty data (see decson tree, Fgure 5.3). Ter1: CO 2 emssons are calculated accordng to Equaton 5.4 wth aggregated default data for the lmted parameters avalable: EQUATION 5.4 WAXES TIER 1 METHOD CO 2 Emssons = PW CC Wax ODUWax 44 /12 Where: CO 2 Emssons = CO 2 emssons from waxes, tonne CO 2 PW = total wax consumpton, TJ CC Wax = carbon content of paraffn wax (default), tonne C/TJ (= kg C/GJ) ODU Wax = ODU factor for paraffn wax, fracton 44/12 = mass rato of CO 2 /C Ter 2: The Ter 2 method for paraffn waxes reles on a smlar equaton, however detaled data on the quanttes (possbly also on the types) of paraffn waxes produced (n energy unts) and ther respectve use as well as country-specfc emsson factors should be used: EQUATION 5.5 WAXES TIER 2 METHOD CO 2 Emssons = PW CC ODU 44 / ( ) 12 Where: CO 2 Emssons = CO 2 emssons from waxes, tonne CO 2 PW = consumpton of was type, TJ CC = carbon content of wax type, tonne C/TJ (= kg C/GJ) ODU = ODU factor for wax type, fracton 44/12 = mass rato of CO 2 /C 2006 IPCC Gudelnes for Natonal Greenhouse Gas Inventores 5.11

12 Volume 3: Industral Processes and Product Use Fgure 5.3 Decson tree for CO 2 from non-energy uses of paraffn waxes Start Are data collected for non-energy uses of paraffn waxes? No Collect actvty data. Yes Are country-specfc statstcs avalable on the fates of waxes? Yes Estmate CO 2 emssons usng a country-specfc ODU factor. Box 2: Ter 2 No Is Category 2D a key category 1 and s Paraffn Wax Use a sgnfcant subcategory? No Estmate CO 2 emssons usng the IPCC default ODU factor. Box 1: Ter 1 Yes Collect data for the Ter 2 method. Note: 1. See Volume 1 Chapter 4, Methodologcal Choce and Identfcaton of Key Categores (notng Secton on lmted resources), for dscusson of key categores and use of decson trees CHOICE OF EMISSION FACTORS A country-specfc carbon content or default carbon content of 20.0 kg C/GJ (on a Lower Heatng Value bass) should be appled. (See Table 1.3 n Chapter 1 of Volume 2. Note that kg C/GJ s dentcal to tonne C/TJ.) Ths default value s based on a combuston emsson factor of 73.3 kg CO 2 /GJ (API, 2004). Ter 1: It can be assumed that 20 percent of paraffn waxes are used n a manner leadng to emssons, manly through the burnng of candles, leadng to a default ODU factor of 0.2 (Equaton 5.4). Ter 2: Those countres wth specfc detals on the uses of paraffn waxes n the country can determne ther own country-specfc ODU factors for waxes based on natonal knowledge of the combuston (Equaton 5.5). These factors can be combned wth ether the default carbon contents lsted above or a country-specfc carbon contents f any are avalable CHOICE OF ACTIVITY DATA Data on the use of paraffn waxes are requred to estmate emssons, wth actvty data expressed n energy unts (TJ). To convert consumpton data n physcal unts, e.g., n tonnes, nto common energy unts, e.g., n TJ (on a Lower Heatng Value bass), calorfc values are requred (for specfc gudance see Secton of Chapter 1 of Volume 2 on Energy). Basc data on non-energy products used n a country may be avalable from producton, mport and export data and on the energy/non-energy use splt n natonal energy statstcs. If the reported natonal statstcs do not contan ths as a separate fuel category but nstead only show ths as part of an IPCC Gudelnes for Natonal Greenhouse Gas Inventores

13 Chapter 5: Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use aggregated other ol products category, the natonal statstcal agency should be contacted, snce the ol product statstcs are often collected at a more detaled level COMPLETENESS Emssons from ncneraton (wthout heat recovery) of wax coated boxes fall under the Waste Sector. Any emssons from paraffn waxes that are produced due to energy recovery should be reported n the Energy Sector DEVELOPING A CONSISTENT TIME SERIES Emssons from paraffn waxes should be calculated usng the same method and data sets for every year n the tme seres. If a country-specfc ODU factor s used, nventory complers are encouraged to check whether the mx of applcatons wth emssve and storage fates changes sgnfcantly over tme. If that s the case, the ODU factors used per year should preferably reflect ths change Uncertanty assessment EMISSION FACTOR UNCERTAINTIES The default emsson factors are hghly uncertan, because knowledge of natonal crcumstances of paraffn wax fates s lmted. Ideally, a Ter 2 method would be employed n whch natonal data on the use and fates of waxes can be used as a surrogate to determne the quanttes destned for an emssve fate versus storage fate. The default carbon content coeffcent s subject to an uncertanty range of ±5 percent (U.S.EPA, 2004). However, the ODU factor s hghly dependent on specfc-country condtons and polces and the default value of 0.2 exhbts an uncertanty of about 100 percent ACTIVITY DATA UNCERTAINTIES Much of the uncertanty n emsson estmates s related to the dffculty n determnng the quantty of nonenergy products used and dscarded n ndvdual countres, for whch a default of 5 percent may be used n countres wth well developed energy statstcs and percent n other countres, based on expert judgement of the accuracy of energy statstcs Qualty Assurance and Qualty Control (QA/QC), Reportng and Documentaton QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL It s good practce to check the consstency of the total annual consumpton fgure wth the producton, mport and export data. In addton, the amounts dscarded, recovered and combusted, f avalable, may be compared wth total consumpton fgures n the calculaton to check the nternal consstency of actvty data and ODU factors used n the calculaton of dfferent source categores across sectors REPORTING AND DOCUMENTATION It s good practce to report and document country-specfc emsson factors, f these are used. If a country-specfc emsson factor for waxes was developed, n other words, f a country-specfc ODU factor and/or country-specfc carbon content fracton s used, the local value(s) wth an explanaton of ther dervaton should be provded. If the default ODU factor s used, ths should be noted n the reportng documentaton IPCC Gudelnes for Natonal Greenhouse Gas Inventores 5.13

14 Volume 3: Industral Processes and Product Use 5.4 ASPHALT PRODUCTION AND USE Introducton Ths source category comprses the non-combuston emssons from the producton of asphalt n asphalt plants other than refneres and ts applcaton (such as pavng and roofng operatons as well as subsequent releases from the surfaces). It ncludes asphalt blowng for roofng. The producton and use of asphalt results manly n emssons of NMVOC, CO, SO 2 and partculate matter, whle the fate of the remanng hydrocarbons are stored n the product (much less than one per cent of the carbon s emtted). Emssons from the nstallaton of roofng materals are assumed neglgble. Emssons from the combuston of fuels needed to supply heat to the asphalt processes (producton or heatng of the asphalt mx) are covered under the Energy Sector. Asphalt s commonly referred to as btumen, asphalt cement, or asphalt concrete or road ol and s manly produced n petroleum refneres. In some countres the lad mxed product s also referred to as asphalt but t also known as macadam. In vew of the ambgutes created by dfferng nomenclatures, a sngle set of terms wll be adopted here and appled unformly n the text wthout mplyng any preferences for the terms used (see Box 5.1). BOX 5.1 ASPHALT PRODUCTION AND USE The heavy black and very vscous organc lqud manly produced from refneres and used as a feedstock for the road pavng and roofng materals wll be termed btumen, to dstngush t from the products made from t. Ths also conforms to the termnology used n nternatonal energy statstcs, whch may provde some of the data requred for emssons estmaton. At normal temperatures btumen s n a sem-sold state. It s processed and used as llustrated n the fgure below. Heat Heat Btumen ex refnery Blown Asphalts Ar Aggregates Hot Mx Asphalts Lquefed Asphalts Roofng materals Dluents (gas ol, fuel ol, etc.) Cutback Tack Coats Emulsfed Water/ Soaps Road pavng The dagram shows that btumen may be heated and mxed wth aggregate of varous szes, dluted wth petroleum ols or water/soap emulsons, or heated and blown wth ar to polymerse/stablse t and make t sutable for e.g., the treatment of roofng materals. These wll be termed asphalt processes and ther products wll be referred to as asphalt products Btumen and aggregates are mxed n ether a fxed or moble plant, usually wthn 30 to 50 km of the road surface pavng ste (EAPA, 2003). In ndustralsed countres typcally 80 to 90 percent of btumen s used for the manufacture of road surface pavng (U.S.EPA, 2004). However, n developng countres wth rapd nfrastructural growth, the amount of btumen used for roofng products may be of the same order of magntude IPCC Gudelnes for Natonal Greenhouse Gas Inventores

15 Chapter 5: Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use as those used for road pavng (UNFCCC, 2004). Other uses of asphalt products are as bnder or sealant n the producton of roofng materal, as a foundaton sealant, and other ndustral uses such as ppe coatng. Drect greenhouse gas emssons, e.g., CO 2 or CH 4, assocated wth the producton and use of asphalt are neglgble snce the majorty of the lght hydrocarbon compounds were extracted durng the refnng process to produce commercal fuels. From the EMEP/CORINAIR gudebook t can be concluded that CH 4 emssons from hot mx asphalt and cutback asphalt and from the asphalt roofng ndustry are neglgble (EEA, 2005). Greenhouse gas emssons from the use of recycled asphalt pavements as aggregate for new road pavng are also neglgble Methodologcal ssues Emsson methodologes and default emsson factors for NMVOC and CO are presented n the Road Pavng (SNAP code ), Roofng Materals (SNAP code ) and Asphalt Blowng (SNAP code ) sectons of the EMEP/CORINAIR Emsson Inventory Gudebook (EEA, 2005). It s recommended that users refer to the gudebook when developng detaled NMVOC and CO estmates. (See also Volume 1, Chapter 7 of these Gudelnes.) Note that n EMEP/CORINAIR the emssons from asphalt blowng for roofng are separately accounted for (under mscellaneous chemcal product manufacture wth SNAP code ). Lmestone may be used as part of the aggregate n the asphalt. However, no CO 2 s assumed to be released n the heatng process (see Secton 2.5, Other Process Uses of Carbonates, under Chapter 2 of ths volume). PRODUCTION AND USE OF ASPHALT FOR ROAD PAVING Asphalt pavng consst of a mx of aggregate, sand, fller, btumen and occasonally a number of addtves. Asphalt road surfaces are, thus, composed of compacted aggregate and btumen bnder. Hot Mx Asphalt (HMA) s by far the most wdely used, generally over 80 percent, and produces very few emssons (EAPA, 2003). Other types of road pavng nclude cutback asphalt and emulsfed asphalt, whch are both lquefed asphalts (EEA, 2005). Cutback asphalts are lquefed by blendng wth petroleum solvents (dluents such as heavy resdual ols, kerosene or naphtha solvents) and therefore show a relatvely hgh level of emssons of CO and NMVOC due to the evaporaton of the dluent. Therefore most emssons from road pavng wll arse from the use of cutback asphalts. Dependng on the evaporaton rate, three types are dstngushed: Rapd-Cure (RC), usng a naphtha or gasolne-type dluent of hgh volatlty, Medum-Cure (MC) usng a dluent of medum volatlty and Slow-Cure (SC) cutback asphalt whch use ols of low volatlty. Ths s n contrast to so-called emulsfed asphalt that contans mostly water and lttle or no solvent. The amount of dluent used s usually lower n warm countres than n the cooler clmates, and hence lower emsson factors may be expected n warm countres. Actvty data for hot mx asphalt and producton of cold mxes or modfed asphalt can be obtaned for most European and several other ndustralsed countres from the European Asphalt Pavement Assocaton (EAPA) or natonal pavng and roofng assocatons such as the Asphalt Insttute (EAPA, 2003; Asphalt Insttute, 2004). Hot mx asphalt typcally contans about 8 percent asphalt cement (btumen) (EEA, 2005), but ths may dffer between countres (a fgure of 5 percent has also been reported). For most ndustralsed countres the fracton of cutback asphalt s a few per cent, however several show shares of 5 percent to 12 percent, and exceptonal shares up to 20 percent, or have none (EAPA, 2002; EAPA 2003; U.S. EPA, 2004). If the quantty of asphalt paved s not known but rather the area paved, a converson factor of 100 kg asphalt/m 2 road surface may be used to calculate the mass of asphalt produced. Gases are emtted from the asphalt plant (hot mx, cutback or emulsfed), the road surfacng operatons and subsequently by the road surface. The EMEP/CORINAIR Emsson Inventory Gudebook provded processspecfc uncontrolled emsson factors for the dfferent asphalt plants. ASPHALT ROOFING The asphalt roofng ndustry produces saturated felt, roofng and sdng shngles, roll roofng and sdngs: asphalt shngles, smooth surfaced organc and asbestos felt roll roofng, mneral surfaced organc and asbestos felt roll roofng and sdngs, asphalt saturated organc and asbestos felts, asphalt saturated and/or coated sheetng and asphalt compound. Most of these products are used n roofng and other buldng applcatons. Asphalt felt, roofng and shngle manufacture nvolves the saturaton or coatng of felt. Key steps n the total process nclude asphalt storage, asphalt blowng, felt saturaton, coatng and mneral surfacng, of whch asphalt blowng s ncluded here. Drect greenhouse gas emssons from asphalt roofng products are neglgble compared to emssons such as NMVOC, CO and partculate matter. Asphalt blowng s the process of polymersng and stablsng asphalt to mprove ts weatherng characterstcs. Ar blown asphalts are used n the producton of asphalt roofng products. Blowng may take place n an asphalt 2006 IPCC Gudelnes for Natonal Greenhouse Gas Inventores 5.15

16 Volume 3: Industral Processes and Product Use processng plant or an asphalt roofng plant (or n a refnery) 3. Asphalt blowng leads to the hghest emssons of NMVOC and CO, more than the other process steps. All asphalt used for non-pavng applcatons has been blown (EEA, 2005) Completeness If no emssons are (explctly) avalable for ths source category, t should be checked whether they are already ncluded elsewhere (e.g., n refnery emssons) Uncertanty assessment Although results from the use of more sophstcated methods are consdered as the most accurate, the uncertanty for NMVOC and CO emssons from road pavng and asphalt roofng may be n the range of ±25 percent and larger f the calculaton was not based on detaled actvty and control technology data (from 100 percent to +25 percent). The emsson factors for NMVOC and CO for batch mx and drum mx HMA producton have an uncertanty range of about ±50 percent, whle the default factors for total HMA producton and for cutback asphalt producton and use wll be about ±100 percent uncertan (.e., between -50 percent and +100 percent). When country-specfc emsson factors are used for cutback asphalt producton and pavng, the uncertanty n the emsson factors may be consderably smaller, e.g. n the range of ±50 percent. Producton data for HMA and cutback asphalt may be as accurate as ±10 percent, when based on data compled by the asphalt producton or constructon ndustry. However, when actvty data on cutback asphalt needs to be extrapolated, the uncertantes are very large, snce t has been observed for a number of countres that the amount of cutback asphalt used can vary substantally from year to year; factors of two or more are not rare (EAPA, 2002; EAPA 2003; U.S. EPA, 2004). Also data on the mx of HMA producton plant types and control technology appled as well as on the mx of cutback asphalt types (RC, MC, SC) wll generally be less accurate than total producton data. The uncertanty n producton statstcs of asphalt roofng materal may be as accurate as ±10 percent f accountng s complete. If that s not the case, the uncertanty at the hgh end of the range could be as hgh as 100 percent or more. The default fossl carbon content fracton of NMVOC from asphalt producton and use for road pavng vares between 40 to 50 percent by mass and s about 80 percent for NMVOC from asphalt roofng (calculated from the NMVOC specaton provded n the EMEP/CORINAIR Emsson Inventory Gudebook) Reportng and Documentaton The relatvely small emssons from producton and use of asphalt, ncludng asphalt blowng, should be reported under the subcategory 2D4 Other of ths source category 2D Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use. 5.5 SOLVENT USE Introducton The use of solvents manufactured usng fossl fuels as feedstocks can lead to evaporatve emssons of varous non-methane volatle organc compounds (NMVOC), whch are subsequently further oxdsed n the atmosphere. Fossl fuels used as solvent are notably whte sprt and kerosene (paraffn ol). Whte sprt s used as an extracton solvent, as a cleanng solvent, as a degreasng solvent and as a solvent n aerosols, pants, wood preservatves, lacquers, varnshes and asphalt products. In Western Europe about 60 percent of the total whte sprt consumpton s used n pants, lacquers and varnshes. Whte sprt s the most wdely used solvent n the pant ndustry. 3 In UNECE nventores related emssons are accounted for under mscellaneous chemcal product manufacture (separately for asphalt roofng manufacture/applcaton and for asphalt blowng, SNAP codes and ) or under fugtve emssons from refneres (see EMEP/CORINAIR Emsson Inventory Gudebook), but n the greenhouse gas nventory all emssons, ncludng the precursor emssons, should be reported under the subcategory 2D4 Other IPCC Gudelnes for Natonal Greenhouse Gas Inventores

17 Chapter 5: Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use Methodologes for estmatng these NMVOC emssons can be found n the EMEP/CORINAIR Emsson Inventory Gudebook (EEA, 2005). Ths source category solvent use s treated as a separate category because the nature of ths source requres a somewhat dfferent approach to emssons estmaton than that used for calculatng other emsson categores. For ths reason the 2006 IPCC Gudelnes treats ths also as a separate subcategory. In the EMEP/CORINAIR gudebook the subcategory solvent and other product use group 6 of the Selected Nomenclature for sources of Ar Polluton (SNAP) and s subdvded nto fve subcategores. Excludng the ffth: other product use that refers to F-gases, N 2 O and ammona, whch are covered elsewhere n the IPPU Volume these are: SNAP 0601: Pant applcaton; SNAP 0602: Degreasng, dry cleanng and electroncs; SNAP 0603: Chemcal products manufacturng or processng. Includng the processng of polyester, PVC, foams and rubber, manufacture of pants, nks, glues and adhesves and the fnshng of textle SNAP 0604: Other use of solvents and related actvtes. Includng such actvtes as enducton (.e., coatng) of glass wool and mneral wool, prntng ndustry, fat and ol extracton, uses of glues and adhesves, wood preservaton, domestc solvent use (other than pant applcaton) and vehcle underseal treatment and vehcle dewaxng. Apart from emssons from road transport and, when occurrng, producton and handlng of ol and bofuel combuston, ths source category s often the largest source of natonal NMVOC emssons and ts share may vary between 5 percent and 30 percent, wth a global average of about 15 percent (Olver and Berdowsk, 2001) Completeness Emssons from ths source category can be estmated usng ether a producton-based or consumpton-based approach. If total domestc sales fgures of pants etc. are not avalable, apparent natonal consumpton can be nferred from producton, mports and exports. However, f trade statstcs are not complete, ths may ntroduce a sgnfcant uncertanty n the actvty data. Thus, t s recommended that nventory complers try to ensure that all sgnfcant evaporatve uses of solvent and other product use are addressed by NMVOC emsson estmates Developng a consstent tme seres Usually for ths source category only small annual changes are expected. However, when envronmental polces are mplemented to replace more toxc volatle compounds n solvents (e.g., wth water,) both NMVOC emssons and the fossl carbon content of the NMVOC emssons may change over tme Uncertanty assessment The uncertanty of the NMVOC emssons wll generally be qute large, e.g., about ±50 percent, except for countres that have developed a detaled nventory for these sources, n whch case the uncertanty may be of the order of 25 percent. The default fossl carbon content fracton of NMVOC s 60 percent by mass, based on lmted publshed natonal analyses of the specaton profle (U.S. EPA, 2002; Austra, 2004; Hungary, 2004; Klen Goldewjk et al., 2005). It may vary between 50 and 70 percent carbon by mass, so havng an uncertanty of about ±10 percent. Country-specfc fractons should have a lower uncertanty, e.g., ±5 percent IPCC Gudelnes for Natonal Greenhouse Gas Inventores 5.17

18 Volume 3: Industral Processes and Product Use References API (2004). Compendum of Greenhouse Gas Emssons Methodologes for the Ol and Gas Industry, Amercan Petroleum Insttute (API), Table 4-2. Washngton, DC, February Asphalt Insttute (2004). Webste vsted 19 November Austra (2004). Austra s Natonal Inventory Report Submsson under the Unted Natons Framework Conventon on Clmate Change, Umweltbundesamt, BE-244, Venna. EAPA (2002). European Asphalt Pavement Assocaton,, Asphalt n Fgures Avalable at webste vsted 19 November EAPA (2003). European Asphalt Pavement Assocaton,, Asphalt n Fgures Avalable at webste vsted 19 November EEA (2005). EMEP/CORINAIR. Emsson Inventory Gudebook , European Envronment Agency, Techncal report No 30. Copenhagen, Denmark, (December 2005). Avalable from web ste see: Hungary (2004). Hungaran Natonal Inventory Report for General Drectorate for Envronment, Nature and Water, UN Framework Conventon on Clmate Change, Drectorate for Envronmental Protecton, Budapest. Klen Goldewjk, K., Olver, J.G.J., Peters, J.A.H.W., Coenen, P.W.H.G. and Vreuls, H.H.J. (2005). Greenhouse Gas Emssons n the Netherlands Natonal Inventory Report RIVM Report no /2005. RIVM, Blthoven. Olver, J.G.J. and Berdowsk, J.J.M. (2001). Global emssons sources and snks. In: Berdowsk, J., Guchert, R. and B.J. Hej (eds.) "The Clmate System", pp A.A. Balkema Publshers / Swets & Zetlnger Publshers, Lsse, The Netherlands. ISBN Rnehart, T. (2000). Personal communcaton between Thomas Rnehart of U.S. Envronmental Protecton Agency, Offce of Sold Waste, and Randall Freed of ICF Consultng, July UNFCCC (2004). Emssons data and Natonal Inventory Reports. Webste ghg_nventores/natonal_nventores_submssons/tems/2761. php vsted 19 November U.S. EPA (2002). Natonal Ar Qualty and Emssons Trends Report data, Unted States Envronmental Protecton Agency (U.S. EPA), Research Trangle Park, NC. U.S. EPA (2004). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emssons and Snks: Unted States Envronmental Protecton Agency (U.S. EPA), Washngton, DC IPCC Gudelnes for Natonal Greenhouse Gas Inventores