EurIng Richard Shennan Bsc(Eng) CEng MCIBSE MInstE

Transcription

1 The Application of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage to a City Centre Carbon Emissions Reduction Programme at the South Kensington Cultural and Academic Estate, London, England EurIng Richard Shennan Bsc(Eng) CEng MCIBSE MInstE

2 Introduction to the 1851 Commission The Great Exhibition of 1851 in Hyde Park, London was the world s first international trade fair, and is thought to be the only one ever to have made a profit.

3 The profit was invested in the purchase of land adjacent to Hyde Park, and the 1851 Commission was established to oversee the process of development of the world s largest integrated cultural and academic estate, under the patronage of Prince Albert.

4 The Carbon Masterplan Project Over the years the several great institutions that occupy the 1851 commission land have become largely independent, although a number of heat sharing networks remain in place, particularly amongst the Museums. These institutions are now coming together again in the spirit of the Victorians to invest in the development of a Carbon Masterplan. This project is supported by grant funding from the UK Government, from the Treasury via the Department of Culture Media and Sport.

5 Overall project objectives Record and log data for heat and power energy consumption throughout the estate Provide local feedback and carbon awareness training to staff and students throughout the estate. Investigate the potential for an urban heat sharing network using Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage Investigate the potential for increasing the overall efficiency of Combined Heat and Power by combining loads and by using ATES as a means of using excess summer heat to meet winter space heating demand. Investigate the feasibility of off-site carbon offset by electricity generation from renewable sources. Disseminate the work and the results through the worldwide cultural and academic status of the participating institutions.

6 Technical consultants Fulcrum Consulting is leading the technology studies, working in conjunction with IF Tech International on ATES. Imperial College London are leading the renewable energy power generation study. The Natural History Museum is leading the metering and information processing project.

7 Urban heat networks and ATES Many cities demonstrate simultaneous heat demand from some buildings and heat excess in others.

8 Matching load profiles By introducing ATES, simultaneous heat sharing opportunities can be substantially increased by looking for heat balance over a year.

9 The Dutch Experience The work of IF Technology in Holland has explored the potential in both new developments and existing campuses. At passenger terminal Oostelijke Handelskade in Amsterdam, the load profiles of the various buildings in a single development are summated over a year. At Eindhoven University, new buildings with interseasonal net cooling requirement are connected into a sitewide heat network along with older buildings with net heating requirement.

10 First Steps in the UK Older buildings with a net heat demand can act as the heat rejection devices for new or energy use intensive buildings with a net heat excess, through the application of ATES. This principal is now being introduced into the UK. A typical example is the industrial campus of a major pharmaceutical manufacturer in Cheshire, UK. combined heating and/or cooling system cooling heating cooling/heating building block x building block y building block z C 19 C B B SPF = 5.0 SPF = 4.0 HP HP HE HE HE HE 10 C 18 C 30 C (max.) 7 C 15 C (min.) T = 8K T = 8K cold supply cold return heat supply heat return cold wells 7 C - 10 C Legend: HP = heat pump B = gasfired boiler HE = heat exchanger + = heat demand - = cold demand hot wells 15 C - 20 C

11 The problem of existing building stock At a conventional rate of building replacement in the UK, it would take hundreds of year to replace all buildings with those that meet stringent new Building Regulations introduced in The targets for major reductions in emissions are in the 30 to 40 year range at present, and may get shorter if global warming effects become more marked. The option of overcladding would be suitable for many buildings, but many of our cities are defined by their architecture and overcladding would destroy the heritage.

12 The site The architectural heritage of the 1851 Commission estate is priceless. However new buildings are constantly being added.

13 The proposition New buildings can be purpose-designed to act as a heat source for existing buildings with a net annual heat demand. They can collect heat through passive solar gain, human activity or waste heat from essential commercial activity. This heat can be stored using ATES to be used when required. The older buildings reject heat from the ATES system, recharging the cold store for the following summer, but the heat pases through the buildings on the way out.

14 Cost, climate, community; the project drivers The advent of the Emissions Trading Scheme Rising energy prices The UK Government s Strategy for Combined Heat and Power (CHP) to 2010 The Kyoto Protocol The UK Government s target to reduce carbon dioxide emissions The status and corporate image of the institutions

15 Carbon awareness The project partners will launch an energy awareness campaign comprising the following key elements: Endorsement of the campaign at executive level Appoint a champion for each project partner Appoint sub-champions in each department Provide energy awareness training to all relevant staff Monitor energy use and target reductions in avoidable waste Produce a newsletter showing good practice and results to date Distribute posters in strategic places around the SKCAE Hold exhibitions and special events

16 Overview of methodology Year 1 Identify best value metering strategy Install metering Establish compatibility of existing systems with ATES or CHP options Determine anticipated commercially driven construction projects, either new build or refurbishment over coming 10 years. Assess future trends in load profiles. Engage research partners in renewable energy and CHP integration. Set up internal and external communications mechanisms Carry out testing of aquifer potential

17 Overview of methodology Year 2 Collate detailed load profiles from metering outputs Provide software to convert metering outputs to carbon counting Build ATES design model based on integrated offset load profiles of participating or projected buildings. Determine potential physical locations of boreholes taking into consideration potential aquifer heat flux interaction.

18 Overview of methodology Year 3 Overlay programme for parallel or future projects across the Estate on to the Carbon Masterplan programme to determine the most cost-effective way of making progress over the coming 10 years. Set out parameters for individual building works, both refurbishment and new build, in order to move towards annual balance for heating and cooling demands across the neighbourhood as a whole Correlate carbon reduction and cost parameters to allow sequential decision making over the medium term in order to move towards carbon emissions minimisation within a fundamentally cost driven environment. Define residual Carbon balance and provide model of anticipated reductions in balance over the period of the Carbon Master plan. Based on projected Carbon balance, identify most cost-effective Carbon offset arrangements. Design and present project output dissemination material for use in conjunction with project partner web sites and exhibitions. Provide structure for and deliver staff training for key staff in all partner organisations.

19 Contents of 10 year carbon masterplan Provide 10 year Carbon Masterplan building in the following factors Projected growth Opportunities to reduce emissions through ATES Opportunities to increase primary energy efficiency through optimum application of CHP, in conjunction with ATES where the study suggests Predicted application of on or off-site renewable energy technologies as identified by research partner Collection and use of feedback data Simple and intuitive engagement of staff within partner organisations Adaptability to different methods of procuring capital works, operation and maintenance

20 The Application of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage to a City Centre Carbon Emissions Reduction Programme at the South Kensington Cultural and Academic Estate, London, England EurIng Richard Shennan Bsc(Eng) CEng MCIBSE MInstE