European Biochar Certification State of the art and future challenges

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1 European Biochar Certification State of the art and future challenges January 2013 Vertemate con Minoprio, Italy Bruno Glaser, Martin Luther University Halle halle.de Hans Peter Schmidt, Delinat Institute, 1

2 Critical Topics (risks): - Heavy metal accumulation - Generation of PAH - Phytotoxicity versus beneficial: - Heavy metal adsorption - PAH adsorption - Reduction of pathogen diseases Does biochar solve all of our problems? 2 2

3 PYREG GmbH Carbon Solutions GmbH Carbon Terra GmbH 3R Environmental Technologies Ltd. Do they all produce biochar? 3

4 2009 May 13, 2010: American Power Act Includes Support for Biochar European legislation blocks delivery of sustainable waste-derived biochar for field trials because Waste -derived biochar is also considered waste Urgent need of focussed and synergistic (EU) action 4

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6 Carbon Capture and Storage Biomass Pre/post combustion CO 2 capture Hydrocarbons Combustion / digestion Biomass Geological storage Closed loop processes: Further increase of atmospheric CO 2 concentration Biochar CO 2 Biomass Pyrolysis Energy Solid carbon (Biochar) Open loop process: Extracts CO 2 from the atmosphere (= C negative process!!!) Glaser, B., Parr, M., Braun, C., and Kopolo, G. (2009). Biochar is carbon negative. Nature Geoscience 2,

7 Increased crop production and improved ecosystem services Glaser and Wiedner unpublished Jeffrey et al

8 Plant- and animal-derived biomass Green waste Food production leftovers Food leftovers Forest residues (wood, roots, bark, saw dust etc.) Paper sludge (mainly cellulose) Cotton Biogas digestate Additives (carbonate, lignite, bentonite, stone meal, clay, loam, soil 8 European Biochar Research Network (2012)

9 Publication Scale of estimated MRT (years) Masiello and Druffel, 1998 Millennial (2,400 13,900) Schmidt et al., 2002 Millennial (1,160 5,040) Cheng et al., 2006 Millennial (1,000) Laird, 2008 Millennial (1,000's) Cheng et al., 2008 Millennial (1,335) Kuzyakov et al., 2009 Millennial (2,000) Major et al., 2010 Millennial (3,264) Novak et al., 2010 Millennial (1,400 51,000) Liang et al., 2008 Centennial to millennial (100 10,000's) Zimmerman, 2010 Centennial to millennial ( ,000) Baldock and Smernik, 2002 Centennial ( ) Lehmann et al., 2006 Centennial (100 s 1,000's) Hammes et al., 2008 Centennial ( ) Schneider et al., 2011 Centennial (100 s) Hamer et al Decadal (10's) Nguyen et al Decadal (10's) 9 Andersson et al. 2012

10 EBC IBI 10 Andersson et al. 2012

11 H/C 0.6 and O/C 0.4 Desirable for biochar high aromatic C compounds low amounts of functional groups (carboxyl and hydroxyl) O/C > 0.6 No thermochemical conversion Low stability Wiedner and Glaser (unpublished) 11

12 C O O H C O O H H O O C C O O H C O O H + H O O C C O O H C O O H C O O H Perylene Mellitic acid Hemimellitic acid Glaser et al (1998) 12 Wiedner and Glaser (unpublished)

13 H = Hexane; T = Toluene Total PAH higher with toluene Percentage of 2 and 3 ring PAH higher when extracted with toluene Percentage of 5 and 6 ring PAH higher when extracted with hexane 13 Wiedner et al. EJSS submitted

14 H = Hexane; T = Toluene Total PAH higher with hexane Percentage of 2 and 3 ring PAH higher when extracted with toluene Percentage of 5 and 6 ring PAH higher when extracted with hexane 14 Wiedner et al. EJSS submitted

15 mg / Mg PAH - uptake through barley roots Compost BC compost Soil Blank 30% biochar in compost PAH in biochar 9.1 mg kg-1 15 Hilber and Schmidt unpublished

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17 17 European Biochar Foundation (2012)

18 PAK EPA 16 mg/t Random sampling 120 g real sample PAH EPA 16 mg/t Mixed sampling AAA - 3kg mixed sample Hilber and Schmidt unpublished

19 Independent on-site control (governmentally approved: q.inspecta: Unified analytical methods (authorized labs, e.g. Eurofins) Annual revision of standard by the scientific board of the EBC Legally backed-up Economically viable Close to practice, understandable 19

20 1. Feedstock Positive list 2. Material properties TOC > 50% O/C < 0.4 H/C < 0.6 Black carbon 10-40% of TOC => HTC and activated BC critical 3. Contaminants Heavy metal thresholds PAH < 12 mg kg -1 PCB < 0.2 mg kg-1 PCDD and PCDF < 20 ng kg Standard and premium biochars 1. Feedstock: No contamination 2. Material properties (A) TOC > 60/30/10% (C1,2,3) O/C - H/C < 0.7 ph, EC, texture etc. report 3. Contaminants (B) Heavy metal thresholds PAH < 20 mg kg -1 PCB < 0.5 mg kg1 PCDD and PCDF < 9 ng kg -1 Earthworm avoidance: pass Germination test: pass 4. Soil enhancement analyses (C) Ntot, Nmin, Ptot, Pavail, BET 20