Ni Zhiqing 1, Xuan Zhaohui 2 1 Hangzhou Science and Technology Information Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang,

Transcription

1 [Type text] [Type text] [Type text] ISSN : Volume 10 Issue 9 BoTechnology 2014 An Indan Journal FULL PAPER BTAIJ, 10(9), 2014 [ ] A study of spatal-temporal evoluton of Chna s urban envronmental polluton N Zhqng 1, Xuan Zhaohu 2 1 Hangzhou Scence and Technology Informaton Insttute, Hangzhou, Zhejang, (CHINA) 2 Chnese Academy of Scence and Technology for Development, Bejng, (CHINA) ABSTRACT The problem of envronmental polluton brought by the rapd economc development n Chna caught ncreasngly great attenton of the world. The wde-range of hazy weather snce 2013 has shown the serousness of problem of ts envronmental polluton. Ths paper, usng the Synthetcal Index Method to buld the urban Polluton Index and Urban Economy-Polluton Index, makes the analyss of the envronmental polluton and evolvement features of the 30 major Chnese ctes. Accordng to the results, durng , the pollutants dscharge per unt economc output n ts 30 ctes showed by and large a downward trend. Urban polluton n ths country underwent a development process from concentratng n a handful of ctes to scatterng to more extensve space. Of these ctes, 8 currently fell nto the category of Severty, wth a large amount of dscharge of urban pollutants, beng n the state of extensve growth. In terms of types of pollutants causng urban polluton, there are dfferences between each cty. KEYWORDS Polluton ndex; Urban economy-polluton ndex; Atmospherc polluton; Water polluton; Sold polluton; Temporal and spatal evoluton. Trade Scence Inc.

2 BTAIJ, 10(9) 2014 N Zhqng and Xuan Zhaohu 3281 INTRODUCTION The wde-range and prolonged hazy weather snce 2013 has once agan made promnent the problem of envronmental polluton n Chna s urban areas. Haze belongs, n physcal form, to the atmospherc polluton. In fact, the problem of envronmental polluton n Chnese ctes s not lmted to the atmospherc polluton, and ther water polluton and sold wastes polluton are also serous. Obvously, over 30 years of contnuous and rapd economc growth n Chna was garnered at the sacrfce of ts urban envronment, whch has been on the gradual deteroraton. The extensve haze emergence s a strong sgnal ndcatng that the problem of envronmental polluton n Chnese ctes n recent years has become more serous than ever before. Urban envronmental polluton was not caused by pollutants dscharge of the cty tself, sometmes; for nstance, n hydrologcal terms, ctes located at the upper reaches wll nfluence those at the lower reaches and general atmospherc crculaton wll functon as conveyng ar pollutants. However, the envronmental polluton of a cty s, to a great extent, closely assocated wth ts own pollutants dscharge. In lght of ths, the followng three aspects of research are conducted n ths paper: (1) research on the formaton mechansms and dstrbuton patterns of urban envronmental polluton. Querol X et al studed the sources and formaton of ar polluton n European ctes and dfferences between them [1]. Parkhurst W J et al analyzed the hstorcal data on ar polluton n southeastern Unted States, pontng out the general patterns of formaton of ther pollutants [2]. Lv Pu et al studed the meteorologcal condtons and pollutant sources formed by the hazy polluton n 8 ctes ncludng Bejng [3]. (2) Analyss of the status quo and causes of formaton of urban envronmental polluton n Chna. AnWeshu recently analyzed the trends and hazards of envronmental polluton n Chnese ctes and proposed relevant polcy suggestons for controllng urban envronmental polluton [4]. Wang We also analyzed the causes for ar polluton, water resource polluton and urban garbage polluton n Chnese ctes and proposed measures for preventng and controllng envronmental polluton [5]. (3) Research on the relevancy of urban envronmental polluton to urban economc development. Song Tao et al used the envronment-economc smple theoretc model to analyze the long-term and short-term relatonshp between envronmental polluton and economc growth; they also made the emprcal study of long-term and short-term relatonshp between per capta CO 2 emssons and per capta GDP durng [6]. Lu Ch and ZhongShuyng made the quanttatve analyses usng the Wuhan Urban Economc Development Comprehensve Index and emssons of lqud wastes, waste gas and sold wastes, respectvely, and arrved at correspondng patterns of hstorcal evolvement [7]. These studes provded reference n deologcal and methodologcal terms for analyzng the problem of envronmental polluton n Chnese ctes. Ths paper analyzes the followng ssues, usng the statstcal data on envronmental polluton n major Chnese ctes: wthn these 7 years, was the urban envronmental polluton n Chna more concentrated n part of ts ctes or dd t show a decentralzed trend after all? Increases n pollutants dscharge are nseparable from economc aggregates. Therefore, n terms of level of economc development, whch ctes grew n an extensve manner at the cost of polluton? Polluton ncludes not only the atmospherc polluton, but also water and sold wastes polluton, although the former s of more domnant character, more drect and more socally negatve. Whch of the 3 knds of polluton s the bggest challenge facng the Chnese urban envronment? The major ctes mentoned n ths paper refer

3 3282 A study of spatal-temporal evoluton of Chna s urban envronmental polluton BTAIJ, 10(9) 2014 to the four muncpaltes drectly under the central Chnese government and 26 provncal ctes, excludng Lhasa, captal cty of Tbet whose dataa are unavalable. METHODOLOGIES Synthetcal ndex method The Synthetcal Index Method (SIM) s a feasble method by whch to gauge the state of envronmental polluton n a cty and make the nter-cty sortng. And ths method s wdely used n the study of rankng of urban compettveness and urban nnovaton ablty, whch s suted to the comprehensve rankng wth mult-dmensons and mult-assessment objectves. Its advantages le n the fact that t cannot only objectvely reflect the holstc state of evaluated objects, but also embody the mportance of a certan dmenson relatve to other dmensons throughh the sze of weghts. Ths paper uses SIM to calculate the Polluton Index and Urban Economy-Polluton Index of Chnese ctes, n order to do the rankng of holstc state of envronmental polluton and degree of pollutants dscharge per unt economc output of the 30 Chnese ctes. In ths research, the evaluated objects are the 30 ctes, and the 3 dmensons are water polluton, atmospherc polluton and sold wastes polluton. The dea of buldng of the comprehensve ndex s, frstly, makng the data normalzaton processng of the 3 types of pollutants to removee the dmensonal dfferences between them; secondly, gvng correspondng weghts to the 3 types of polluton based on ther economc and socal nfluence, so as to fnally arrve at the comprehensve ndex. The computatonal formula s as below: (1) Computatonal formula of the Polluton Index (P ): (1) In whch, P s the Polluton Index of cty ; L s the water Polluton Index of cty ; G s the atmospherc Polluton Index of cty ; S s the sold wastes Polluton Index of cty ; l s the amount of lqud wastes dscharge of cty ; g s the amount of waste gas dscharge of cty ; s s the amount of sold wastes dscharge of cty. The data range of s [1, 30] ]. (2) Computatonal formula of Urban Economy-Polluton Index (I ): (2) In whch, I s the Urban Economy-Polluton Index of cty ; P s the Polluton Index of cty ; Y s the economc ndex of cty ; y s the economc aggregate of cty. The data range of s [1, 30]. Spatal gn coeffcent Spatal Gncoeffcent s a method used to gauge the degree of spatal agglomeraton of economc actvtes. The ssue of spatal agglomeraton receved attenton of economsts and geographers a long tme ago, such as, A.Weber and A. Marshall, who pad hgh attenton to the ssue of ndustral clusterng durng the early 1900s. After the 1980s, many well-known economsts began to study the ssue of spatal agglomeraton of economc actvtes. And the new economc geography schoolrepresented by Paul R. Krugman pad specal attenton to the ssue of spatal agglomeraton. When studyng the ssue of spatal agglomeraton, economsts and geographers proposed a seres of methods of calculaton of degreee of agglomeraton, such as, coeffcent of standard devaton,

4 BTAIJ, 10(9) 2014 N Zhqng and Xuan Zhaohu 3283 concentratonn ndex, concentraton rato and spatal Gn coeffcent. And spatalgn coeffcent s the most representatve, whch was frst proposed by Paul R. Krugman, the Amercan economst n He used ths method to compute the level of spatal agglomeraton of 106 manufacturng ndustres n the U.S. n Afterwards, ths method was wdely used n the measurement of other ssues of spatal agglomeraton. Ths paper uses ths method to calculate the degree of concentraton of urban polluton n Chna, computng the spatal Gn coeffcent of two ponts-n-tme, respectvely so as to fnd out whether Chnese urban polluton becomes more centralzed or scattered wthn ths perod. Its computaton formula s as below: G n 1 = 2 n 2 ns j = 1 m= 1 S j S m (3) In the formula, G s the spatal Gn coeffcent of urban envronmental polluton type ; s water polluton, atmospherc polluton, sold wastes polluton or the ntegraton of these three types of S polluton; j s the share of dscharge amount of polluton type of cty j n the country; S m s the share of dscharge amount of polluton type of cty m n the country; n s the number of ctes; S s the natonal average share of dscharge amount of polluton type. SpatalGn coeffcent vares wthn 0 1, and the more t s close to zero, the more even the spatal dstrbuton of polluton type s; the more t s close to 1, the more centralzed the spatal dstrbuton of polluton type s. Locaton quotent Locaton quotent, also known as regonal specalzaton rate, s an analytc method frequently used n the study of regonal and urban scence. It was ntally used to reflect the level of specalzaton of a specfc ndustral sector n a certan regon or cty relatve to that of ths natonal ndustral sector, by whch to dscover the ndustral sector wth the comparatve advantage n ths regon. Its prncple s, assumed thatt there are several sub-regons wthn a large regon, of whch a certan sub-regon has an ndustry wth a relatvely hgh degree of concentraton compared wth the same ndustry n other sub- regons, we may come to the concluson that ths sub-regon has the comparatve advantage n ths ndustry wthn the entree large regon and t may provde products or servces to other sub-regons. Ths paper, usng the method of locaton quotent for analyss, may dscover that relatve to the natonal average level, whch aspects of the urban polluton a certan cty hghlghts, whch type or types of polluton t suffers more serously. The computaton formula s as below: (4) (5) In whch, CL, CG, and CS are the locaton quotents of water polluton, atmospherc polluton and sold wastes polluton of cty, respectvely; the dataa range of s [1, 30]; L, G and S are the dscharge amounts of lqud waste, waste gas and sold wastes of cty, respectvely; E s the total (6)

5 3284 A study of spatal-temporal evoluton of Chna s urban envronmental polluton BTAIJ, 10(9) 2014 dscharge amount of pollutants of cty ; L, G and S are the dscharge amounts of total lqud waste, total waste gas and total sold wastes of the 30 ctes n Chna, respectvely; E s the total dscharge amount of pollutants of the 30 ctes n Chna. If CL >1, t ndcates that the lqud wastes dscharge of cty exceeds the natonal average level of dscharge of the 30 ctes n the country, and the same s true wth CG and CS. RESULTSAND DISCUSSIONS Features of temporal evoluton of Chna s Urban envronmental polluton Dscharge of major pollutants n Chnese ctes went up and down n recent years. Statstcs show that there was a relatvely fast rse n the dscharge of lqud wastes, a declne n the dscharge of waste gas and a great ncrease n the dscharge of sold wastes. In 2005, dscharge of lqud wastes of the 30 ctes n Chna totaled 5.39 bllon tons, and n 2012, t reached to bllon tons. In 2005, dscharge of SO 2, smoke and dusts of the 30 ctes n the country totaled 6.48 mllon tons, and n 2012, t lowered to 5.11 mllon tons. Durng ths same perod, dscharge of sold wastes (the output of general ndustral sold wastes mnus the usage amount of the same) rose from mllon tons to mllon tons. In the evaluaton of the features of temporal evoluton of Chna s urban envronmental polluton, we just cannot look at the changes n the total amount of pollutants dscharge only; we should nstead make the objectve evaluaton based on the changes n urban populaton and economy of scale. In 2005, the total populaton n the 30 major Chnese ctes was 233 mllon wth the gross regonal domestc product totalng RMB7.41 trllon (current prce). In 2012, the total populaton of the 30 ctes ncreased to 255 mllon wth the gross regonal domestc product totalng RMB21.47 trllon (current prce). Accordng to formulas (1) and (2), we bult the Urban Economy-Polluton Index to gauge the state of Chna s urban envronmental polluton, n whch the urban economc aggregate s calculated based on the 2005 constant prce. The results ndcate that durng , wth the upgradng of urban ndustral structure and strengthenng of urban polluton control, the pollutants dscharge per unt economc output of the 30 Chnese ctes showed a downward trend. If the pollutants dscharge per unt gross regonal domestc product of the 30 ctes s 100 n 2005, then t reduced to 76n It can be notced from the analyss of each cty whch ctes eased up and whch were more serous n envronmental polluton. It can also be dscovered from the computaton of Urban Economy- Polluton Index of the 30 ctes that relatve to the urban economc aggregate, 14 of them eased up whle 16 became serous n envronmental polluton. Of the 14 ctes wth mtgated urban envronmental polluton, 7 ctes werestll more serous n urban polluton than the natonal urban average level n 2012, whch were manly the ctes n the central and western regons, such as, Guyang, Xnng, Chongqng, Zhengzhou and Tayuan. Of the 16 ctes wth deteroratng urban envronmental polluton, only 5 were stll more serous n urban polluton than the natonal urban average level n 2012, ncludng Harbn n the northeast, and Urumch, Lanzhou, Huhhot and Kunmng n the west of Chna. Features of spatal evoluton of Chna s Urban envronmental polluton The populaton and economc output n Chnese urban areas are hghly concentrated n a handful of megactes, such as, Shangha, Bejng, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Tanjn and Chongqng. In 2005 and 2012, the populaton of these 6 ctes accounted for equally 32.5% of the total populaton n the 30 ctes n the country whle the total gross regonal domestc product of them accounted for 44% and 42% of the total of that of the 30 ctes n the country, respectvely. Under the backdrop of relatvely stable populaton and economc output, was the state of Chna s urban envronmental polluton more centralzed or dspersed n terms of spatal dstrbuton? We shall use formula (1) to calculate the normalzaton Polluton Index of the 30 ctes, and then, accordng to formula (3), we shall calculate the spatal Gn coeffcent for urban polluton of the 30 ctes. If the coeffcent becomes larger, t ndcates that urban polluton s more concentrated; f t becomes smaller, t shows that urban polluton s dspersed.

6 BTAIJ, 10(9) 2014 N Zhqng and Xuan Zhaohu 3285 The results of calculaton show that n 2005, the spatal Gn coeffcent for urban polluton of the Chnese ctes was 0.42 and t lowered to 0.36 n That the spatal Gn coeffcent becomes small ndcates Chna s urban polluton s more dspersed n spatal terms. It s thus clear that wth the accelerated progress of ndustralzaton, Chnese urban polluton was dspersed to more ctes, and the urban polluton was a general phenomenon and was not concentrated n a handful of megactes. In terms of drecton of dffuson of urban polluton, durng , Chna s urban polluton showed the trend of changes dffusng from ctes n the east central regon to those n the northeast, north and west of Chna. In 2005, the Polluton Index of a few ctes n the eastcentral regons, such as, Shangha, Nanjng, Hangzhou, Zhengzhou, Tayuan and Shjazhuang ranked at the forefront of the country. In 2012, except for Shangha wth a slght ncrease, all other ctes showed a sgnfcant decrease n the Polluton Index. At the same tme, there was a sgnfcant rse n t n Shenyang, Changchun and Harbn n the northeast, Bejng, Tanjn and Jnan n the north, Kunmng, Ynchuan, Lanzhou and Huhhot n the west of Chna. And the Polluton Index of Kunmng rose from 5.1 to 8.9, rankng frst n the amount of ncrease n the country. Kunmng, known as the cty of perpetual sprng wth the beautful envronment s now beng threatened by envronmental polluton, of whch we must be alert. Classfcaton by features of Chna s Urban envronmental polluton Gven that the 30 major Chnese ctes are dstrbuted n ths vast land, n order to formulate dfferentated polces for controllng urban envronmental polluton, t s necessary to classfy the 30 ctes based on the features of envronmental polluton. It s generally acknowledged that those wth large amounts of pollutants dscharge are the ones wth a hgh Polluton Index and ctes showng an extensve growth are the ones wth a hgh Urban Economy-Polluton Index, whch are worth of our attenton. In lght of ths, we use the Polluton Index and Urban Economy-Polluton Index as the vertcal and horzontal coordnates, respectvely, and accordng to the 2012 scorng, we draw the 30 ctes on a two-dmensonal coordnate axs, from whch we can drectly see the features of envronmental polluton n each cty. Wth the average of 3.3 of the 30 ctes Polluton Index and the average of 100 of ther Urban Economy-Polluton Index as the boundary lne, we may dvde the 30 ctes nto 4 quadrants, and the ctes dstrbuted n the 4 quadrants represent dfferent categores. (1) Ctes n the 1st quadrant: Severty type of cty. Ctes fallng nto ths category are manly dstrbuted n the north and southwest of Chna, ncludng Shjazhuang, Tayuan, Zhengzhou, Huhhot, Nanjng, Chongqng, Guyang and Kunmng. These ctes should currently be gven top prorty n fghtng aganst Chna s urban envronmental polluton; they are characterzed by large pollutants dscharge and heavy urban envronmental polluton due to extensve economc growth. (2) Ctes n the 2nd quadrant: Control type of cty. Ctes fallng nto ths type nclude three muncpaltes drectly under the Chnese central government, such as, Shangha, Bejng and Tanjn. These three ctes are developed n the servce ndustry and no longer develop hgh-polluton ndustres, and they have strengthened efforts to combat envronmental polluton. Therefore, they are low n Urban Economy-Polluton Index. However, due to large sze of these ctes, ther aggregate pollutants dscharge s huge, and t s necessary for them to strengthen management and control of pollutants dscharge. (3) Ctes n the 3rd quadrant: Safety type of cty. Ctes fallng nto ths category are manly those n the central-east regon, ncludng Hefe, Nanchang, Wuhan, Changsha, Hangzhou, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Hakou, Jnan, Nannng, Shenyang, Changchun, Chengdu and X an. The total pollutants dscharge of these ctes s not large, and the dscharge ntensty of them s not ether, n terms of ther economc sze, and they therefore belong to Safety type of cty. (4) Ctes n the 4th quadrant: Improved type of cty. Ctes of ths type are manly dstrbuted n Chna s northwest regon, ncludng Lanzhou, Xnng, Ynchuan, Urumch and Harbn. The total pollutants dscharge of these few ctes s not large, but they belong to those n the extensve growth

7 3286 A study of spatal-temporal evoluton of Chna s urban envronmental polluton BTAIJ, 10(9) 2014 mode, relatve to ther sze of economy. Ther Urban Economy-Polluton Index s above the natonal average and they should attach mportance to the ssue of preventon and control of urban envronmental polluton as quckly as possble. Classfcaton by types of Chna s Urban envronmental polluton The purpose of calculaton of urban Polluton Index s to reflect the overall stuaton of urban polluton. On the other hand, only when we understand polluton sources that cause urban envronmental polluton, can we engage n targeted control. Addtonally, the Polluton Index of some ctes s not hgh and ther envronmental polluton s generally not serous, ether. However, n realty, relatvely bg problems may exst n a certan type of envronmental polluton, whch therefore need specal attenton. Hence, we used formulas (4), (5) and (6) to calculate the locaton quotents of water polluton, atmospherc polluton and sold wastespolluton, respectvely of the 30 Chnese ctes, thus arrvng at the polluton ntensty of each type of polluton n each of them. And we also made the collecton and classfcaton accordngly. If the locaton quotent of a certan type of envronmental polluton n a cty s greater than 1, then t ndcates thatt ths type of polluton of ths cty s more serous than the overall stuaton of ths same type of polluton of the 30 ctes. The results of classfcaton s shown n the below fgure. Chongqng Kunmng Shangha Tayuan Bejng Tanjn Nanjng Zhengzhou Shjazhuang Huhhot Guyang Harbn Urumch Ynchuan Lanzhou Xnng Fgure 1 : Chnese ctes dstrbuton by envronmental polluton features Based on the results of calculaton of locaton quotents of three types of pollutants n the 30 ctes, these 30 ctes may be dvdedd nto the followng 4 categores: (1) Urban agglomeraton 1: only the locaton quotent of water polluton s greater than 1. Ctes fallng nto ths category are manly those megactes n the east-central regon, ncludng Bejng, Shangha,

8 BTAIJ, 10(9) 2014 N Zhqng and Xuan Zhaohu 3287 Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Hakou, Changsha, Nanchang and Chengdu. Ther lqud wastes dscharge s hgher than the overall level of the 30 ctes n the country, and the locaton quotent of water polluton n Hakou s 3.2, and t s 2.7 n Guangzhou, and 2.4 and 2.3 n Changsha and Chengdu, respectvely. These four ctes are most n need of attachng mportance to water polluton (2) Urban agglomeraton 2: only ther locaton quotent of atmospherc polluton s greater than 1. Ctes fallng nto ths category are hghly concentrated n the northeast, north and northwest of Chna, ncludng Shenyang, Changchun, Harbn, Jnan, Shjazhuang, Lanzhou, Ynchuan, Xnng, Urumch and Chongqng. And ther atmospherc pollutants dscharge s hgher than the overall level of dscharge of the 30 ctes n the country. In addton, Xnng s locaton quotent of atmospherc polluton reached 1.8, and t s 1.6 for Harbn, Lanzhou and Jnan. These four ctes are most n need of attachng mportance to atmospherc polluton. Fgure 2 : Classfcaton of Chnese ctes by types of envronmental polluton (3) Urban agglomeraton 3: locaton quotents of both water and atmospherc polluton are greater than 1. Ctes of ths type nclude Tanjn, Fuzhou, Wuhan, Nannng and X an. Water and atmospherc polluton of these ctes are both hgher than the overall level of the 30 ctes n the country, and ther envronmental polluton s facng pressure from both aspects. (4) Urban agglomeraton 4: only the locaton quotent of sold wastes s greater than 1. Ctes of ths type are a few and concentrated n the north and southwest regons of Chna, ncludng Tayuan, Zhengzhou, Huhhot, Nanjng, Guyang and Kunmng. Sold wastes dscharge of these ctes s hgher than the overall level of the 30 ctes n the country. Also, the locaton quotents of sold wastes polluton n Kunmng and Guyang reached 2.9 and 2.1, respectvely; they reached 2.7 and 2.6 n Tayuan and Huhhot, respectvely. Sold wastes polluton s the fundamental cause for the worsenng envronmental polluton of these ctes, and s the area of mprovement n urban envronment. CONCLUSIONS Although atmospherc polluton s the area most concerned n urban envronmental polluton, water and sold wastes polluton should not be neglected. Through buldng and calculatng across the board the Polluton Index and Urban Economy-Polluton Index, ths paper reveals the state of envronmental polluton and evolvement features of the 30 major Chnese ctes.

9 3288 A study of spatal-temporal evoluton of Chna s urban envronmental polluton BTAIJ, 10(9) 2014 In tme terms, durng , pollutants dscharge per unt economc output of the 30 Chnese ctes showed a downward trend. If the pollutants dscharge per unt gross regonal domestc product of the 30 ctes n 2005 s regarded as 100, the results of calculaton showed that ths fgure lowered to 76n The analyss of the 30 ctes showed that relatve to ther urban economc aggregates, the envronmental polluton n 14 of them eased up whle t was deteroratng n 16 others. In spatal terms, Chna s urban polluton showed a development trend of dffusng to a wder space. Durng , the spatal Gn coeffcent for Chna s urban Polluton Index became smaller, ndcatng that urban polluton was more dspersed n spatal terms. And n terms of drecton of dffuson of urban polluton, t showed a trend of changes dffusng from ctes n the east-central regon to those n the northeast, north and northwest of Chna. And Kunmng s Polluton Index ranked frst among the 30 ctes n terms of ncrease n t. In terms of comprehensve analyss of the degree of urban envronmental polluton, 8 ctes ncludng Shjazhuang are currently the ctes of Severty type wth large amounts of pollutants dscharge, and they are n the extensve growth mode; pollutants dscharge n Shangha, Bejng and Tanjn s relatvely large, fallng nto the Control type; 5 ctes ncludng Lanzhou belong to the Improved type, and although ther total pollutants dscharge s not large, they fall nto the category of extensve growth, relatve to the sze of ther economc output; 14 ctes ncludng Hefe belong currently to the Safety type. In terms of the three types of urban envronmental pollutants dscharge, envronmental polluton n the 30 Chnese ctes can be dvded nto four categores: (1) only water polluton s above the natonal average, ncludng 8 ctes, such as Bejng. In structural terms, they are manly the megactes n the east-central regon; (2) only atmospherc polluton s above the natonal average, ncludng 10 ctes, such as Shenyang, whch are hghly concentrated n the northeast, north and northwest of Chna; (3) both water and atmospherc polluton are above the natonal average, ncludng 6 ctes, such as Tanjn; and, (4) only sold wastes polluton s above the natonal average, ncludng 6 ctes, such as Tayuan, whch are concentrated n the north and southwest of Chna. REFERENCES [1] X.Querol, A.Alastuey, C. R.Ruz et al.; Specaton and Orgn of PM10 and PM2.5 n Selected European Ctes, Atmospherc Envronment, 38(38), (2004). [2] W.J.Parkhurst, R.L.Tanner, F.P.Weatherford et al.; Hstorc PM2.5/PM10 Concentratons n the Southeastern Unted States - Potental Implcatons of the Revsed Partculate Matter Standard, Journal of the Ar and Waste Management Assocaton, 49(9), (1999). [3] Lv Xaopu, Cheng Harong, Wang Zuwu, Zhang Fan; Analyss of a Wde Range Haze Polluton n Chna, Journal of Hunan Unversty of Scence and Technology (Natural Scence Edton), 28(3), (2013). [4] AnShuwe; The Trend, Harm and Governance of Urban Envronmental Polluton for the Past Few Years n Our Country, Urban Development Studes, 20(5), (2013). [5] Wang We; A Study of Status Quo of Chna s Urban Envronmental Polluton and Measures for Preventon and Control, Chnese Hgh-Tech Enterprses, 17, (2013). [6] Song Tao, Zheng Tngguo, Tong Lanjun; Theoretcal Analyss and Econometrc Testng on Relatonshp of Envronmental Polluton and Economc Growth, Scenta Geographca Snca, 27(2), (2007). [7] Lu Ch, Zhong Shuyng; Quanttatve Study of Urban Development and Urban Envronmental Polluton, On Economc Problems, 9, (2012).