Environmental Quality

Transcription

1 Myanmar National Environmental Quality Guidelines Iain Watson Senior Environmental Safeguards Specialist ADB G eate Mekong S b egion ADB Greater Mekong Subregion Environment Operations Center

2 Scope of Myanmar Environmental Quality Guidelines and Standards As required in Environmental Conservation Law: Surface water quality in rivers, streams, canals, springs, marshes, swamps, lakes reservoirs and other inland water sources of the public Water quality for coastal and estuarine areas Underground water quality Noise and vibration Emissions Effluent Solid waste Others as stipulated by the Union Government

3 Terminology Clear usage of the terms criteria, guidelines, objectives and standards is important Cit Criteria i The scientific data that t are evaluated to derive environmental guidelines (i.e. based on toxicology) Guidelines Numerical limits or narrative statements recommended to protect human and ecosystem health (e.g. aquatic ecosystem protection); reflects both criteria values and judgments on level of protection provided (i.e. 80 or 99% of species protected) Objectives Agreed numerical limits or narrative statements that have been established to protect and maintain designated uses of the environment at a particular location Standards Guidelines or objectives that are recognized in enforceable environmental control laws of one or more levels l of government

4 Types of Environmental Guidelines / Standards Ambient guidelines set maximum allowable levels of a pollutant in the receiving medium (e.g. to air, to water, to soil, noise) Offers a simple method of establishing priorities, since areas (e.g. river segments) that comply with the relevant standard are consider to require no further intervention, while others can be prioritized depending on the extent to which guidelines are exceeded Setting ambient guidelines requires explicit agreement on designated usage; what are we trying to protect (e.g. drinking water, fish and ecosystems) Ambient guidelines are easy to apply but need to be linked with emissions guidelines; how to ensure that multiple industrial dischargers will not cause receiving environment quality to be degraded / guidelines exceeded?

5 Types of Environmental Quality Guidelines / Standards Emission guidelines set maximum amounts of a pollutant discharged or released by an industrial plant, or other source They are typically expressed as concentrations, although there is increasing use of load-based guidelines, which reflect more directly the overall objective of reducing the total load on the environment Emissions guidelines may be established in terms of what can be achieved with available technology or in terms of the impacts of effluent discharges or air emissions on the ambient environment Technology-based guidelines are based on knowledge of what can be achieved with current equipment and practices (i.e. best available technology, best practicable technology, best available technology not entailing excessive cost)

6 Current Myanmar Environmental Quality Guidelines Ambient guidelines Air quality Drinking water quality Ambient water quality (protection of aquatic life) Groundwater quality Soil quality (for agriculture purposes) Sediment quality Noise quality (ambient and other places such as quiet areas) Draft emissions guidelines Air emissions Wastewater Solid waste Noise levels Sector-specific environmental, health, and safety

7 IFC Performance Standards and EHS Guidelines The International Finance Corporation (the private sector funding arm of the World Bank Group) and more generally the World Bank, has taken a leading role over the last 15 years in developing environmental and pollution control guidance applicable by private enterprise in developing countries IFC standards and guidelines have been progressively updated d and expanded d and are now generally accepted as international good practice for application in developing countries, augmenting multilateral development elopment bank (e.g. ADB) and national safeguard ard requirements

8 IFC Performance Standards 1. Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts 2. Labor and Working Conditions 3. Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention 4. Community Health, Safety, and Security 5. Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement 6. Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources 7. Indigenous Peoples 8. Cultural Heritage

9 Performance Standard 3 Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention Objectives: To avoid or minimize adverse impacts on human health and the environment by avoiding or minimizing pollution from project activities To promote more sustainable use of resources, including energy and water To reduce project-related greenhouse gas emissions

10 Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines The EHS Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific specific examples of Good International Industry Practice General EHS Guidelines are designed to be used together with the relevant Industry Sector EHS Guidelines to ensure project achievement of Performance Standards Industry yguidelines consider sector-specific risks / impacts and their prevention, performance indicators (e.g. emissions / effluents, input and/or output-based indicators such as energy, water, waste), and integration of environmental plus occupational health and safety For complex projects, use of multiple industry-sector guidelines may be necessary

11 Example Industrial Wastewater Treatment Approaches Pollutant / Parameter Control Options / Principle Common End of Pipe Control Technology ph Chemical, Equalization Acid/base addition, flow equalization Oil and grease Phase separation Dissolved air flotation, oil water separator, grease trap TSS Flotation, filtration Dissolved air floatation, multimedia filter, ultra filtration BOD Biological- aerobic, anaerobic Suspended growth, attached growth, hybrid COD Oxidation, adsorption, size exclusion Chemical oxidation, thermal oxidation, activated carbon Nutrients Biological nutrient Aerobic/anoxic biological removal, chemical, treatment, chemical hydrolysis, physical, adsorption chlorination, ion exchange Temperature Evaporative cooling Surface aerators, flow equalization Pathogens Disinfection, sterilization Chlorine, ozone, UV, thermal Toxicity Adsorption, oxidation, exclusion, concentration

12 General EHS Guidelines Coverage - Environmental Air emissions and ambient air quality Energy egyconservation o Wastewater and ambient water quality Water conservation Hazardous materials management Waste management Noise Contaminated t land

13 General EHS Guidelines Coverage Occupational Health and Safety General facility design and operation Communications and training Physical hazards Chemical hazards Biological hazards Radiological hazards Personal protective equipment Special hazard environments Monitoring g( (i.e., to verify the effectiveness of prevention and control strategies)

14 General EHS Guidelines Coverage Community Health and Safety Water quality and availability Structural ucua saeyo safety of project infrastructure Life and fire safety Traffic safety Transport of hazardous materials Disease prevention (e.g. vector-borne, HIV/AIDS) Emergency preparedness and response

15 General Environmental, Health, and Safety Air Emissions. i Projects with significant ifi sources of air emissions, and potential for significant impacts to ambient air quality, should prevent or minimize impacts by ensuring that: Emissions do not result in pollution concentrations that reach or exceed ambient quality guidelines or standards, d or in their absence current WHO air quality guidelines; and Emissions do not contribute a significant portion of the attainment of relevant ambient air quality guidelines or standards (i.e. not exceeding 25% of the applicable guidelines or standards) to allow additional, future sustainable development in the same air shed

16 General Environmental, Health, and Safety (Cont d) Wastewater. t This guideline applies to projects that t have either direct or indirect discharge of process wastewater, wastewater from utility operations or storm water to the environment; it is also applicable to industrial discharges to sanitary sewers that discharge to the environment without any treatment Noise Levels. Noise prevention and mitigation measures should be applied where predicted or measured noise impacts from a project facility or operations exceed the applicable noise level guideline at the most sensitive point of reception

17 Industry Sector Guidelines Forestry x 4 (e.g. board products, pulp and paper mills) Agribusiness / Food Production x 13 (e.g. poultry production, plantation crop production, meat processing, food and beverage processing, breweries) Chemicals x 11 (e.g. pharmaceuticals manufacturing, fertilizer manufacturing, petroleum refining) i Oil and Gas x 3 (e.g. onshore/offshore development, liquefied natural gas facilities) Infrastructure x 14 (e.g. tourism development, ports / harbors / terminals, railways, toll roads, health care facilities, waste management facilities) General Manufacturing x 12 (e.g. cement manufacturing, glass manufacturing, electronics manufacturing, printing) Mining Power x 4 (e.g. wind energy, electric power transmission and distribution); not yet hydropower generation

18 Effluent Levels Wood Treatment and Preservation Parameter Unit Guideline Value 5-day BOD mg/l 50 Arsenic mg/l 0.1 COD mg/l 150 Chromium (total) mg/l 0.5 Chromium (hexavalent) mg/l 0.1 Copper mg/l 0.5 Fluoride mg/l 5 Oil and grease mg/l 10 Pesticides (each) mg/l 0.05 ph S.U. 6-9 Phenols mg/l Dioxins / Furans mg/l 0.1 PAH mg/l 0.05 Temperature increase C <3 b Total suspended solids mg/l 50 Toxicity To be determined on case specific basis

19 Establishment of Mixing Zones

20 Toxicity Testing Bioassays measuring: Toxicity to fish Toxicity to Daphnia Toxicity to algae Toxicity to bacteria

21 Air Emissions Cement Manufacturing Parameter Unit Guideline Value Cadmium + Thallium mg/nm 3a 0.05 Dioxins / Furans Mg TEQ b /Nm Dust (other point sources mg/nm 3 50 including clinker cooling, cement grinding) Hydrogen chloride mg/nm 3 10 Hydrogen fluoride mg/nm 3 1 Mercury mg/nm Nitrogen oxide mg/nm Particulate matter (existing kilns) mg/nm Particulate matter (new kilns) mg/nm 3 30 Sulfur dioxide mg/nm Total metals mg/nm Total organic carbon mg/nm 3 10 A Normal cubic meter, constant under varying pressure and temperature B Toxicity equivalent C Arsenic, Lead, Cobalt, Chromium, Copper, Manganese, Nickel, Vanadium, Antimony

22 Next etsteps Adjust IFC sub-sector categorization to ensure consistency with IEE/EIA screening thresholdsh Incorporate additional content (e.g. solid waste) from IFC guidelines once sub-sectors have been decided on CAS registry numbers are being used to ensure clarity; unique numerical identifiers have been assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service to every chemical described in the scientific literature unnecessary to show formula or symbols Recommend dthat tinstead of fdetailed ddescription of analytical method that ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials standard analytical testing methods) or US EPA numbers be listed

23 Thank you g