Thermochemical conversion routes of lignocellulosic biomass

Transcription

1 Thermochemical conversion routes of lignocellulosic biomass S. GERBINET and A. LEONARD University of Liège LABORATORY of CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Processes and Sustainable development 1

2 Introduction Biological conversion Cellulose + Hemicellulose hydrolysis Sugars fermentation Ethanol Ligno- Lignin cellulosic biomass Thermochemical conversion pyrolysis Gas Charcoal Bio-oil CO+ H 2 Hydrogen Methanol DME Propylene Ethylene Building blocks for the chemical industry Fuels Diesel

3 Introduction Biological conversion Cellulose + Hemicellulose hydrolysis Sugars fermentation Ethanol Ligno- Lignin cellulosic biomass Thermochemical conversion pyrolysis Gas Charcoal Bio-oil CO+ H 2 Hydrogen Methanol DME Propylene Ethylene Building blocks for the chemical industry Fuels Diesel

4 Goals Determine the environmental impact of the different routes of lignocellulosic biomass valorisation by thermochemical conversion (gasification) Tools : Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology 4

5 The LCA methodology 5

6 The LCA methodology Studying and understanding the processes Review of previous studies 6

7 Size reduction and drying Hammermill [1] Perforated Floor bin dryer [1] particle size betwenn 20 and 80 mm water content < 20% 7

8 Biomass + Oxidizing agent Syngaz Component % (volume) CO H CO CH

9 Biomass + Oxidizing agent Syngaz 9

10 Biomass + Oxidizing agent Syngaz - Air - Oxygen (gas with higher LHV) - Steam (gas with more H 2 ) 10

11 Biomass + Oxidizing agent Syngaz 11

12 Biomass + Oxidizing agent Syngaz 1. T: C Heat supply: - Allothermal or autothermal 2. Oxidizing agent flow rate 12

13 Biomass + Oxidizing agent Syngaz 13

14 Biomass + Oxidizing agent Syngaz Reactor type 14

15 Reactor type : Fixed-bed updraft SH10b0eb9f4e955c5d59180b.10.1.np&sib=1&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa=&p.a=b 15

16 Reactor type: Fixed-bed downdraft SH10b0eb9f4e955c5d59180b.10.1.np&sib=1&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa=&p.a=b 16

17 Reactor type: Fixed-bed multistage (Xylowatt) 17

18 Reactor type: Fluidized-bed circulating 18

19 - Nitrogen and sullfur compounds - Particule removal - Alkali removal - Tar elimination - Reformage 19

20 - Particule : biomass (ash and char)+ bed plugging Cyclone (larger particules) + wet scrubbers, barrier filters or electostatic precipitators [1]

21 - Alkali removal : Cooling and passing barriers filters 21

22 - Tar elimination Primary technologies: in gasifier Secondary technologies wet : water and venturi scrubbing condense tar compounds hot: cracking tar high temperature 22

23 - Reformage Water-shift reaction : adjuce the H 2 /CO rapport 23

24 Lignocellulosic biomass gasification CO+ H 2 Methanol DME Diesel Propylene Ethylene Building blocks for the chemical industry Fuels 24

25 Lignocellulosic biomass gasification CO+ H 2 Methanol DME Diesel Propylene Ethylene Building blocks for the chemical industry Fuels 25

26 gas Methanol Heavy olefins Light olefins Ethylene T= C P= bar Catalyst: Cu/Zn Reactor: fixed-bed (Lurgi or ICI) MTO: methanol to olefin Olefin - craking Propylene 26

27 Lignocellulosic biomass gasification CO+ H 2 Methanol DME Diesel Propylene Ethylene Building blocks for the chemical industry Fuels 27

28 Gas Fischer- Tropsch process Lubricating oil and paraffin wax Hydrocracking Diesel T: C Catalyst: Co or Fe Reactor: fluidized or multi-tubular fixed bed C 4 and lower : recycling or gas turbine 28

29 Gas T 240 C P > 30 Mpa catalyst DME Diesel motor or mixed with LPG Methanol T: C Catalyst: alumin 29

30 Previous studies Many studies on the technological aspects of lignocellulosic biomass gasification, but few on the environmental aspects (LCA ) Results: Lignocellulosic biomass >< fossil fuels - Better: Global Warning Potential Emissions - Worst: Energy Consumption Cost But this studies are generally not completed 30

31 Previous studies This studies present generally some lacks: No study about propylene and ethylene No study relative to the Belgian situation But also: - Fuel type - Impact of Land Use Change (direct or indirect) - No Well-to-wheel - Impact categories - Economic aspects - Comparison with fossil fuel or biofuel - Sensitivity analysis - Incertitude analysis 31

32 Conclusions and perspectives Promising processes for substituting fossil fuels. BUT their environmental impact remains uncertain LCA methodology LCA adapted to include land use change effect. Practical example: miscanthus culture in Belgium Economic viability assessed LCA decision helping tool 32

33 Thank you for your attention University of Liège LABORATORY of CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Processes and Sustainable development 33

34 Bibliography 1. Cummer, K.R. and R.C. Brown, Ancillary equipment for biomass gasification. Biomass and bioenergy, Liu, G., et al., Making Fischer-Tropsch Fuels and Electricity from Coal and Biomass: Performance and Cost Analysis. Energy & Fuels, van Vliet, O.P.R., A.P.C. Faaij, and W.C. Turkenburg, Fischer-Tropsch diesel production in a wellto-wheel perspective: A carbon, energy flow and cost analysis. Energy Conversion and Management, (4): p Gill, S.S., et al., Combustion characteristics and emissions of Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuels in IC engines. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, (4): p Kalnes, T.N., et al., A Technoeconomic and Environmental Life Cycle Comparison of Green Diesel to Biodiesel and Syndiesel. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, (1): p Sunde, K., A. Brekke, and B. Solberg, Environmental Impacts and Costs of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oils, Transesterified Lipids and Woody BTL-A Review. Energies, (6): p Grillo Reno, M.L., et al., A LCA (life cycle assessment) of the methanol production from sugarcane bagasse. Energy, (6): p Kumabe, K., et al., Environmental and economic analysis of methanol production process via biomass gasification. Fuel, (7): p Komiyama, H., et al., Assessment of energy systems by using biomass plantation. Fuel, (5): p

35 Bibliography 10. Wu, M., Y. Wu, and M. Wang, Energy and emission benefits of alternative transportation liquid fuels derived from switchgrass: A fuel life cycle assessment. Biotechnology Progress, (4): p Fleming, J.S., S. Habibi, and H.L. MacLean, Investigating the sustainability of lignocellulose-derived fuels for light-duty vehicles. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, (2): p Reinhardt, G.A. and E.v. Falkenstein, Environmental assessment of biofuels for transport and the aspects of land use Competition. Biomass & Bioenergy, ISO, ISO : Management environnemental - Analyse du cycle de vie - Principes et cadre, ISO, Editor ISO, ISO : Management environnemental - Analyse du cycle de vie - Exigences et lignes directrices, ISO, Editor Kumar, A., D.D. Jones, and M.A. Hanna, Thermochemical Biomass Gasifiction: A Review of the Current Status of Thechnology. Energies, Warnecke, R., Gasification of biomass: comparison of fixed bed and fluidized bed gasifier. Biomass & Bioenergy,