THERMOCHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL BIOMASS CONVERSION ACTIVITIES

Transcription

1 Biomaw ad Biomergy Vol., Nos -, pp $ Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved Q 99 Pergamon Press L&l THERMOCHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL BIOMASS CONVERSION ACTIVITIES TONY BRIDGWATER Energy Research Group, Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry Department, Aston University, Birmingham B 7ET, U.K. ABSTRACT Considerable information has been collated on thermochemical biomass conversion activities around the world over the last years and compiled into a database. This has been published in hard bound form covering 98 to 989 and made available as a text based computer file. The database has been maintained since 989 and updated to early 99. The results will be published in full when returns have been collated and input to the database. Meanwhile an analysis of the last three years has been carried out and is reported here. The database has been extended to cover biochemical conversion, and a preliminary analysis is included. INTRODUCTION One of the main objectives of the IEA Bioenergy Agreement is to exchange information, and this project was established to provide a unique and comprehensive survey of all activities around the world that are concerned with the conversion of biomass for fuel, energy and chemicals production and utilisation. The targets for both information provision and users were: 0 researchers - to provide them with a cross reference to other researchers, 0 manufacturers - to help them identify expertise or technologies that are being developed or is available, 0 planners - to help them identify opportunities for RD&D or implementation of novel processes. All of this is set against a background of encouraging international cooperation. The specific objectives included: 0 identifying all activities in thermochemical and biochemical conversion of biomass, 0 providing a database of these activities in summary and detailed form as hardbound copy and also as a textfile on a disk, 0 providing assistance to researchers and companies to identify possibilities for cooperation and/or collaboration, 07

2 08 A. BIUDGWATER 0 providing assistance to researchers and companies to identify sources of help and/or advice, 0 identifying trends in science, technology, economics, markets, and applications, 0 identifying unexploited opportunities for research, development or demonstration, 0 providing a forum for exchange of information and ideas. METHODOLOGY The format of the database was developed in close consultation with both the sponsoring countries in the IEA Bioenergy Agreement and active researchers in the field to provide as much relevant data as possible without overwhelming the user with too much information or placing too much burden on the information providers. The final format is summarised in Table for the thermochemical database and Tables to for the biochemical database, with notes on particular entries. A detailed specimen entry is shown later as Tables 7 for thermochemical conversion. The principle of constructing the database was to collate as much information on as many activities as possible from a variety of sources including open literature, conferences and personal contact. From this a datatile was constructed for each activity. The final stage of the exercise was to send the completed datatile to every organisation listed requesting that the information be checked carefully, amended where necessary and returned. This exercise is being carried out in 99. OUTPUT The output from the Thermochemical Database that is summarised in this report consists of three levels: List Directory Survey a one line entry of organisation, activity and year of last known activity sorted by country. a summary of each activity giving organisation name, contact, activity, and full address details, sorted alphabetically. the 8. database consisting of as much technical and commercial information as has been possible to collate. A sample is shown below. A two-way cross reference between the unique Mnemonic assigned to each activity and the name of the organisation precedes the database. The Biochemical Database will follow a similar format on its complete publication when all the replies have been received. THERMOCHEMICAL DATABASE This section covers the development and updating of the earlier version of the database from 990 to 99. The structure of the database is summarised in Table. Several general or overview analyses of the data collected is presented below: Table Example of Analysis of Activities by Type (989-99) Table Analysis of Activities by Region (989-99) Table Analysis of Activities by Type of Organ&ion (989-99) Table Analysis of Activities by Country (989-99)

3 Biomass conversion activities 09 Table Change in Level of Activities by Year (98-99) Table 7 Example of Full Survey Output for One Activity. There are fields in each datatile and any part of any field can be linked to any other and printed out to identify or establish related activities. Examples include: 0 gasification + fluid bed + power generation, 0 pyrolysis + sewage sludge + charcoal, 0 gasification + manufacturer + sales in Europe. Other more specific possibilities include: 0 classification and cross referencing to identify subject areas and activities of greater and lesser current interest, 0 establishment of trends by subject, area and status, 0 evaluation to identify opportunities, and attempt forecasts of outcomes and potential benefits. It is not, therefore, possible to analyse every situation. With fields and 0 keywords applicable to about 0 fields, there are a very large number of combinations. Suggestions for analyses and requests for specific searches are therefore most welcome and should be sent to the author. ion of opportunities Users of the database should be able to identify opportunities to promote interaction and collaboration at research, development and commercial levels, such as: 0 chemical analysis, such as feedstocks, intermediates and products, 0 processing different feedstocks, 0 experimentation on special equipment, such as high pressure, 0 improve cooperation at technical and/or commercial levels, such as analysis, testing, scale-up, possibilities for licensing, 0 consultation, e.g. scale-up, design, operation, costing, applications. This database can be used for identification of opportunities by direct reference or through enquiries to the author. Table Structure of Thermochemical Conversion Database DIRECTORY Group name - institution or company MNEMONIC - a unique identifier for each organisation and activity Leader Members Address -full address Telephone Fax Telex Status - research manufacturer, user etc ACTIVITY General description - contains keywor& for searching Application - objective of work Current, or date ended Hours operating experience Maximum size built Maximum size possible Technical cooperation Commercial cooperation - includesfinance Test facilities available Visitors welcome? TECHNOLOGY Feedstocks tested Primary reactor Type - contains keywords for searching Purpose Temperature Pressure Maximum throughput Additives/catalysts Secondary reactor Type - contains keywords for searching Purpose Temperature Pressure Maximum Throughput Additives/catalysts Jw :/-U

4 0 A. B-WATER Gas Product Composition, mol% Higher Heating Value Yield Gas clean up method Liquid Product Composition mass% C/H mol ratio C/O mol ratio H0 mass% wet basis HHV Yield Upgrading methods Upgraded product characteristics Environment/safety problems Scale-up problems Assessment study performed Assessment study available COMMERCIAL - MARKET Sales completed Sales in hand Number operational Locations Applications Licensing to Licensing from Licensing negotiable COMMERCIAL - COSTS Capital cost - Demonstration plant Size of plant Cost estimate Date of estimate Scope of estimate Capital cost - Commercial plant Size of plant Cost estimate Date of estimate Scope of estimate Product cost Financial evaluation

5 Biomass muversion activities Table Example of Analysis of Thermochemical Conversion Activities by Type Type of Activity (98-989) (989-99) Number % Number % Gasification Pyrolysis Liquefaction Carbonisation Catalysts Upgrading Power System studies TOTAL N B Some activities duplicate subjects Table Analysis of Thermochemical Conversion Activities by Region Region * *...* ctiv&es (98-989) ~989-99) No. % No. % Africa.0.7 Asia Australasia.0.7 Europe (including USSR etc) North America South America TOTAL Table Analysis of Thermochemical Conversion Activities by Type of Organisation _ No. % No. % Academic or Institution Industrial R&D Industrial Manufkcturer User

6 A. BRIDGWATER Table Analysis of Thermochemical Conversion Activities by Country country (98-989) (989-99)..*.. ctrvities m Activities m No. % No. % No. % No. % USA Canada Italy UK France Germany Finland Belgium Spain Sweden Netherlands Denmark Greece India Switzerland Malaysia Portugal Japan Australia Austria Brazil China Indonesia New Zealand Norway Uruguay Costa Rica Kenya Mauritius Nigeria Phillipines South Africa Thailand Turkey Russia Botswana Czechoslovakia Bangladesh Chile Egypt Taiwan Burma Burundi Fiji French Polynesia Ghana Guatemala _ I

7 Biomass conversion activities Table Analysis of Activities by Country continued country (98-989) (989-99). * Oreanlsatrons Activities- No. % No. % No. % No. % Guyana - - Iraq - - Ivory coast - - Korea - - Nepal - - Peru - - Romania - - Sri Lanka - - Tonga - - USSR - - Venezuela - - West Samoa - - Zambia - - TOTAL Table Change in Level of Thermochemical Conversion Activities by Year Date of last.. activtty Number of activities operatine then Change over preview

8 A. BRDGWATER Table 7 Example of Full Survey Output for One Thermochemical Conversion Activity Group name Leader Members Address Telephone Fax Telex Status ACTIVITY General description Application Current, or date ended Hours operating experience Maximum size built Maximum size possible Technical cooperation Commercial cooperation Test facilities available Visitors welcome? TECHNOLOGY Feedstocks tested Primary reactor Type Purpose Temperature Pressure Maximum Throughput Additives/catalysts Secondary reactor Type Purpose Temperature Pressure Maximum Throughput Additives/catalysts Gas Product Composition, mol% dry basis Higher Heating Value Yield Gas clean up method Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories BAlTPNL P M Molton, A G Fassbender, R J Robertus, M D Brown, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories Battelle Boulevard PO Box 999 RICHLAND WASHINGTON 99 USA () N/A -87 Academic or institutional research Liquefaction of sewage sludge & cellulose Boiler fuel in t/d Not known Japan Organ0 Co Innotek Corporation Yes Not known Sewage sludge, wood, MSW, agricultural waste Continuous Fuel oil production and waste reduction 00 C for.- h 800 psi 8 kgih dry solids Sodium carbonate up to % None CO H CO CH N Other CH <0. mol% N/A % on carbon basis Not known

9 Biomass amversio~~ activities Table 7 continued Liquid Product Composition mass%, dry basis C/H mol ratio C/O mol ratio H0 mass% wet basis HHV Yield Upgrading methods Upgraded product characteristics Environment/safety problems Scale-up problems Assessment study performed Assessment study available COMMERCIAL - MARKET Sales completed Sales in hand Number operational Locations Applications Licensing to Licensing from Licensing negotiable Not known C H 0 Other N: Btu/lb %wt Proprietary additive Equivalent to No diesel Aqueous product recycled Not known Yes Not yet None Only process development Battelle PNL, Richland, Wa, USA from 88 Fuel oil Innotek Corporation N/A Not at present COMMERCIAL - COSTS Capital cost estimate - Demonstration plant Size of plant lot/d Cost estimate $ 8 million Date of estimate Ott 990 Scope of estimate Complete plant plus operation for years Capital cost estimate - Commercial plant Size of plant Sewage million cap Cost estimate $ million Date of estimate Ott 987 Scope of estimate Turnkey Product cost $/t dry cap; 00,000 Financial evaluation Yes REFERENCES & NOTES Proceedings of the th National Conference on Municipal Treatment Plant Sludge, (98) p7,0rlando, PB8-7/XIB, Aug 98. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. U(), p7 98 EPA-00/S-8-00; PB8-78 (NTIS) Alternative Energy Sources 9 No, ~7, 98. Fund. of Themochemical Biomass Conv, Estes Park, 98 EPA_00/S-8-00; PB8-908 (NTIS) PB--8-78/XAB. Mar 98 Bridgwater, A.V. and J.L. Kuester Research in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, ~ Ed, Elsevier Applied Science

10 A. BRIDGWATER BIOCHEMICAL DATABASE The biochemical database has been contructed along similar lines, except for the following points: Only research activities have been included since there is so much commercial activity that is difftcult to trace and keep up to date. There is no historical data available since this is the first time this part of the survey has been contructed. Insufftcient results have been returned to complete the analysis. Some preliminary results are included as Tables 8 to 0 to summarise the extent of activity. The forms that have been despatched to each of the organisations covering the activities is reproduced in Appendix. A list of all the activities currently included in the database is shown in Appendix 7, arranged alphabetically by country. Several general or overview analyses of the data collected is presented below: Table 8 Analysis of Activities by Region (989-99) Table 9 Analysis of Activities by Country (989-99) Table 0 Analysis of Activities by Type of Organisation (989-99) As with the Thermochemical Conversion Database, any part of any field can be linked to any other and printed out to identify or establish related activities. Suggestions for analyses and requests for specific searches are therefore most welcome and should be sent to the author. Users of the database will be able to identify opportunities to promote interaction and collaboration at research, development and commercial levels as for the Thermochemical Database, by direct reference or through enquiries to the author. Table 8 Analysis of Activities by Region *.. on ctivittes (99 _!?!?) No. 0, Africa.0 Asia 88.7 Australasia 9. Europe (including USSR etc). North America 9. South America 8.8 TOTAL 00.0

11 Biomass conversion activities Table 9 Analysis of Activities by Country (99-99).. S Ore- h&. 0, No. 0 France UK Italy USA Spain Canada China Germany Netherlands Belgium Japan Portugal Finland India Sweden Austria Israel Switzerland Denmark Russia Brazil Thailand Ireland Mexico New Zealand Poland Czechoslovakia Greece South Africa Australia Turkey Hungary Bulgaria Colombia Tunisia Egypt Korea Algeria Norway Argentina Bangladesh Cuba Guatemala Iceland Indonesia Iran Malaysia continued.

12 8 A. BRIDGWATER Table 9 Analysis of Activities by Country continued Moroco Nepal _ Nigeria Singapore Taiwan _ UWWY _ 7 _ Table 0 Analysis of Activities by Type of Organisation (98-990) _ NO. 0, Academic 0.7 Government Laboratories 7 7. Research Institutes 9 8. rv. TOTAL 00.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The IBA Bioenergy Agreement sponsored this project, and their support is much appreciated. In particular, special thanks are due to the Task VII Operating Agent, Don Stevens, for his support and encouragement, and Canada, Italy, the UK and the USA, who actively supported this project. The data in the Biochemical part of the survey was provided by CPL Scientific Ltd, without whose expert knowledge this sector could not have been so comprehensively covered. Many organisations provided information and checked their entries and their enthusiastic assistance has played a major role.

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