Bio-renewable materials. Jan E.G. van Dam. Seminar UTM

Transcription

1 Bio-renewable materials Jan E.G. van Dam Seminar UTM

2 Food and Biobased Research at WUR Marketing and Sensory studies Structure and Technology Design and development of foodstuffs based on consumer preferences Mild Conservation and Food Safety Functional Ingredients

3 Biobased Products Development of: industrial processing industrial products Based on: renewable plant and animal resources Green chemistry

4 Dutch situation Densely populated Restricted land area for bulk production Specialized high productivity farming Highly industrialized Logistic organisation Long trading tradition

5 Bio-economy.the solution for sustainable developments...?...

6 Dutch challenges: Milenium development goals Reduce oil dependency Imports of biomass Collecting and on site pre-processing systems Biorefineries analogue to petrochemical refining Exports of value added green chemicals

7 Dutch Government and Industries & Bioeconomy Advise for CO 2 neutral production Alternative biomass farming Energy crops / Marine crops / algae / seaweeds Suitable sources for imports for fuel and chemistry and biobased products Carbon emission trade Development aid and CDM

8 Bio-economy & Sustainable developments CO 2 neutral production Transition process Renewable resources for energy and industries Exploitation of biomass from agro-industrial residues Value addition in materials, and green chemicals

9 Growing demand for biomass resources Agricultural crops sugar fats and oils ethanol biodiesel Forestry crops wood fuel charcoal

10 Transition to bio-economy What are the biomass resources where are those available at what costs??

11 Underutilised biomass resources Agricultural crops residues Food industry wastes Forestry crops Agricultural Forestry residues Black liquor Waste paper Animal waste Manure Municipal solid waste Sewage Marine crops

12 Various Crops and Regions Soft Wood Soft Wood Wheat Wheat Sugar beet Corn Soya Cotton Algae Cacao Cotton Coconut Sugarcane Soya Cassava Hard Wood Soft Wood Rice Cotton Coconut Palm oil Hard Wood Eucalypt Soya Eucalypt

13 Agroresidues of food and non-food crops Palm oil EFB, POME, fibre, shell, trunk, leaves Rubber wood / latex residues Rice straw / hull Sugar cane bagasse, molasse Cocoa shell, residue Coconut husk, shell, water Banana raqui, stems Pineapple tops Etc.

14 Biobased materials Biomass for energy returns quickly CO 2 in the atmosphere Carbon sequestration can be achieved in durable goods: Bioplastics (PLA, PHA/PHB and other), Cellulose and Starch plastics (CDA, cellophane), Char Composites Building materials (wood and fibre boards)

15 What s Happening to Climate and Why

16 CO 2 concentrations 1,000 Years of Carbon Emissions, Atmospheric Concentrations, and Temperature Change

17 Human-induced Sources of Heat-trapping Gases

18 How Climate Change Will Affect Us

19 Current Population Density

20 Climate Change Effects on Human Health

21 An Urgent Need for Climate Policy

22 Energy Efficiency Programs

23 Low Carbon Energy Supply

24 Forests and Agriculture

25 Building Industries large contribution to CO 2 Concrete Steel Aluminum Glass Synthetic polymers (PVC, PUR, PIR, PP)

26 Sustainable building developments Energy saving (insulation) Renewable energy (solar / wind) Recycling of materials recently green building

27 Green architecture

28 Cradle to Cradle C2C W. McDonough M. Braungart Remaking the way we make things Eco-efficient / effective design of products Reuse of waste to produce new products Waste becomes food.. Ever lasting cycles Ford / NIKE / many industries are following (?)

29 Bio-based economy and C2C Green Architecture and building Automotive industries sustainable trade and industry Nutrient Upcyling, Triple-Top-Line, Eco-effectiveness, Industrial design, Technical and biological resources for..everlasting consumption.. (?)

30 Green architecture

31 Ecological building

32 Adobe

33 Ecolonia

34 Wood frame building (c) Meertens Inst

35 Agrodôme demonstration project Wageningen

36 Agrodôme experimental building project Materials and building method selection ranking sustainable produced wood or agro raw material processed wood or agro-products reuse of building materials mineral resources (cement / lime / bricks / stone) metals petrochemical synthetic polymers

37 Biodegradable building materials (c) Meertens Inst

38 Agrodôme

39 Agrodôme

40 Prefab elements, high demands on insulation

41 Agrodôme

42 Inventory Renewable building materials Catalogue of products, methods and suppliers Wood products Wood fibre panels and boards Non-wood products Adhesives, coatings and building chemicals

43 Application of renewable resources wood - (wood frame construction) softwood / protected by coatings hardwood / eco-lable wood based reassembled (glued) products: fibre boards: HDF / MDF / particle boards multiply veneer panels, OSB cellulose insulation other non-wood products

44 Multiply constructions

45 Application of non-wood building products Bamboo and bamboo composites Fibre crops (flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, etc) non-woven insulation shives particle boards Wheat, rice straw bales / compressed panels (MDF) Reed / canes /palm fronts for thatched roofs Coir fibre mats and compressed (binderless) board Cork (and other bark residues)

46 Straw bale building

47 Fire hazard

48 Protect against attack of moulds and insects

49 Application of non-wood building products sheep wool insulation shell lime mortar whole-shell underfloor moisture barrier silica ash as substitute for cement

50 Roof insulation with sheep wool (c) Dosha

51 Application of non-wood building products coatings and adhesives latex based coatings plant oil coatings / alkyl resins starch based adhesives protein coatings and adhesives lignin / furan adhesives (bio-oil) natural dyes

52 Application of non-wood building products biopolymers rubber thermoplastic starch, cellulose acetate polyesters (PLA/PHA) thermosets (lignin / furan / pyrolysis oil) composites fibre reinforcement / filler biopolymer matrix

53 Application of non-wood building products paper pulp products corrugated boards honey comb light weight laminates cylinder / tube pressed massive board (recycled pulp)ing wall paper cover cellulose spray coating

54 Paper tube constructions

55 Bamboo structures Simon Velez

56 Bamboo traditional constructions

57 Bamboo plywood construction

58 Renewable building materials foundation ground floor outer walls inside walls massive wall - supporting wall cavity wall - partition wall floors / ceiling roofing material pitched or flat

59 Renewable building materials ground floor whole shells / expanded clay as damp absorbent (in crawl space) wooden beams sandwich panels prefab concrete extruded slabs (bio-crete)

60 Renewable building materials outer walls wood or wood composites covering shingles / rabat profiles / boards massive wall straw bales / loam recycled bricks cavity wall fibre insulation (cellulose / flax / wool)

61 Renewable building materials inner walls supporting walls wood frame construction with insulation and finishing concrete (biocrete) slabs partition walls particle boards laminate (fibre) boards paper boards

62 Renewable building materials floors / ceiling wooden beams multiply coir / cork insulation sandwich panels / fibre board prefab concrete extruded slabs (bio-crete) finishing marmoleum parquet / bamboo / cork

63 Renewable building materials roofing material pitched roof thatched and fibre board panneling shingles photovoltaic cells flat roof green roofing / substrate bitumen substitute cork insulation

64 Biomass from agro-industrial residues World production capacity coconut husk million tons / year

65 Overview continuous pilot line Husk storage Mill Transport Dryer Trimmer Hot press Mat former

66 Building and construction materials

67 Building system development New Design and Architecture Supply chain Product diversification

68 Sustainable building Renewable materials High performance Competing for quality for comfort for safety

69 Low cost housing design (URBOX) Dirk Smets (c)

70 Modular design (URBIX) Dirk Smets (c)

71 Oil Palm (Malaysia, Indonesia) ca 46 millions tons palm oil per year (2010) 25% of the World s vegetable oil production Extensive global expansion (from 2 to 7 million ha in last 20 years) 80% of the World production on account of Malaysia and Indonesia Palm oil and palm kernel oil are the only products (9% of the produced biomass), the rest is waste

72 Biomass from agro-industrial residues palm oil residues ca 40 million tons biomass 720 PJ of (primary) energy low utilisation rate

73 Utilisation of Palm oil residues Lignocellulosic fibres at estate fronts (10.5 tons /ha/yr) trunks (70 tons / ha / 25 yr) Residues at palm oil mill empty fruit bunch (1 ton / ton palm oil) mesocarp fibre (0.6 ton / ton) shells (0.4 ton / ton) effluent ( ton/ton) partly used as boiler fuel

74 Options for sustainable residue utilisation Bio-diesel (residual oil / pressing cakes) Bio-gas, H 2 / ABE and ethanol fermentation Bio-polymers (PLA, PHA) Bio-oil pyrolysis Charcoal Fibres for paper, building boards and composites Dissolving cellulose Binderless board (intrinsic lignin) green chemicals (furfural adhesives)

75 Utilisation efficiency The palm oil industry is one of those rare industries where very little attempt is made to save energy Husain et al (2003) Malaysian methane emission from open of effluent ponds amount to tons = 5,17 million tons of CO 2. Piling up of waste biomass = CH 4 production,eutrophication of surface water, illegal burning (CO 2 ), soil mining of plantation

76 EFB from Malaysia ( 30 wt% dm)

77 Empty Fruit Bunches Left after removal of fruits Regularly collected and discharged at palm oil mills Returned to plantation sites as compost Used to be burnt at the mills; practically banned

78 EFB cellulose Low grade Fuel / ethanol Particle boards Composites Medium grade (pulp) Paper and board High grade (dissolving cellulose) Viscose / Rayon Cellulose derivatives (CDA, HEC, CMC)

79 Conclusions Application of renewable building materials is technically feasible labor intensive and more expensive only small scale production More demonstration projects required for architects, building industries and commissioners Ecological building has broad public interest

80 Conclusions Research needs for development of renewable building materials innovative building systems design supply chain indoor climate control functional life time control (protection against moisture,fire and degradation) Building systems fitting in current building practice education product promotion and publicity

81 Conclusions By-products utilisation for added value is beneficial to the sustainability of palm oil production Essential for certifying the sustainability of the palm oil biomass energy and products. Multi-stakeholder involvement needed. Include outsider (food vs non-food) industries involved in energy and fibre products

82 Conclusion There is no need for waste when it s bio-based