PV Technologies - State of the Art

Transcription

1 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 1 PV Technologies - State of the Art Arnulf Jäger-Waldau European Commission, DG JRC, Ispra Institute for Energy Renewable Energy Unit

2 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 2 Solar Energy Conversion to Electricity Solar Potential Photovoltaic Technologies Conclusions

3 Solar Energy Conversion 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 3 Fuel Electricity Light C 2 O Sugar Fuels SC Electricity e H 2 O O 2 H 2 sc SC O 2 Photosynthesis H 2 O Semiconductor/Liquid Junctions e.g. Photovoltaics Courtesy: N. Lewis, CalTec

4 Solar Electricity Generation 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 4 CSP: Concentrated Solar Thermal Power Generation of Steam with Solar Power and then conversion with Steam Turbine to Electricity Possibility of Co-Generation with fossil fuel Possibility of Heat Storage for extended operation PV: Photovoltaics Direct conversion of solar power into electricity No moving parts Electricity has to be stored or converted into a storable medium, e.g. pumped water storage, Hydrogen

5 PV: PhotoVoltaics 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 5 Source: Sharp Corp.

6 Relative Spectral Response Spectral Response 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano Wavelength [nm] Irradiance [W/m 2 ]

7 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 7 Solar Energy Conversion to Electricity Solar Potential Photovoltaic Technologies Conclusions

8 PV electricity potential 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 8 Yearly sum of Global Irradiation (kwh/m 2 ) Yearly sum of Solar Electricity generated by 1kWpsystem (kwh/kwp) optimally-inclined modules

9 /MWh Electricity Market Prices in Southern Italy and Solar Irradiation W/m2 /MWh W/m2 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano Unweigted Prices November 2007 Unweigted Prices June Unweigted Prices November 2004 Unweigted Prices June 2004 Average Daily Irradiation November 160 Average Daily Irradiation June Hours Hours Electricity market prices (IPEX by Gestore Mercato Elettrico: bars; /MWh) versus global irradiance (HelioClim-2: red line; W/m 2 )

10 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 10 Solar Energy Conversion to Electricity Solar Potential Photovoltaic Technologies Conclusions

11 Manufacturing of Silicon Solar Cells and Modules 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 11

12 Ribbon Silicon 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 12 Molten silicon String ribbons Crucible

13 Different Thin Film Technologies 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 13

14 Multi-junction Technologies 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 14

15 Multi-junction Technologies 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 15 Contact Top Cell GaAs n-type AlInP n-type GaInP n-type GaInP p-type AlGaInP p-type Middle Cell Tunnel Junction GaAs n-type GaAs p-type GaInP p-type GaAs n-type Ge n-type Ge p-type Tunnel Junction Bottom Cell

16 Concentration Technologies 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 16

17 Tracking and Concentration 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 17

18 Efficiency of Solar Modules 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 18 Source: Bolko von Roedern and Harin S. Ullal, NREL, 2008

19 Efficiency of Solar Modules 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 19 Source: Bolko von Roedern and Harin S. Ullal, NREL, 2008

20 Possible Efficiencies of Thin Films 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 20 Source: Bolko von Roedern and Harin S. Ullal, NREL, 2008

21 Efficiency, % Which Efficiency for Which Cost 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano Glass 0.10 / Wp 0.20 / Wp 0.50 / Wp 2 3 1: Crystalline Silicon 2: Thin Films 3: Beyond Horizon Cost, /m² 1 Thermodynamic Limit 1.00 / Wp 3.50 / Wp Courtesy: M. Green, UNSW

22 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 22 Solar Energy Conversion to Electricity Solar Potential Photovoltaic Technologies Conclusions

23 Conclusions 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 23 Photovoltaic Electricity in Europe and the Mediterranean region is already very attractive, notably in peak load times High PV potential still untapped Southern Europe and the Mediterranean region A range of technologies is available, which is important to have no showstoppers Future Research and Development work is necessary to provide technology solutions Markets have to be developed further to provide the necessary growth for further cost reduction

24 Photo by Steve Locke 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano Thank you for your attention! 24