Japan s Energy Mix and Clean Coal Technology

Transcription

1 Japan s Energy Mix and Clean Coal Technology Takafumi KAKUDO Director, Coal Division Agency for Natural Resources and Energy Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

2 Principles of Japan s Energy Policy and Evaluation to Coal in the Basic Energy Plan Based on the significant changes in the domestic and overseas circumstances surrounding energy, a new Basic Energy Plan was decided by the Cabinet Council on April 11 in 2014 as the one that shows the direction of a new energy policy. Coal was re evaluated as an important fuel for the base load power supply which has advantages in stable supply and economic efficiency. It was positioned as an energy source to be used while reducing the environmental burden through the efficient use of the highly efficient power generation, etc. (1) Principles of the Energy Policy 3E + S Stable supply (Energy security) Cost reduction (Economic Efficiency) Environment Safety (2) Position of Coal + Global Viewpoint Developing energy policies with international movement appropriately Internationalizing energy industries by facilitating business overseas Economic Growth Contribution to reinforce Japan s locational competitiveness Activating Japan s energy market through energy system reform Although there is an issue of the greenhouse gases, coal involves the lowest geopolitical risk and the lowest price per unit of heat energy among fossil fuels; therefore, coal is an important energy source for the base load power supply due to its advantages in stable supply and economic efficiency. Further promote the introduction of the available leading edge technology by replacing the aging thermal power plants through the construction of new facilities and the expansion of existing plants, and the development of the technology (such as IGCC, etc.) which will significantly improve the power generation efficiency, etc. Also promote the introduction of such technologies and use them in a way that is compatible with the reduction of the environmental burden. 2

3 Direction (1) To improve the self-sufficiency ratio to around 25% surpassing the level before the Earthquake. (2) To reduce the electricity costs lower than today. (3) To set a high-level GHG reduction goal compared with other developed countries to lead the world. GDP growth 1.7%/year Japan s New Energy Mix Energy conservation 196TWh ( 17%) (Total Electricity Energy Conservation +Renewable Energy generation ) = about 40% 1,065TWh Electricity generation mix Renewable Energy 22~24% Geothermal 1.0~1.1% Bioenergy 3.7~4.6% Wind 1.7% Solar PV 7.9% Electricity Demand 967 TWh Electricity Demand 981 TWh Nuclear 22~20% LNG 27% Hydro 8.8~9.2% Coal 26% 2013 (actual results) Oil 3%

4 Issues in Coal Utilization Japan s CO2 Emissions were about 1.31 billion tons in fiscal year About 270 million tons of emissions were derived from the coal fired power generation. Although Japan s coal fired power generation has the world s highest level of efficiency, it still emits about twice the amount of CO 2 as compared to LNG fired power generation. For continuous use of coal fired power generation in future, further higher level of efficiency and reduction of emissions by CO 2 capture, etc. will be required from a longer term perspective. CO 2 Emissions/kWh by Fuels for Power Generation Steel industry 30.8% Coal consumption by industrial sectors Coke making 37.1% Others 2.4% Synthetic fibers 0.7% Others 6.3% Coal consumption in Japan (FY2013) 186,530,000 tons Ceramic industry, stone and clay 5.5% Chemical industry 3.2% Source: Coal Marker Survey As fuel 62.9% Pulp and paper 3.0% Electric utilities 48.1% Japan s CO2 Industrial Process 3.6% Natural Gas 36.5% Crude Oil 2.4% Waste 2.1% City Gas 6.7% Oil 36.5% Emissions Others 0.2% Total CO 2 Emissions In the Fiscal ,310,690,000 tons Emissions from coal are about 460 million tons. About 270 million tons are derived from coalfired thermal power generation. Coal 35.4% Source: the report of Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of the National Institute for Environmental Studies (confirmed report levels of 2013) (2015/04/23) Coal India China U.S. Germany World (JPN Ave.) Oil LNG LNG (JPN Ave.) Combined* CO 2 emissions from coalfired power generation in foreign countries CO 2 emissions from coal fired power generation in Japan *The average of the conventional, 1300 degrees C, and 1500 degrees C classes Source: Figures in Japan were estimated based on the report by Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (2009) and development goals of each research project. Figures in foreign countries were taken from CO 2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion

5 Improvement in Efficiency of Coal-Fired Power Generation Currently, Japan s most efficient coal fired power generation is ultra super critical pressure power generation (USC). In the future, Japan will further improve the efficiency of the pulverized coal fired power, and accelerate the technical development of integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) and integrated coal gasfication fuel cell combined cycle (IGFC) system to promote even higher efficiency power generation. <Improvement in efficiency of coal-fired power generation> Thermal efficiency (%) (Net, HHV) Existing power generation technologies The installed capacities in coal-fired power generation of general and wholesale electricity utilities Sub C SC USC 4.35GW (14%) 12.5GW (39%) 15.3GW (48%) Ultra super critical pressure (USC) (steam temperature 566 or higher, steam pressure 22.1MPa or higher) Future technology development IGCC 1500 GT IGCC 1700 GT Integrated coal gasification fuel cell combined system (IGFC) Advanced ultra supercritical pressure (A-USC) (steam temperature 700, steam pressure 24.1MPa) 40 Integrated coal gasification combined system (IGCC) (demonstration plant) Supercritical pressure (SC) 1200 GT (steam temperature lower than 566, 35 steam pressure 22.1MPa or higher) Sub critical pressure (Sub-C) (Steam pressure lower than 22.1MPa) 30 year 系列 1 CO2 emissions Sub-C about 900g/kWh SC about 850g/kWh USC about 800g/kWh OIL about 700g/kWh IGCC A-USC about 700g/kWh IGFC about 600g/kWh Innovated IGCC/IGFC about 530g/kWh LNG(steam) LNG about 480g/kWh (combined 200 cycle) about 375g/kWh (g/kwh) 5

6 Prospect of High Efficiency and Low-Carbon Next-Generation Thermal Power Generation Technology Thermal efficiency 65% 60% 55% 50% 45% Ultrahigh Temperature Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Combined Cycle (GTCC) Combined power generation utilizing gas turbine and steam turbine Thermal efficiency: Approximately 52% CO 2 emissions: 340 g/kwh Combined power generation for LNG utilizing ultrahigh temperature (1700 deg. C or above) gas turbine Thermal efficiency : Approximately 57% CO 2 emissions: Approximately 310 g/kwh Technological establishment: Around 2020 Advanced Humid Air Gas (AHAT) The single-cycle LNG thermal power technology for medium and small plants achieves power generation efficiency as high as that of large GTCC by utilizing humid air. Thermal efficiency: Approximately 51% CO 2 emissions: 350 g/kwh Technological establishment: Around 2017 A-USC Gas Turbine Fuel Cell Combined Cycle (GTFC) Power generation utilizing the triple combined cycle combining GTCC with fuel cell Thermal efficiency: Approximately 63% CO 2 emissions: Approximately 280 g/kw Technological establishment: 2025 GTFC 1700 deg. C-class GTCC Reduction of CO 2 by approximately 10% Reduction of CO 2 by approximately 20% 1700 deg. C-class IGCC Reduction of CO 2 by approximately 20% IGFC Reduction of CO 2 by approximately 30% LNG thermal power Coal-fired thermal power Integrated Coal Gasification Fuel Cell Combined Cycle (IGFC) Coal-fired thermal power utilizing the triple combined cycle combining IGCC with fuel cell Thermal efficiency: Approximately 55% CO 2 emissions: Approximately 590 g/kwh Technological establishment: Around 2025 Integrated coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) 40% IGCC(Verification by blowing air) Ultra Super Critical (USC) Pulverized coal thermal power utilizing steam power Thermal efficiency: Approximately 40% CO 2 emissions: Approximately 820 g/kwh Advanced Ultra Super Critical (A-USC) Pulverized coal thermal power utilizing high temperature and pressure steam turbine Thermal efficiency: Approximately 46% CO 2 emissions: Approximately 710 g/kwh Technological establishment: Around 2016 Coal-fired thermal power generated through coal gasification, utilizing the combined cycle combining gas turbine and steam turbine Thermal efficiency: Approximately 46 to 50% CO 2 emissions: 650 g/kwh (1700 deg. C class) Technological establishment: Around 2020 Photos by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Joban Joint Power Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., and Osaki CoolGen Corporation * The prospect of thermal efficiencies and discharge rates in the above Figure were estimated based on various assumptions at this moment. Present Around Year 2020 Year

7 Technology for capturing, storing and effectively utilizing CO2 emitted from thermal power plants (CCUS) can be a key to achieving zero CO2 emissions from power plants. Technology development/demonstration and geological study are now promoted to reduce costs and secure storage-sites. Thermal power plants Promotion of CCU and CCS CO2 Capture( Carbon dioxide Capture ) By placing CO 2 separation/capture systems in thermal power plants, more than 90% of CO 2 can be captured. Captured CO 2 Example of separation/capture system CO2 Storage (CCS: Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage) CO2 Utilization (CCU: Carbon dioxide Capture and Utilization) Technology for storing captured CO 2 in the ground. Although large amounts of CO 2 can possibly be stored, operating capability and storage capacity are the issues. The research and development as well as verification test are in the process toward the realization of CCS technology around Concept of CCS Storage layer Shielding layer CO2 Shielding layer Storage layer Technology for producing valuable materials such as alternative fuels or chemical materials from utilizing captured CO 2. Development of more efficient technologies and expansion of application areas for utilizing a large amount of CO 2 are the issues. 7

8 Projection of Capacity of Coal-Fired Power Generation in the World Up to 2040, the world s total capacity of coal-fired power generation will be expanded by 1.46 times (1,805(2012)GW 2,631GW(2040)). Particularly in Asia Pacific region, large expansion is expected. Russia (51GW 35GW) EU (189GW 98GW) Eastern Europe (57GW 42GW) China (791GW 1,210GW) USA (330GW 219GW) Middle East (0GW 1GW) Africa (42GW 90GW) India (138GW 499GW) Asia Pacific (excl. China & India) (159GW 300GW) South America (6GW 13GW) Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2014 Upper : Country or Region Lower : Change in Generation Capacity ( ) : Year 2012, : Year

9 Dissemination of High-Efficiency Coal Fired Power Generation Many countries, especially in Asian region, expect huge demand of coal fired power generation. In this regard, promoting highefficiency coal fired power generation and reducing CO2 emissions from coal fired power generation is a pragmatic measure in addressing the climate change. Japanese Government is trying to share the importance of high efficient low emission(hele) coal fired power generation with various countries through with bilateral/multilateral policy dialogues, and will keep on supporting dissemination of HELE coal fired power generation through public financial support. While restriction to public financial support for newly built coal fired power generation is proposed in OECD/ECG (Export Credit Group), Japan insists that the promotion of HELE coal fired power generation through public financial support will contribute to actual reduction of global CO2 emissions and to achieving the our common goals in addressing the climate change. Bilateral Dialogue In the bilateral summit talks with Indonesia, Thailand, Egypt, Poland, etc., Japan and the counterpart countries shared the importance of promoting high efficiency coal fired power generation. (Joint statement with Indonesia) March, 2015 They affirmed the significance of high-efficient coal-fired power plants in addressing climate change and as a source of electricity and concurred on the importance of sharing the necessity of continued public financial supports by OECD countries for coal-fired power generation in international fora. Contribution to Improvement in Energy Efficiency of Overseas Energy Infrastructure Under the Enevolution Initiative, that is an government/private collaborative initiative to disseminate Japan s extensive experience in making energy policies and advanced technologies in energy fields, Japanese government promotes the introduction of high efficiency coal fired power plants overseas especially in ASIA region. For the first step, Japan started further cooperation with Indonesia, considering the fact that Indonesia plans to develop 35GW power generation by Multilateral Dialogue(Example: Workshop on Clean Coal Technology) Workshop on Clean Coal Technology was held at the margin of 2 nd Energy Sustainability WG of G20 in Istanbul on May, In the workshop, coal related issues such as policy, technology development and public financial support were discussed. Policy makers and representatives from related organizations of G20 countries, OECD secretariat, coal and electricity industries, export credit agencies participated in the workshop. At the workshop, coal user countries pointed out the importance of (1) promoting technology development, (2) technology transfer and (3) public financial support, and those views were shared among participants. 9

10 Thank you for your attention. 10