CLARIFYING THE DEFINITIONS OF VARIOUS REUSE

Transcription

1 CLARIFYING THE DEFINITIONS OF VARIOUS REUSE OPTIONS FOR EFFECTIVE RECOVERY OF RESOURCES FROM WASTE STREAMS Mangesh Gharfalkar Zulfiqur Ali Graham Hillier 1

2 INTRODUCTION Considerable research on reduce-reuse-recycle. Lack of agreement and inconsistencies between definitions/descriptions of various reuse options. Examples: Waste directive 2008/98/EC considers repair as part of preparing for reuse (Directive, 2008). Many terms such as used, repaired, restored reconditioned, and recycled are often confused with remanufacturing (TRI, 2014). Remanufacturing is shown distinct from reuse (Gaussin et al., 2013); (Seitz and Wells 2006). Directive Directive 2008/98/EC of The European Parliament And of The Council on Waste and Repealing Certain Directives. Official Journal of the European Union. Gaussin, M., Hu, G., Abolghasem, S., Basu, S., Shankar, M. R. & Bidanda, B Assessing the environmental footprint of manufactured products: A survey of current literature. International Journal of Production Economics, 146, Seitz, M. A. & Wells, P. E Challenging the implementation of corporate sustainability: The case of automotive engine remanufacturing. Business Process Management Journal, 12, TRI What remanufacturing is not? [Online]. The Remanufacturing Institute (TRI). Available: [Accessed ]. 2

3 HYPOTHESIS REUSE OPTIONS Reuse options: Direct reuse Repair and reuse Recondition and reuse Refurbish and reuse Remanufacture and reuse Options result in reuse of waste objects + conversion of waste into non-waste. Waste: Any substance or object, which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard (Directive, 2008). Scope of this paper 5Rs of Resource Effectiveness (Gharfalkar et al., 2015) 3 Directive Directive 2008/98/EC of The European Parliament And of The Council on Waste and Repealing Certain Directives. Official Journal of the European Union. Gharfalkar, M., Court, R., Campbell, C., Ali, Z. & Hillier, G Analysis of waste hierarchy in the European waste directive 2008/98/EC. Waste Management, 39,

4 AIMS AND METHOD Aims: Whether inconsistencies exist between reuse options. Propose alternative definitions. Method: Identification of relevant and useful articles. Analysis of identified articles using two criteria: 1. Is the defined/described option considered as a reuse option? 2. Does it indicate lack of agreement/clarity/overlap between reuse options? 17 Articles were identified 4

5 INCLUSION IN OR EXCLUSION FROM REUSE 66% 66% either do not consider or sufficiently describe to conclude whether or not the option can be considered as a reuse option. 5

6 LACK OF AGREEMENT Clarity on Reuse Options Clear 41% Clear cut definitions and distinctions between repair, refurbish and remanufacture do not exist in literature or practice (Ziout et al., 2014). Not Clear 59% The main recovery strategies are direct reuse, reuse after small repairs (also known as refurbishment) (Pigosso et al., 2010). Overlap between repair and refurbish 6 Pigosso, D. C. A., Zanette, E. T., Filho, A. G., Ometto, A. R. & Rozenfeld, H Ecodesign methods focused on remanufacturing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18, Ziout, A., Azab, A. & Atwan, M A holistic approach for decision on selection of end-of-life products recovery options. Journal of Cleaner Production, 65,

7 BASIS FOR PROPOSED HIERARCHY OF REUSE OPTIONS Hierarchy of Secondary Market Production Processes (Ijomah et al., 2005) Refurbish is above recondition Basis for Proposed Hierarchy of Reuse Options Repairing, reconditioning and remanufacturing consume energy in increasing order (King et al., 2006). Reconditioning involves bringing an object to an acceptable working condition, generally inferior to that of original model without the latest functionality or aesthetic styling of a new product (King et al., 2006). Refurbishing has an element of upgrade to it (Ziout et al., 2014). Increased work content and energy consumption = increased cost. 7 Ijomah, W. L., Hammond, G. P., Childe, S. J. & McMahon, C. A. A Robust Description and Tool for Remanufacturing: A Resource and Energy Recovery Strategy. Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing, Eco Design Fourth International Symposium on, Dec King, A. M., Burgess, S. C., Ijomah, W. & McMahon, C. A Reducing waste: repair, recondition, remanufacture or recycle? Sustainable Development, 14, Ziout, A., Azab, A. & Atwan, M A holistic approach for decision on selection of end-of-life products recovery options. Journal of Cleaner Production, 65,

8 PROPOSED HIERARCHY OF REUSE OPTIONS 8 Further research may be required to establish the hierarchy between recondition and refurbish.

9 CLOSED LOOP RESOURCE FLOW MODELS Type of resources? Closed Loop Resource Flow Models (Graedel and Allenby, 1995) Type of waste? Need for Type II/2 Model of Resource Flow Type I: Linear Unsustainable. Type II: Intended to fulfil 3 key demands of sustainability (Rashid et al., 2013): 1. Minimisation of material and energy. 2. Maximisation of expended resources. 3. Minimization of adverse env impacts. Without emphasis on the type of natural resources used, even the Type II model will not be able to achieve sustainability. Type III: Ideal but practically difficult. Hence the need for a practically achievable and sustainable resource flow model between Type II and Type III. Type II/2 Model of Resource Flows. 9 Graedel, T. E. & Allenby, B. R Industrial Ecology, Engelwood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall.

10 BASIS FOR INTRODUCTION OF TYPE II/2 RESOURCE FLOW MODEL 03/07/2015 Tinos Rs of Resource Effectiveness (Gharfalkar et al., 2015) 10 Gharfalkar, M., Court, R., Campbell, C., Ali, Z. & Hillier, G Analysis of waste hierarchy in the European waste directive 2008/98/EC. Waste Management, 39,

11 PROPOSED TYPE II/2 MODEL OF RESOURCE FLOWS Replacement of environmentally damaging and non-renewable resources with environmentally benign and renewable resources. Environmentally benign output. 11

12 CONCLUSIONS Literature review confirms existence of lack of clarity between different reuse options (articles within the environmental sciences discipline for mechanical and electromechanical products ). Further research may be required with widened scope of literature search. Research at this stage is inadequate to propose alternative definitions. Need for establishing appropriate standards and universal definitions for all the reuse options. Acknowledgements: Co-authors for their valuable inputs. Teesside University for the PhD studentship. Conference organisers for the opportunity to present. 12