SCORE 2003 Short Course On Reliability & Energy. Power Monitoring

Transcription

1 SCORE 2003 Short Course On Reliability & Energy Power Monitoring

2 Introduction Monitor Types Temporary Handheld ( Spot Readings ) Portable Analyzers Things to Consider when Choosing an Instrument Permanent Monitoring Systems Benefits of Power System Monitoring Applications Power Quality Operations Management Energy Management Customer Resources Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 2

3 Handheld or Portable Handhelds Offer small size convenience and efficient on-board screens Battery powered and self-contained Less protected from environmental elements Typically housed in rubberized boot for that resists drop damage Good for snap shots. Some recording capability Portables Physically larger and heavier Increased environmental protection External power source typically needed Designed for recording and event capture Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 3

4 Temporary Handhelds Two subcategories Single Phase Units Three Phase Units Typical Features Battery Powered Large Backlit LCD Displays Oversized Function Keys or Touch Screens Measure Multiple Parameters Limited recording capabilities Good for real-time data and snap shots Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 4

5 Portable Recording Loggers Disturbance Analyzers Trending Analyzers Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 5

6 Data Loggers Loggers Generally single function device (sometimes with multiple channels) that records parameters such as temperature, humidity, voltage & current PC programmed and downloaded. Produce simple time-stamped graph of parameter over time Typically small, great for tight spaces and simple single parameter measurement Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 6

7 Portable Analyzers Disturbance intended to detect an anomaly, then record and store it for local viewing or downloading to a PC. Trending records multiple parameters over time. Originally designed to record power, energy consumption and temperature. Dual Function (Disturbance & Trending) Most of today s portables do both. Not all have power, energy, or harmonics capabilities. Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 7

8 Instrument Features Things to Consider Environment Physical Footprint TRMS & Sampling Rate Electrical Parameters Channels & Communication Software & Reporting Current Transformers Price Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 8

9 Environment & Footprint Consider where you ll need to use the instrument Indoors or outdoors Wet or humid climates Corrosive environments Extreme temperatures (hot or cold) Physical Footprint PQ workspaces can be cramped and difficult to access (I.e. inside switchgear, MCC s, and distribution panels. Select a monitor that is the appropriate size for the application. Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 9

10 Why True RMS? Most PQ instruments use True RMS algorithms Instruments can be either Averaging or TRMS TRMS meters accurately integrate the area under the sine wave, rather than averaging the area of the curve TRMS algorithms can increase the measured accuracy of a given parameter by as much as 40% TRMS meters accurately measure non-linear loads (computers, VFD s, etc) and harmonic distortion TRMS is required for revenue grade energy/power measurement Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 10

11 One Current - Two Readings 8.4 Amps 12.3 Amps Averaging True RMS This branch circuit feeds a non-linear load with distorted current. The TRMS clamp-on reads correctly, but the averaging clamp-on reads 32% lower Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 11

12 Sampling Rate Sampling Rate - The number of samples, or measurements, taken per unit time Y-value is determined by the quality and precision of the analog to digital converter in the instrument Volts Sample Rate defines the X-axis parameter Time Duration Though a high sampling rate is good, it is not the only indicator of quality and accuracy of an instrument Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 12

13 Electrical Parameters Voltage - True RMS, Peak Current - True RMS, Peak Harmonics Power Real Power - Watts or kw Apparent Power - VA or kva Reactive Power - VAR or kvar Energy Consumption - Watt-hours, kwh Power Factor Be aware of the voltage and current ratings of your instrument!! Don t use a 600v rated instrument on medium voltage equipment (I.e. 4160v) Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 13

14 Power Factor Apparent Power (kva) - Total power provided by utility or generation Reactive Power (kvar) - Sustains electromagnetic field in inductive loads (I.e. motors, transformers, ballasts) Real Power (kw) - Performs the actual work (I.e. motors, lights, heat) Indicator of how effectively power is being used Apparent Power (kva) θ = PF Angle Real Power (kw) Reactive Power (kvar) The Beer Analogy kva is the total mug of beer Foam (kvar) doesn t quench thirst PF = Real Power / Apparent Power PF = kw / kva = cos θ Beer (kw) quenches thirst Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 14

15 Channels & Communication Channels Portable recording devices should have three-phase, four wire, minimum capability Simultaneous current and voltage measurement ports on each channel for single and three-phase devices Remember - a three-phase instrument can be used for a single phase application, but not vice versa Communications Is remote monitoring required? If so, look for units with built-in modems Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 15

16 Software & Reporting Lots of software available for tabular and graphical output Some have full-featured report writers Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 16

17 Current Transformers (CTs) Window CTs ( Doughnuts ) Rings of iron or core material with Bakelite or polyethylene coating. Individual phases, permanent installations like switchgear, panel mtd meters, or transformers. Spiltcore CTs Insulated iron cores with a hinge or some means of separation for installing on existing circuits. Clamp-On CTs CTs built into hinged handles that can installed for a shortterm basis. Most popular type with handheld and portable meters Flexible CTs Coated with a rubber or thermoplastic material Ideal for large multiple conductors or bus bars CTs typically designed for a particular meter and are not interchangeable from one type of meter to another. Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 17

18 Permanent Monitoring Systems Integrated systems with endless PQ, O&M and Energy Mgt capability. Metering / Monitoring devices permanently mounted in distribution equipment. Can be tied together with LAN-based communications and managed with web-based software. Allows the customer to manage power and energy at an enterprise level. Can be expensive depending on the scope and complexity of the installation. Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 18

19 PQ Benefits & Applications Assist in preventive and predictive maintenance Identify source and frequency of PQ events Establish precise location and timing of PQ events Develop maintenance schedules based on trends Determine the need for mitigation equipment Monitor and trend real-time PQ conditions Analyze transients, harmonics, voltage sags & swells Make decisions based on documented trends UPS and backup systems Power conditioning devices Assess sensitivity of process equipment to disturbances Evaluate performance against specifications Compare current and voltage Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 19

20 Simple PQ Case Study Gaylord Container Problem: Data Center for cardboard container manufacturer. Computers on UPS shutdown every weekend. Customer reboots them every Monday morning. Manufacturing is 24/5 operation. Va RMS (Volts) Resolution: Due to load decrease on weekends, voltage would rise above 130v. UPS s were of the inexpensive Standby type. No input power conditioning. Input voltage range 100v to 130v. UH-OH!!! /23/ :32:00 01/24/ :38:30 01/25/ :45:00 01/26/ :51:30 01/27/ :58:00 Time UPS s would switch to battery, run down, and shutoff in 10 minutes. Tap change was made at utility transformer, customer purchased Lineinteractive UPSs and the problem was eliminated. Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 20

21 Operations Mgt Applications Improve Operational Efficiencies Increase Productivity/Reduce Downtime Discover Malfunctioning Control Systems Extend Equipment Life Wisely Manage Capital Expenditures Schedule Maintenance Efficiently Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 21

22 Operations Mgt Case Study Gultech North America Guess how many stages this chiller has? Problem: Air Cooled Chiller compressor failures RMS PH A (Amps) /20/ :00:00 09/25/ :58:30 09/29/ :57:00 10/04/ :55:30 10/08/ :54:00 Time Resolution: Customer suspects power surges and poor power quality from utility. Power quality proves to be fine. Culprit is malfunctioning HVAC control system and design. Chiller and hot water boiler are fighting one another causing excessive compressor cycling and loading. Three compressors failed due to this condition. Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 22

23 Energy Management Benefits If you can better understand how your business uses energy, you will be better equipped to manage energy costs. Benchmark overall equipment & system energy performance Make multi-site comparisons Energy use comparisons Identify load versus demand Evaluate alternative rate structures Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 23

24 Energy Management Applications Determine where on the load curve your equipment is operating. Gather load trend information in order to project your load growth. Analyze your operation so you can evaluate potential energy-saving measures. Compile load profile information so you can better understand and manage your energy costs. Allocate energy costs to different segments of your business. Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 24

25 Energy Mgt Case Study 1000 Demand Data - Total Facility, CHW System, and Air Compressors Weller - Cooper Tools, Cheraw, SC Condenser Wtr Pump kw Air Compr AC-1 kw Air Compr AC-3 kw Chilled Wtr Pump kw Chiller kw Total Facility kw /18/01 4:00 PM 12/19/01 4:00 AM 12/19/01 4:00 PM 12/20/01 4:00 AM 12/20/01 4:00 PM 12/21/01 4:00 AM 12/21/01 4:00 PM 12/22/01 4:00 AM 12/22/01 4:00 PM 12/23/01 4:00 AM 12/23/01 4:00 PM 12/24/01 4:00 AM 12/24/01 4:00 PM 12/25/01 4:00 AM 12/25/01 4:00 PM 12/26/01 4:00 AM 12/26/01 4:00 PM 12/27/01 4:00 AM 12/27/01 4:00 PM 12/28/01 4:00 AM 12/28/01 4:00 PM 12/29/01 4:00 AM 12/29/01 4:00 PM 12/30/01 4:00 AM 12/30/01 4:00 PM 12/31/01 4:00 AM 12/31/01 4:00 PM 1/1/02 4:00 AM 1/1/02 4:00 PM 1/2/02 4:00 AM 1/2/02 4:00 PM 1/3/02 4:00 AM 1/3/02 4:00 PM 1/4/02 4:00 AM 1/4/02 4:00 PM 1/5/02 4:00 AM 1/5/02 4:00 PM 1/6/02 4:00 AM 1/6/02 4:00 PM 1/7/02 4:00 AM 1/7/02 4:00 PM 1/8/02 4:00 AM POD kw Chiller, Air Compr & Pump kw Date & Time Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 25

26 Energy Mgt Case Study Chilled Water System Data - 12/23/01 & 12/24/01 Weller - Cooper Tools, Cheraw, SC 80 CHW Supply Temp CHW Return Temp Outside Air Temp Chiller kw Chilled Wtr Pump kw Condenser Wtr Pump kw /23/01 12:15 AM 12/23/01 1:15 AM 12/23/01 2:15 AM 12/23/01 3:15 AM 12/23/01 4:15 AM 12/23/01 5:15 AM 12/23/01 6:15 AM 12/23/01 7:15 AM 12/23/01 8:15 AM 12/23/01 9:15 AM 12/23/01 10:15 AM 12/23/01 11:15 AM 12/23/01 12:15 PM 12/23/01 1:15 PM 12/23/01 2:15 PM 12/23/01 3:15 PM 12/23/01 4:15 PM 12/23/01 5:15 PM 12/23/01 6:15 PM 12/23/01 7:15 PM 12/23/01 8:15 PM 12/23/01 9:15 PM 12/23/01 10:15 PM 12/23/01 11:15 PM 12/24/01 12:15 AM 12/24/01 1:15 AM 12/24/01 2:15 AM 12/24/01 3:15 AM 12/24/01 4:15 AM 12/24/01 5:15 AM 12/24/01 6:15 AM 12/24/01 7:15 AM 12/24/01 8:15 AM 12/24/01 9:15 AM 12/24/01 10:15 AM 12/24/01 11:15 AM 12/24/01 12:15 PM 12/24/01 1:15 PM 12/24/01 2:15 PM 12/24/01 3:15 PM 12/24/01 4:15 PM 12/24/01 5:15 PM 12/24/01 6:15 PM 12/24/01 7:15 PM 12/24/01 8:15 PM 12/24/01 9:15 PM 12/24/01 10:15 PM 12/24/01 11:15 PM Temp (Deg F) kw Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 26

27 Energy Mgt Case Study Demand Data - Total Facility, CHW System, and Air Compressors - 12/19/01 Weller - Cooper Tools, Cheraw, SC Air Compr AC-1 kw Air Compr AC-3 kw Condenser Wtr Pump kw 1000 Chilled Wtr Pump kw Chiller kw Total Facility kw /19/01 12:15 AM 12/19/01 12:45 AM 12/19/01 1:15 AM 12/19/01 1:45 AM 12/19/01 2:15 AM 12/19/01 2:45 AM 12/19/01 3:15 AM 12/19/01 3:45 AM 12/19/01 4:15 AM 12/19/01 4:45 AM 12/19/01 5:15 AM 12/19/01 5:45 AM 12/19/01 6:15 AM 12/19/01 6:45 AM 12/19/01 7:15 AM 12/19/01 7:45 AM 12/19/01 8:15 AM 12/19/01 8:45 AM 12/19/01 9:15 AM 12/19/01 9:45 AM 12/19/01 10:15 AM 12/19/01 10:45 AM 12/19/01 11:15 AM 12/19/01 11:45 AM 12/19/01 12:15 PM 12/19/01 12:45 PM 12/19/01 1:15 PM 12/19/01 1:45 PM 12/19/01 2:15 PM 12/19/01 2:45 PM 12/19/01 3:15 PM 12/19/01 3:45 PM 12/19/01 4:15 PM 12/19/01 4:45 PM 12/19/01 5:15 PM 12/19/01 5:45 PM 12/19/01 6:15 PM 12/19/01 6:45 PM 12/19/01 7:15 PM 12/19/01 7:45 PM 12/19/01 8:15 PM 12/19/01 8:45 PM 12/19/01 9:15 PM 12/19/01 9:45 PM 12/19/01 10:15 PM 12/19/01 10:45 PM 12/19/01 11:15 PM 12/19/01 11:45 PM POD kw Chiller, Air Compr & Pump kw Date & Time 0 Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 27

28 Monitoring Resources Fluke Corporation Megger (Metrosonics) Dranetz-BMI Power Monitors Inc Square D Amprobe AEMC HIOKI Summit Technology Pace Scientific Mitchell Instrument Instrumentation Copyright 2003 Progress Energy Short Course On Reliablility & Energy 28