SUSTAINABLE CARBON SOURCES FOR BIOFUEL PRODUCTION IN RENEWABLE ENERGY FUTURE

Transcription

1 SUSTAINABLE CARBON SOURCES FOR BIOFUEL PRODUCTION IN RENEWABLE ENERGY FUTURE Hannu Karjunen, Eero Inkeri, Tero Tynjälä, Timo Hyppänen 4th RESEARCHERS SEMINAR

2 CONTENTS 1. Scope and Background 2. CO 2 Sources 3. Model 4. Summary

3 NEOCARBON CASES Integration to CHP plant (WP3) Waste water tr. plant (WP3) Lab scale CO 2 capture (WP5) Yearly scenarios, scales (WP2) Local, national level CO 2 source options Pulp and paper mill Other power to value (WPs)? Detail research System performance Dimensioning System analyses System optimization Economical feasibility Technical feasibility Concept development/options Modeling platforms PtX * Dynamic Model Long Term, year Economics, performance PtX * Optimization Model Day Week scale Production/Operation/opt. PtX * Virtual Plant Scale < 2 day Unit level modeling Unit Unit Models Unit Modeling Modeling Special Special Detailed Special Modeling Detail Modeling Modeling Electrolysis Chemical meth. Biological meth. CO 2 capt./prod. Gas storages Biogas reactor Power electronics Grid connections Heat storages *X = Fuels, chemicals, materials Grid balancing => /kwh? Dynamic performance Control design Control strategies Training Malfunction research Component level Analyses Optimization Design WP4 Team VTT & LUT

4 Concept 100% renewable system in 2050 Wind, solar & biomass main sources of primary energy PtG integration - Stabilization, time shifting - Transport and energy sector (SNG) Sustainable carbon sources for PtG

5 Scope Base work: Child & Breyer: 100% RE scenarios for Finland (WP2) A. Holopainen, Master s thesis: Carbon sources for power-togas applications in the Finnish energy system 6 Mt CO2 annually for PtG, ~27 Mt CO2 available in 2015 from point sources (biogenic) Which sources of CO 2? CO 2 balance? Storage & Transport? System efficiency and optimization

6 CO 2 SOURCES Identification Quantities Costs & Considerations

7 Potential CO 2 sources Pulp & Paper (Industry) Large quantities available Power plants & district heating Large quantities available Variable production Biogas (digestion) High CO 2 concentration (~40% v ) Limited quantities DAC Fossil sources Not in this work Biogenic CO2 sources Current Mt/a Pulp & Paper 18,5 Power plants 8,9 Biogas 0,05 Total 27, scenario Pulp & Industry 6,9 Power plants 10,7 Biogas 0,4-1,2 Total ~17,6 Estimated demand 6 Mt/a A. Holopainen, Master s thesis: Carbon sources for power-to-gas applications in the Finnish energy system

8 Cost estimations DAC /t CO2 Most optimistic: 25 /t Pessimistic: 800 /t DAC competitiveness questioned in literature Debate about actual prices Frank Zeman. Reducing the Cost of Ca-Based Direct Air Capture of CO2. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, Reiter, Lindorfer. Evaluating CO2 sources for power-to-gas applications - A case study for Austria. International Journal of CO2 Utilization 06/2015; 10: House et al. Economic and energetic analysis of capturing CO2 from ambient air. DOI /pnas Lackner et al. The urgency of the development of CO2 capture from ambient air. DOI /pnas

9 Biomass conversion processes are an attractive option

10 MODEL Introduction Characteristics Graphs

11 Model Hourly CO 2 production for point sources (1 year) Industry CHP District heat CHP Gas Turbines PtG CO 2 consumption Biogas (digestion) Air Capture Energy penalty Costs, Storage, Transport Strategy Limitations Energy penalty Costs, Conclusions CO 2 availability System cost Optimization

12 MATLAB Simulation nodes Adjustable production DAC Point sources Electrolysis capacity Model Adjustable storage capacity Transportation model between nodes (and within nodes) Cost of transport Transport strategy

13 Model scenarios Nodal approach allows customizable scenarios, e.g. High number of small-scale clusters Low number of large centralized units Could reflect actual locations if parameters fixed accurately Visualizing CO2 emissions in Finland. Cyril Jose E. Bajamundi, VTT.

14 CO 2 balance No CO 2 from gas turbines (nor biogas or DAC) CO 2 deficit in spring and autum DH offline Excess wind power

15 CO 2 balance Rapid day/night cycle Occasional deficit (week / month scale) Daily and seasonal storages Demand prediction (transport) Locational differences

16 Total stored CO 2 Without DAC: (Ind. CHP, DH CHP) With DAC (1 Mt CO2 ) DAC evens out production Smaller storage DH less desirable (available only in winter) Optimization: storage vs capture capacity

17 SUMMARY Dynamic model for CO 2 network Configurable scenarios Annual and monthly balance evaluations Optimization High quality CO 2 sources available, but amounts limited Combination of various sources CO 2 demand especially high in spring & autumn: District heating mainly offline High amounts of wind power available Seasonal sources of CO 2 are problematic Affects storage demand

18 NEO-CARBON ENERGY project is one of the Tekes strategic research openings and the project is carried out in cooperation with Technical Research Centre of Finland VTT Ltd, Lappeenranta University of Technology LUT and University of Turku, Finland Futures Research Centre FFRC.