Vehicle Interior Air Quality: Volatile Organic Compounds

Transcription

1 Vehicle Interior Air Quality: Volatile Organic Compounds Douglas Booker 1,3, Nick Molden 2, Charlotte Farr 3 NAQTS 1, Emissions Analytics 2, Lancaster University 3 8 th UCR PEMS Conference March 22 nd 2018

2 Background National Air Quality Testing Services (NAQTS) is a social business that is passionate about improving the quality of life. We seek to improve awareness of indoor air quality (IAQ) through widespread public and commercial monitoring. The challenges for Vehicle Interior Air Quality (VIAQ) are similar and these studies are jointly done with Emissions Analytics. We believe that understanding your indoor air quality is a holistic enterprise, utilising affordable integrated testing equipment. Based in UK (Lancaster University Environment Centre and Cardiff), and in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

3 Technology PN - CPC with 20:1 predilution (IPA, d 50 15nm) CO, NO 2 - Multiple Electrochemical and Metal Oxide sensors VOCs - Electrochemical, Metal Oxide and Thermal desorption tubes for GC- MS Analysis. CO 2 - NDIR T, P, RH BME280 Noise dba Location GPS Vibration 3D accelerometer and 3D Gyro Web GUI with SQL Database

4 Metrology PN Calibration in accordance with ISO Gas calibration (Zero/span linearity)

5 The Problem 101 minutes per day in vehicles (Dong et al. 2004) Immediate proximity to significant pollutant sources (other vehicles), plus in urban areas, high outdoor concentrations Key questions: 1. How much ambient air pollution is coming into the vehicle? 2. What are the in-vehicle sources of air pollution? (Müller et al. 2011) Dong, L.; Block, G.; Mandel, S. Activities contributing to total energy expenditure in the Unites States: Results from the NHAPS study. Int. J. Behavioral Nutrition Phys. Activity 1, 4 (2004) Müller, D; Klingelho fer, D; Uibel, s; Groneberg, D.A. Car indoor air pollution - analysis of potential sources. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology 6, no. 33 (2011): 1-7.

6 Q1: Ambient Ingress

7 Q2: Vehicle Interior Pollutants Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), responsible for the new car smell, can be emitted from an array of interior parts and components: the dashboard, interior panels, flooring materials, and many others. Within the confined space of a vehicle, VOCs emitted from these components may reach levels that are potentially harmful to human occupants, causing symptoms such as nausea, allergies, fatigue, stinging eyes, and headaches. Beyond affecting drivers and passengers well-being and comfort, such symptoms may have also consequences on safe driving

8 Regulatory Context Who is setting standards? Automobile Associations (JAMA, ACEA, TÜV Rhineland Group etc.) Manufacturers (GM, BMW, VW, etc.) ISO (ISO ISO ) Monitoring techniques? Environmental Chambers (BMW GS , ISO ISO ) Bag method (TSM0508G, ISO ) TD GC-MS (PB VWL 709; VDA 278) Move towards harmonisation Shall include provisions and harmonized test procedures for the measurement of interior VOCs taking into account existing standards What are they monitoring? Interior materials (GMW15634) Full vehicle (GMW15654, ISO )

9 Experimental Set-Up (Static Baseline) Hydrophobic TnxTA/Cg1 Integrated into NAQTS V1000 Tested inside Emissions Analytics Stokenchurch Emissions Lab Top 20 peaks, Semi-quantitative (spiked with d8- Toluene, d6-benzene and d4-dichlorobenzene) Agilent GC-MS, samples run on full scan mode Thermal Desorption

10 Experimental Set-Up (Real World Driving) Hydrophobic TnxTA/Cg1 Integrated into NAQTS V1000 Tested dynamically on RDE-type route (Geofencing Urban, Rural, Highway etc.) at same time as indooroutdoor research to see VOCs ingress Top 20 peaks, Semi-quantitative (spiked with d8- Toluene, d6-benzene and d4-dichlorobenzene) Agilent GC-MS, samples run on full scan mode Thermal Desorption

11 VW Golf (2011)

12 Renault Clio (2016)

13 Mercedes C220 (2005)

14 Ford Focus (2009)

15 Ford Focus (2015)

16 Fiat Punto (2008)

17 German Saloon (2017)

18 Mini Cooper (2006)

19 Comparisons - TVOCs

20 Comparisons - TVOCs Health Effects <200 µg/m³ - No irritation or discomfort µg/m³ - Irritation and discomfort possible µg/m³- Discomfort expected and headache possible >25000 µg/m³ - toxic

21 Comparisons II - Speciation

22 Comparisons II - Speciation Carcinogen (Group 1) 3 µg/m³

23 Comparisons II - Speciation 8.4 µg/m³ 23 µg/m³ 5.5 µg/m³ 15 µg/m³

24 14 µg/m³ 20 µg/m³ Comparisons II - Speciation 19 µg/m³ Carcinogen (Group 2A)

25 How do you communicate these results to the general public? Vehicle manufacturers beginning to differentiate themselves based on VIAQ, we need more independent research to inform the consumer. You can literally survive a military grade bio attack by sitting in your car - TESLA Complicated subject matter + general public aversion to analytical chemistry

26 Conclusions & Future Research CONCLUSIONS TVOC quantities for German Saloon, Ford Focus (2009), Ford Focus (2015), Mercedes C220 & VW Golf are within range of irritation and discomfort. Although this was static and at a relatively low temperature, and inside so avoiding direct sunlight. More data needed! FUTURE RESEARCH Deepen the static baseline testing to include warmer temperatures / direct sunlight Revisit Question 1: How much ambient air pollution is coming into the vehicle? Real World Driving VOCs vs. Static VOCs Real-time TVOCs vs Speciation

27 Thanks! Charlotte Farr, Lancaster University Peter Allen, Marchwood Scientific Services University of California Riverside

28 Any questions? Douglas Booker,