Chapter: Chapter 15-16: Alternative Energy and the Environment. a) deposition of organic-poor material b) elevated temperatures and pressures

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1 Chapter: Chapter 15-16: Alternative Energy and the Environment 1. Which of the following geological processes INITIATES the chemical transformation of the sediment s organic material into oil and/or gas? a) deposition of organic-poor material b) elevated temperatures and pressures c) migration of heated fluid into the source rock d) secondary enrichment by escaping gases 2. According to the Environmental Science text, the estimated peak oil production will be about 50 billion bbl per year and it will arrive sometime between 2020 and What is the least likely to happen when the peak production occurs and demand is not met? a) the price of oil will increase b) disruption to society c) a gap between demand and production will occur d) peak production will never take place because of unknown reserves yet to be discovered 3. Which of the following terms refers to a device that generates electricity by chemical reactions involving hydrogen? a) power tower b) biofuel c) fuel cell d) fossil fuel 4. In a fuel cell, the only waste product is: a) hydrogen gas b) carbon dioxide c) water d) nitrogen dioxide

2 5. All of the following correctly describe fossil fuels except: a) it was created from incomplete biological decomposition of dead organic matter b) it comprises long-term energy reserves c) it is considered a renewable energy resource d) it is organic material, dead and buried 6. Oil and coal production, refining, and transportation have been associated with all of the following environmental problems except: a) land subsidence b) not readily available in highly populated countries, such as China and India c) release of harmful gases when burned and/or refined d) oil tanker and marine well spills 7. Which of the following terms refers to energy produced from ANY source other than fossil fuels? a) alternative energy b) fuel cell c) biofuel d) renewable energy 8. Fuel cells produce using hydrogen gas and found in air. a) electricity; oxygen b) heat; nitrogen c) carbon dioxide; oxygen d) light; nitrogen e) light; oxygen

3 9. systems do NOT make use of pumps, solar cells, or generators to transform potential energy into the movement of air, water, or electrons. a) passive solar energy b) active solar energy c) geothermal energy d) hydropower 10. All fossil fuels require a certain amount of energy input to get them out of the ground and process them into useful forms. Which of the following energy sources generally requires the most energy before it can be used as a fuel: a) low-sulfur coal b) natural gas c) oil shale d) high-sulfur coal 11. In some ways, natural gas is considered a better fossil fuel than oil. This is primarily because: a) gas is found at shallower depths than oil b) gas is a renewable resource c) once a reservoir is located, gas commands a higher price than oil d) burning natural gas is cleaner than burning oil products 12. If a fluid moves through a tube with an inlet area of 10 m 2 with a velocity of 5 m/s, how fast will the fluid move through the outlet side if the area is 5 m 2? a) 2 m/s b) 5 m/s c) 10 m/s d) 50 m/s 13. Today, the most economical fossil fuel resource (it has recently surpassed the former #1 fossil fuel resource) for electrical production in the U.S. is: a) oil b) coal c) oil shale d) natural gas

4 14. One of the principal advantages of photovoltaic cells is that they: a) convert 80-90% of solar energy into electricity b) are made from Earth-friendly materials c) can be used for power in remote locations d) can be produced inexpensively, although costs are rising 15. Petroleum is usually found in which of the following situations? a) a coarse and porous reservoir rock, overlain by an impermeable cap rock b) any place where a volcano has erupted in the past c) any place where a volcano COULD possibly erupt d) rock material with high concentration of calcium carbonate 16. All of the following are options to reduce the air pollution caused by coal combustion except: a) scrubbing b) boiler designs that allow combustion at lower temperatures c) consumer education about energy conservation and efficiency d) use of more high-sulfur coals 17. All of the following are renewable energy sources except: a) nuclear fission b) wind c) solar d) biofuel

5 18. Use of overhangs that block sunlight in summer but allow the sunlight in winter to warm up the building is an example of: a) solar pond technology b) passive solar energy c) Greek and Roman temple architecture d) power tower systems 19. Describe the potential rotation of this turbine blade if it were connected to a rotor. a) it will rotate clockwise b) it will rotate counter-clockwise c) its rotational direction is dependent on the wind speed c) its rotational direction is dependent on which direction the wind is blowing 20. Photovoltaic systems utilize solar energy by: a) heating water with solar radiation b) generating electricity directly from sunlight striking semi-conductors c) heating water which runs a steam turbine d) electrolyzing water into its component hydrogen and oxygen

6 21. What is the most common source of ethanol-based biofuels? a) algae b) restaurant grease c) corn d) petroleum e) rice 22. What is coal-bed methane? a) a liquid associated with petroleum reserves b) a gas stored on the surfaces of organic matter in the coal c) a white solid associated with coal beds d) a gas associated with cattle ranching 23. Initially, what type of potential energy does a tidal lagoon implement? a) chemical b) power density c) gravitational d) kinetic 24. Coal is usually classified according to its: a) Oxygen and nitrogen content b) energy and nitrogen content c) energy and oxygen content d) energy and sulfur content 25. Initially, what type of potential energy does biofuel implement? a) chemical b) chloroforic c) gravity d) kinetic 26. Because trees are considered biological organic matter, timber/wood is considered a fossil fuel. a) True b) False c) Only if the wood is used to produce electricity

7 27. Initially, what type of energy is created from the moving wind through a turbine (after kinetic energy of the wind is converted and before electrical energy is created)? a) chemical b) mechanical c) gravitational d) strong/weak tandem force 28. Oil is: a) organic matter transformed into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons b) inorganic matter transformed into liquid hydrocarbons c) a variety of natural gases compressed by pressure d) organic particles suspended in water 29. Which of the following pairs of terms increase the amount of potential energy of a hydropower system? a) alternating current; low resistance b) height differential of falling water; amount of mass of water falling c) alternating current; amount of mass of water falling d) low resistance; height differential of falling water 30. Of the four common classes of coal, which is generally the highest energy content? a) lignite b) anthracite c) subbituminous d) Kingsford charcoal