Future perspectives of membrane technology in drinking water production

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2 Future perspectives of membrane technology in drinking water production. Ultra- and Nanofiltration in Water Treatment Workshop on Operational experience and research results Aachen, December 14 th -15 th, 2006 Stefan Panglisch, Andreas Loi-Brügger, Rolf Gimbel

3 Overview 1. Challenges to Drinking Water Treatment 2. Meet the Challenge by 3. World Wide Market Developments 4. Requirements to R&D 5. Developments in the German Market 3

4 World Water Crisis: Water Resources by Country, 2006 Source: Pearce, Desalination 203 (2007)

5 World Water Crisis China, India, Africa, South-America, Middle East Even in the Developed World local pinch points exist: South of Spain, South East of the UK, Eastern Europe Australia has a major crisis in its main urban conurbations both in the West and in the South East. In the US, the coastal states of California, Texas, and Florida are all contemplating major schemes due to migration to these areas. Several tourist areas, e.g. Mallorca, the Caribbean. Source: Greame, Desalination 203 (2007) , modified 5

6 World Water Crisis: Where do we live? Source: Knoops, 2006 For example in U.S. 53% of population lives near the coast In Australia 85% of population lives near the coast 6

7 World Water Crisis: The Big Ten Source: Knoops,

8 New Challenges for Drinking Water Treatment Persistent Pathogens Salinity Nutrients Microcontaminants EDC (Endocrine Disruptors) Pharmaceuticals POP (Persistant Organic Pollutants) In future: Nanocontaminants? 8

9 Summary The World is facing a crisis in the provision of water resources due to the following factors Population explosion in Mega Cities, especially in drought prone regions and close to the coast Rapid expansion causes harmful exploitation and pollution of water resources Climate change leading to changing weather patterns in populated areas Source: Greame, Desalination 203 (2007)

10 Overview 1. Challenges to Drinking Water Treatment 2. Meet the Challenge by 3. World Wide Market Developments 4. Requirements to R&D 5. Developments in the German Market 10

11 Meet the Challenges by Membrane Technology: Key growth areas Desalination with RO and/or NF Waste Water Reuse (WWR) with RO and/or NF Pretreatment for WWR and Desalination wit UF/MF, and/or NF Treatment of surface waters with harmful pathogens with UF/MF Protection of Water Resources by Advanced Waste Water Treatment with Membrane Bioreactors and/or NF/RO 11

12 Meet the Challenges by Membrane Technology: Key growth areas Desalination with RO and/or NF Waste Water Reuse (WWR) with RO and/or NF Pretreatment for WWR and Desalination with UF/MF and/or NF Treatment of surface waters with harmful pathogens with UF/MF Protection of Water Resources by Advanced Waste Water Treatment with Membrane Bioreactors and/or NF/RO 12

13 Meet the Challenges by Membrane Technology: Key growth areas Desalination with RO and/or NF Waste Water Reuse (WWR) with RO and/or NF Pretreatment for WWR and Desalination with UF/MF and/or NF Treatment of surface waters with harmful pathogens with UF/MF Protection of Water Resources by Advanced Waste Water Treatment with Membrane Bioreactors and/or NF/RO 13

14 Livecycle WWR-RO UF Pre SWRO and BWRO Removal of micropollutants Surface Water UF 14

15 Why Membranes? Ongoing innovations in systems design and improvement in operation efficiency has resulted in a drastic reduction in both capital and operating cost in the past 5 years. Energy Recovery Specific Membrane costs Other processes do not work with sufficient reliability The market is also seeing greater acceptance in membrane technology as a result of membrane s proven reliability and improved end-user s confidence. 15

16 Why Membranes? New membrane material dues to lower salt passage, increase in flux, lower fouling, higher chemical resistance and higher lifetime New membrane module design dues to higher packing density Huge demand for small, automated and modular plants Membrane Processes can be combined synergistically with conventional processes 16

17 Membranes and Process Combinations in Drinking Water Treatment Particles Parasites, Bacteria Raw water Viruses Colloidal DOC MF Unpolar organic microcontaminants 2 bar UF 2 bar Possible Pre-treatment Coagulation and/or MIEX + MF/ UF 2 bar Powdered activated carbon + MF/ UF 2 bar Polar organic microcont. Hardness, Sulphate MF/ UF 2 bar NF 5-20 bar Salts MF/ UF 2 bar NF 5-20 bar RO bar 17

18 Drinking Water Treatment using UF Source: Knoops, 2006: Applications of X-Flow UF-Membranes 18

19 Overview 1. Challenges to Drinking Water Treatment 2. Meet the Challenge by 3. World Wide Market Developments 4. Requirements to R&D 5. Developments in the German Market 19

20 The Membrane Market in Numbers Huge Growth of Membrane Market For example: US Membrane Market grows from $750 million in 2003 to $1.3 billion by 2010 (Frost&Sullivan, 2003) Desalination capacity in China is forecast to increase 8 fold by 2010 from current level of 120,000 m 3 /d to 800,000-1,000,000 m 3 /d Europe: The South East of the UK is developing a desalination program. Spain has a major desalination program for drinking water and agriculture. Desalination capacity will increase from m³/d to 1,800,000 m³/d in the next years Huge Growth of Desalination Pretreatment Market For example: US Desalination pretreatment market is supposed to grow from $184 million in 2005 to $400 million in 2012 (Frost&Sullivan, 2005) Huge Growth of WW-Reuse Market For example: US filtration products in the water recycling and reuse industry is supposed to grow from $1.5 billion in 2005 to $2.3 billion in 2010 (World Water and Environmental Engineering, 11/ ) 20

21 SWRO Programme in Spain Source: Desalination & Water Reuse, May/June

22 SWRO Programme in Australia Source: World Water and Environmental Engineering, 11/

23 Waste Water Reuse in Several Countries 23

24 Growth of Membrane Market Source: Modified from Schippers,

25 Growth of Membrane Market Source: Modified from Schippers, Mm³/d

26 Overview 1. Challenges to Drinking Water Treatment 2. Meet the Challenge by 3. World Wide Market Developments 4. Requirements to R&D 5. Developments in the German Market 26

27 Questions to R&D Fighting old problems Fouling (seasonal variations of rawwaters) Scaling Cleaning Lifetime Energy consumption Fighting new problems Removal of specific substances Micropollutants (Nanopollotants) Boron Brine disposal Quantity Freight (Pollutants, Antiscalant) 27

28 R&D Efforts Further development of known processes NF Membrane Distillation, Electrodialysis Ceramic Membranes Combining Processes (e.g. UF with Coagulation, PAC, MIEX) Optimization of seawater intake and concentrate outfalls Neodren Beach galleries Smart outfall systems Co-location of intake and outfalls with power plants 28

29 R&D Efforts Optimization of cleaning and restoration of fouled membranes Smart membranes Optimized cleaning chemicals Optimization of pretreatment Reducing scaling by NF pretreatment Combining UF/ MF with optimized coagulation Nutrient removal by biological pretreatment (MBR?) Decreasing of brine disoposal Recovery of potential saleable chemicals from brine by seeding processes (but: what happens with the solids?) Dilution of brine by agricultural drainage water and evaporation in huge ponds (but: size of needed areas?) 29

30 R&D Efforts Decreasing of energy consumption Pressure exchangers Low pressure membranes Optimization of operation Using ANN for intelligent operation Optimization of membranes and modules Higher stability, higher packing density, lower resistance, retention of persistant pollutants, optimized pore size distribution Recycling of antiscalants Nonmetallic materials for high pressure piping Development of new processes (learning from nature) Take out the salt and not the water 30

31 Learning from Nature RO-Hollow Fibre Module 1 m long, 0.3 m diameter uniform pack of about fibres each about 200 µm in diameter retaining salt, water has to pass lifetime < 10 years Mammalian kidney: 0.1 m long, 0.05 m diameter uniform pack of about 2.6 million tubules each 2-3 µm in diameter tubules pumps the salts through lifetime < 100 years, renewed biologically 31

32 Overview 1. Challenges to Drinking Water Treatment 2. Meet the Challenge by 3. World Wide Market Developments 4. Requirements to R&D 5. Developments in the German Market 32

33 The Market in Germany: New Membrane Developments Inge, Multibore Higher mechanical stability Membrana, Liqui-Flux High packing density (61 m²/module) Nadir, Bio-Cell Self-supporting Membrane Bags Submerged Membranes 33

34 The Market in Germany: New Membrane Process Combinations 34

35 The Market in Germany: New Competitors: Ceramic MF by NGK, Japan µ ² 35

36 The Market in Germany: New Competitors: Ceramic MF by NGK, Japan 35 Specific cost per m³ product water [ Ct/m³] Interest rate: 5 % Rate of price increase for operating costs: 0 % Waste water discharge cost: 0 / 3.5 /m³ Annual utilization of plant design capacity: 60 % Plant design capacity [m³/h] Ceramic Membran, WW Discharge Cost 0 /m³ Ceramic Membran, WW Discharge Cost 3.5 /m³ Polymeric Membran, WW Discharge Cost 0 /m³ Polymeric Membran, WW Discharge Cost 3.5 /m³ 36