GROUNDWATER IN SPAIN. Carlos Martínez Navarrete Director del Departamento de Investigación en Recursos Geológicos IGME

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1 GROUNDWATER IN SPAIN Carlos Martínez Navarrete Director del Departamento de Investigación en Recursos Geológicos IGME

2 GEOLOGIC UNITS 2

3 Natural water budget in the Spanish territory (km 3 /yr) 3

4 HIDROGEOLOGICAL UNITS Hidrogeological Unit : They are defined in the Water Law (1985) as one or more aquifers grouped to achieve a rational and effective administration and management of water. 4

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6 European Commission - DG Environment Unit D.2: Water & Marine Fuente: Philippe Quevauviller 6

7 Integrated Protection of soil and water Atmosphere EU Chemical Legislation:REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation Precipitation of CHemicals), / Dry Deposition Sediments Nitrate Directive Surface Water Common Agriculture AgriculturalHouseholds, Activities PolicyIndustries Traffic Water directiv e Groundwater Directive Thematic Strategy Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Emission / Volatilization of Pollutants Precipitation / Wet Deposition Landfill Directive Surface Runoff Sewage Sludge Directive Compost Directive Top Soil Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection Unsaturated Zone Accumulation and Saturated Degradation of Zone Pollutants in Soils Groundwater 7

8 Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD) Article 1: The purpose of the WFD is to establish a framework for the protection of inland surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and groundwater, which: Prevents further deterioration and protects and enhances the status of aquatic ecosystems, promotes sustainable use, ensures the progressive reduction of pollution of groundwater and contributes to mitigating the effects of floods and droughts Article 4: Establishes the environmental objectives for surface waters, groundwater, and protected areas: to achieve the good status of all water bodies at 2015, although deadlines can be extended and less rigorous objectives can be established exceptionally. Article 13: River basin management plans for each river basin district. Will be published at dec 2009, and updated at 2015 and every 6 years. 8

9 CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUNDWATER BODIES AT RISK OF NOT COMPLIANCE WITH WFD OBJECTIVES IN

10 LITHOLOGIC TYPES OF GROUNDWATER BODIES 10

11 EVALUATION OF RISK OF NOT ACHIEVING THE ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES (ARTICLE 5 WFD) 11

12 URBAN SUPPLY 12

13 USE OF GROUNDWATER FOR URBAN SUPPLY UNIÓN EUROPEA OTROS PAÍS POBLACIÓN ABASTECIDA Alemania 1 73,3 % Austria 2 99,3 % Dinamarca 3 99 % España 4 30 % Finlandia 5 61,2 % Francia 6 56,4 % Grecia 2 63 % Holanda 7 65% Irlanda % Italia 2 80,3 % Luxemburgo 2 69 % Portugal 2 79,9 % Reino Unido 9 33 % Suecia 2 49 % Islandia 2 84,1 % Noruega 2 13 % República Checa 2 44 % Suiza % EUROPA (media) 70 % Use of groundwater for urban supply in Spain: * 19 % in cities with more than people * 70 % in cities with less than people Source: (1) BMU, 2003; (2) Agencia Europea de Medio Ambiente, 1999; (3) GEUS, 1997; (4) López Geta et al., 2001; (5) SYKE, 2001; (6) Ministére de la santé, de la familie et des personnes handicapées, 1998; (7) WOB, 2000; (8) GSI, 2000; (9) Environment Agency, 2002; (10) Von Gunten, 2000; (11) USGS,

14 Drinking water catchments 14

15 Wells URBAN SUPPLY TO GRANADA FROM VEGA DE GRANADA AQUIFER 15

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17 Safeguard Zones A = Safeguard zones with high restrictions B = Preventive safeguard zones C = No safeguard zones D = Safeguard zones with moderate restrictions High Vulnerability High Pressures Low Vulnerability Low Pressures 17

18 Urban Hydrogeology The city of Burgos in the framework of groundwater management in the province Chemical monitoring network in Burgos Conceptual hydrogeologic model of Arlanzón basin 18

19 Irrigation 19

20 Source: Las aguas subterráneas, un recurso natural del subsuelo (IGME, 2001) 20

21 WATER FOR AGRICULTURAL USE 21

22 Irrigated lands and origin of water 22

23 Nitrates in groundwater. Ebro Alluvial Aquifer 23

24 VULNERABLE ZONES TO POLLUTION BY AGRARIAN NITRATES (RD 261/1996) 24

25 Research of unsaturated zone processes: water flow 25

26 INDUSTRY 26

27 INDUSTRIAL USE OF GROUNDWATER 27

28 Hazardous substances. Ebro AlluvialAquifer 28

29 Development and protection of mineral and thermal waters Wellhead protection areas of mineral, thermal and bottled waters 29

30 Is there a new type of water user? 30

31 TABLAS DE DAIMIEL NATIONAL PARK 31 31

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33 PIEZÓMETRO REPRESENTATIVO A NIVEL REGIONAL Cota (m s.n.m.) /01/ /01/ /01/ /01/ /01/ /01/ /01/ /01/2008 Tiempo 33 33

34 LEVEL EVOLUTION PIEZÓMETRO IN OJOS DEL DEL GUADIANA Cota (m s.n.m.) Cota (m s.n.m.) Nivel del suelo /01/ /01/ /01/ /01/ /01/ /01/ /01/ /01/2008 Tiempo 34

35 CONCLUSSIONS Drawdown in the last 28 years: 24 m, equivalent to a hm 3 reserve decrease. Drawdown stages: 1980/88 mean drawdown 1,8 m/yr; 1988/95 mean drawdown 2,3 m/yr; 1995/99 recovery 2,5 m/yr and 1999/04 mean drawdown 1,75 m/yr. In the last period 2007/08 recovery 0,65 m, equivalent to a 80 hm 3 reserve increase. Concurrence of humid period and application of measures for reducing the extractions produces recovery of 1750 hm3 reserves in period 1995/99, but with reappearance of drawdown when the climatology returns to be normal or dry. Hypothesis: the reduction of extractions to 150 hm3/yr would involve a 1.2 m/yr mean annual recovery of level, being possible to reach ground level in Los Ojos on

36 RESEARCH ON GROUNDWATER 36

37 Hydrogeologic research of aquifers SIERRA DE SEGURA AQUIFERS (QUESADA-CASTRIL AQUIFER) 37

38 Estimation of natural recharge in carbonate aquifers Z Semilla 1481m. > 80 % % % % < 20 % Sierra Gorda Z 1669m. Almendral 1043m. Z Mean annual recharge Spatial distribution of recharge Z La Umbría 1352m. Sierra Gorda, Granada 38

39 Hydrogeologic and chemical characterization 39

40 Hydrogeology of deep aquifers Maestrazgo: The development of new groundwater resources, as those contained in deep aquifers, involves groundwater reserves evaluation for regular use, or strategic reserves for drought situations. 40

41 DEVELOPMENT OF GROUNDWATER. OVERDRAFT Pumping/recharge ratio in hydrogeologic units 41

42 SEAWATER INTRUSION 42

43 Seawater intrusion in Plana de Sagunto Aquifer. 43

44 Artificial recharge experiences 44

45 Low permeability geologic formations U.M.H: Hydrogeologic characterization of low permeability formations (minning dumps, landfills, etc.) 45

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47 Wastewater treatment Experimental tests of wastewater treatment by direct infiltration on the land (Dehesas de Guadix,Granada) 47

48 SURFACE WATER MONITORING NETWORK PIEZOMETRIC MONITORING NETWORK 48

49 PIEZOMETRIC AND SPRING MONITORING NETWORKS Source: Libro Blanco del Agua en España (MIMM, 2000) 49

50 Surveillance monitoring network (Red de vigilancia) Operational monitoring network (Red operacional) Monitoring quantitative status Monitoring protected areas 50

51 Environmental education on groundwater Posters Books CD Rom 51