Our Mission. Advanced Research on Renewable Energy Contribution to Reconstruction. Masaru Nakaiwa. Director-General

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2 Our Mission Advanced Research on Renewable Energy Contribution to Reconstruction Renewables are valuable domestic energy resources for Japan, and its rapid penetration is expected because they are indispensable for both the prevention of global warming and maintaining sustainability. Cost competitiveness with conventional energy resources, stable supply, and recognition of the different regional situation of renewables, are key issues to accelerate for the use of renewable. In April 2014, three years after the Great East Japan Earthquake, Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA) was established in Koriyama city of Fukushima. As a part of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), FREA aims to be a global innovation hub concerning renewables, through creative Fukushima technologies. FREA also contributes to revitalize the affected area, by developing new industries and human resources. We would like to collaborate with you all in this challenge. We appreciate your continued support. Director-General 2 Masaru Nakaiwa 3

3 Gathering of Wisdom and Passion Three Major Themes and Six Research Teams P.6 Renewable energy is a valuable domestic energy resource for Japan and is essential for the prevention of global warming as well as for sustainable development. There are high expectations for massive use of renewable energy, but its widespread introduction raises various issues to be solved, including output fluctuation, high cost and regional variation. FREA focuses on six research subjects under three themes in order to solve these issues and accelerate the large-scale utilization of renewable energy. 1 Theme 2 Theme System Integration to Facilitate the High Penetration of Renewable Energy 1. Research and Verification of Advanced Integration Technology for Renewable Energy 2. Production and Utilization Technology for Hydrogen Energy Carrier Further Cost Reduction and Efficiency Improvement of Renewable Energy Director, Renewable Energy Research Center Hirohide Furutani 3. Advanced Technology for Wind Power Generation 4. High-Performance PV Modules Based on Thin Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells 3 Theme The Renewable Energy Research Center (RENRC) is a research unit engaged in R&D of renewable energy technologies in FREA. In order to accelerate the mass deployment of renewable energy, the research center conducts a wide variety of research activities from basic research to system demonstration upon innovative technologies for reduction of power generation cost, large-scale low-cost energy storage and flexible electricity grid and upon database for proper deployment of renewable energy. RENRC consists of six research teams (Photovoltaic Power Team, Wind Power Team, Hydrogen Energy Carrier Team, Geothermal Energy Team, Shallow Geothermal and Hydrogeology Team and Energy Network Team). As an international innovation hub for renewable energy, RENRC also promotes collaboration with domestic and international research organizations, and contribute to the reconstruction of the disaster areas for Tohoku regions through the development of industrial clustering and human resources. Energy Network Team P.8 Hydrogen Energy Carrier Team P.10 Wind Power Team Database Development for Proper Deployment of Renewable Energy 5. Technology for Effective and Sustainable Use of Geothermal Resources 6. Suitability Assessment of Ground-Source Heat Pump System and Its System Optimization Technology Organization Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute P.12 Renewable Energy Research Initiative Director-General Supervisory Innovation Coordinator Deputy Director-General Municipality Renewable Energy Research Center Fukushima Pref. Overseas Research Institute Core Research Miyagi Pref. Innovation Coordinator Iwate Pref. NREL Fraunhofer ISE Local Industry Department of Energy and Environment RC for Photovoltaics Advanced Power Electronics RC RI of Energy Frontier RI for Energy Conservation RI of Electrochemical Energy Environmental Management RI RI of Science for Safety and Sustainability Geological Survey of Japan Director Deputy Director Joint Appointed Fellow Energy Team Hydrogen Energy Carrier Team Wind Power Team RI:Research Institute 4 Photovoltaic Power Team Geothermal Energy Team Shallow Geothermal and Hydrogeology Team Collaboration Affairs Office DER Facility Operating Office Local University Fukushima Univ. Univ. of Aizu College of Engineering, Nihon Univ. Tohoku Univ. etc. P.14 Geothermal Energy Team etc. General Affairs Office Renewable Energy Research Center Network Photovoltaic Power Team Innovation Stage of Renewable Energy Research for Demonstration Advanced Research Domestic Industry Domestic Research Institute Univ. of Tokyo Geological Survey of Japan Department of Energy and Environment Department of Materials and Chemistry P.16 Shallow Geothermal and Hydrogeology Team Tokyo Institute of Technology Osaka Univ. etc. RC:Research Center 5

4 9)1.-%78%9>+,'(% =34%56 78%90(:1.,)-% BR56S%=T56C% =4456% D = N&0'+'1%&:.1%!:'1%#*M0*'%% D>2-)M'*%#*'-M>%P.--0'-%% D = EPD K.+%?0Q:02% Generation cost of DER ( /kwh) Challenges to the mass introduction of distributed energy resources (DER) Cost reduction by technological improvements and mass production Costs of DERs Concerns over increased external costs to smooth the output variability Amount of introduced DER (GW) Measures for smoothing the naturally fluctuating output Reinforcement of powertransmission and distribution cables Reduced rate of operation at power plants Introduction of an energy storage system Increased control of the renewable energy output Generation cost of DER ( /kwh) Future measures Introducing smarter system equipment and energy management systems (EMS) Grid parity Costs of DERs Suppressing the costs of measures to stabilize the naturally fluctuating output Costs borne for measures against fluctuations Amount of introduced DER (GW) Distributed power sources Energy Resources(DER) Energy demand Energy storage (storage batteries and hydrogen) Utility Thermal utilization #HI%0*J'-,'-+% #Q:0X('*,%H*2'-%I'+,% 'YMY%9(.-,%7P9%% #*'-M>%!1)<%% 90(:1.,)-% 6.,'-%#1'O,-)1>+0+% D = K-02%L%?).2%90(:1.,)-% 344%56 #8%9,./)*%.*2% %D)('%?0*5% 90(:1.,'%.*>%O)*20/)*% 34S%W4%DZ%%?0%@.A'->% B44%56C I)%K-02%

5 Hydrogen Separation Tower Oxygen Separation Tower MCH Toluene Thermal efficiency % Keep exhaust gas temperature by controlling combustion phasing Higher hydrogen fraction improves thermal efficiency Hydrogen fraction % (Heat value) Exhaust gas temperature De-NOx catalyst Gas turbine Loading equipment

6 Pitch control (rotation of blades) Nacelle anemometer Yaw control (rotation of the nacelle) Nacelle mounted LIDAR Laser [10min] yaw error[deg] ±10 Below ±10 Above 40% 60% Windmill diameter yaw error ( ) Water temperature Time

7 Cost [JPY/kWh] 23 JPY/kWh Equivalent to commercial electricity 14 JPY/kWh Equivalent to general power sources 7 JPY/kWh Improvement in efficiencies and cost-down Application of the technologies developed in the previous projects System (example) Module efficiency: 22% Utilization factor: 14% Operation period: 25 years Novel materials and structures Application of novel technologies for mass-production System (example) Module efficiency: 25% Utilization factor: 15% Operation period: 30 years y (mm) Values are V oc (mv) via EL EL rate per area (photon / s cm 2 ) x (mm) 0.0 x10 13

8 Difficulties in identifying geothermal resources within very locally distributed natural cracks Relatively small-scale natural reservoirs in Japan (sustainable production capacity: MW) Hot spring resources Shallower than 1 km Invisibility of the underground Risks of boreholes with low productivity Insufficient scientific understanding on relationship between hot springs and geothermal power generation 2-3km Natural geothermal reservoir (presence of steam and hot water) About 5km Insufficient understanding of various phenomena that occur inside and outside a reservoir Magma generated in the 100- subductionzone (supercritical 200km conditions withtemperatures higher than therein) Possibility that there is a large amount of supercritical geothermal fluid in the cooling magma Subduction zones 2015FY 2020FY 2030FY Development of monitoring and simulation technologies Technical support for companies in the disaster-affected areas Demonstration of the potential for developing supercritical geothermal resources originating from the subduction zone Derivation of a high-resolution and high-reliability method for reservoir monitoring Direct contribution for increasing amounts of power generation and for maintaining its sustainability Promoting geothermal energyrelated industries in the disasteraffected areas Development of a geothermal energy simulator Building a method to implement geothermal power generation in into society Improving the reliability of geothermal power generation Research and development of innovative technologies originated from Japan Realizing innovative large-scale geothermal power generation Integrated understanding of a geothermal system Securing the international advantages of Japan Low permeability rock Magma reservoir Hot fluid upward flow Stratovolcano Caldera Target of this study Slab High-temperature hot springs Natural hydrothermal system Hydrostatic equilibrium Brittle zone lithostatic pressure equilibrium Depth of excavation (m) Number of spinner revolutions (flow rate in a well) (rps) After water injection Before water injection

9 A numerical model of a heat exchanger A sheet-type heat exchanger (buried at a depth of 12 m) The suitability of GSHP depends on the heat exchange rate, the potential of total heat exchange, and groundwater characteristics Geology, groundwater level, velocity of groundwater flow, subsurface temperature, water quality, etc. Heat exchanger (sheet type) Heat exchanger (slinky type) Heat exchanger (borehole type) Drilling site GSHP Fan-coil unit

10 AIST Hokkaido Bio Manufacturing AIST Tohoku Chemical Manufacturing AIST Kansai Battery Technology/Medical Technology AIST Chugoku Biomass Application Technology AIST Tokyo Headguarters AIST Tsukuba Largest Research Center AIST Kyushu Manufacturing Plant Diagnosis AIST Shikoku Healthcare AIST Tokyo Waterfront Bio and IT Fusion AIST Chubu Functional Materials Staff & Budget Visiting Researchers 273 Researchers Administrators Staff 421 (as of March 2017) 89 Contract Employees Commissioned Research Funds 961 Joint Research Funds 214 etc. Budget 2,826 million yen (FY 2016) 3 Subsidies from METI 568 1,080 Special Account for Reconstruction from the Great East Japan Earthquake

11 Heat Pump (inside) Heat Exchanger (borehole type) Ground-Source Heat Pump System (inside) Inlet of a pipe into a room Top of a heat exchange well (40 m deep) FREA Ground-Source Heat Pump System Heat Exchanger (sheet type) Heat Exchanger (slinky type)

12 Joint Research With Companies With Universities and Technical Colleges Others 25 7 (FY2016) Companies, Academic Societies etc. From Abroad Students Citizens Governmental Officials etc , ,499 4,498 Total (FY2016)

13 Total: FY2013: 11 FY2014: 27 FY2015: 25 FY2016: 19 FY2016: Renewable Energy Management Energy Storage projects Wind Projects (in FY ) Geothermal & Shallow Geothermal 30 PV 36 FUKUSHIMA IWATE MIYAGI

14 Access To Sendai, Morioka Koriyama West Second Industrial Park Fukushima Technology Centre Ban etsu Exp. way To Aizu, Niigata FREA Machiike Park Seibu Daini Gymnasium Koriyama West Second Industrial Park Entrance Kikuta Koriyama Interchange Tohoku Exp. way Koriyama JCT To Iwaki, Joban Exp. way To Fukushima, Sendai Ban etsu West Line Uneme-dori St. Sakura-dori St. To Sendai, Morioka Tohoku Shinkansen, Tohoku Line Koriyama To Utsunomiya, Tokyo Fukushima Airport To Utsunomiya, Tokyo