INDOOR/OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL, LLC

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1 INDOOR/OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL, LLC 1632 Colorado Gulch Drive Helena, Montana Phone: 406/ Fax: 406/ September 7, 2016 Jim Mepham, Superintendent Eureka Public Schools, District #13 PO Box 2000 Eureka, MT Tel: RE: Limited Mold and Moisture Inspection, Mold, TVOC and Formaldehyde Sample Summary Report Eureka Elementary School, Eureka, Montana Indoor/Outdoor Environmental Project No Dear Mr. Mepham: This expedited report transmits inspection findings, mold sample results and conclusions based on an inspection conducted at the above-referenced facility. The inspection was conducted by Indoor/Outdoor Environmental s (henceforth, I/O s ) Environmental Scientist and Certified Mold Inspector Robert Frantz for the above-referenced site on August 23, The inspection and sampling were requested by Jim Mepham, Superintendent for Eureka Public Schools, in Eureka, Montana. A more detailed report can be produced at the customer s request. The inspection and sampling were limited to the Eureka Elementary School, where limited mold remediation work had been conducted in the Library stage area after water intruded into the roof due to ice dams, and concern was raised that mold might be present in other areas of the building. Mr. Frantz visually inspected classrooms and other areas throughout the structure, and conducted a moisture survey with a moisture meter and Infrared (IR) scope. During the inspection, Mr. Frantz collected a total of 31 mold bioaerosol (air) samples, one surface (tape-lift) sample, and one dust sample that were analyzed for mold. The mold sample results are summarized in Tables 1-11, and the laboratory report is in Attachment 1. In addition, Mr. Frantz collected four air samples that were analyzed for Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) and Mold VOCs (MVOCs), and four air samples that were analyzed for Formaldehyde. The TVOC, MVOC and Formaldehyde sample results are summarized in Tables 12 through 15, and the laboratory reports are in Attachment 2. SUMMARY Mold Indoor Air Quality Asbestos Environmental Consulting

2 Limited Mold and Moisture Inspection, Mold, TVOC and Formaldehyde Sample Summary Report Eureka Elementary School, Eureka, Montana Indoor/Outdoor Environmental Project No Page 2 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Library On the basis of mold sample results, visual inspection of exposed materials, and a moisture meter and IR scope survey, I/O concludes: Mr. Frantz inspected the Library, where mold remediation work had been conducted in the in the ceiling over the Stage, where water intruded the roof and wetted ceiling tiles and insulation. o At the time of the inspection, the Library ceiling had been rebuilt and the new materials appeared to be clean and dry. o A mold air sample collected in the Library Stage work area did not suggest the presence of elevated mold spore counts in the air, which did not suggest that hidden mold was present in the area, and did not suggest that additional remediation work was necessary. o A mold dust sample collected from Library books located against the east wing wall did not suggest the presence of an unusual amount of mold in the dust, did not suggest the presence of mold growth on the books, and did not suggest the presence of unusual or unacceptable types of mold, but rather, suggested common types of mold found outside had settled on the books, which did not suggest cause for concern about any type of unusual mold exposure from using the books. o A mold surface sample confirmed that mold was present on dark stained material on the Library walls along and behind casing and paneling on the wing walls to the east and west sides of the Stage. Mr. Frantz recommended removing wall casing and paneling and cleaning all moldy materials as necessary. A few days later, impacted materials were reportedly cleaned and/or removed and discarded by a contractor following the inspections. I/O has not conducted a follow-up inspection since the contractor completed the remediation work. Restroom Floors in Rooms 103 and 105 Anomalous moisture meter readings were encountered in the ceramic floor tile near the toilets in the Restrooms in Rooms 103 and 105, suggesting water might have accumulated between ridges in the thinset mortar under the tiles. o Mr. Frantz recommended additional investigation to determine whether there were leaks around the wax rings, and clean and repair as appropriate. Mold samples collected in Rooms 103 and 105 did not suggest the presence of hidden mold in the rooms. Head Start Restroom Floor and Wall A slow leak was encountered under a sink in the Head Start Boys Restroom (the West Boys Restroom), apparently due to a leak in the supply valve, with water on the floor and elevated moisture levels detected behind the ceramic tile on the wall. Indoor/Outdoor Environmental, LLC

3 Limited Mold and Moisture Inspection, Mold, TVOC and Formaldehyde Sample Summary Report Eureka Elementary School, Eureka, Montana Indoor/Outdoor Environmental Project No Page 3 o It is unlikely the concrete block wall behind the ceramic tile will foster fungal growth (mold), but Mr. Frantz recommended the wall be dried out as quickly as possible to be sure. The maintenance staff had arranged to have the leak addressed immediately. o The results of a mold air sample collected in the Head Start Boys Restroom did not suggest the presence of hidden mold in the room. MOLD SAMPLE RESULTS Mr. Frantz collected 29 mold spore count air samples from classrooms and other spaces that were analyzed for mold spores and other particles including Dander, Fibers (like fiberglass), Mycelial Fragments (vegetative mold parts analogous to roots and stems), and Pollen, and Mr. Frantz conducted visual and moisture surveys in all of those areas. o With the exception of the areas described above (the Library, Rooms 103 and 105, and the Head Start Boy s Restroom), Mr. Frantz did not encounter any evidence of mold, hidden mold, or elevated moisture during a moisture meter and IR scope surveys of classrooms and other spaces in the structure. o The results of the all of the indoor mold samples did not indicate the presence of elevated mold spore counts in any of the rooms compared to the outside air samples. The mold spore counts detected in the areas were all relatively low for indoor occupied spaces, and did not suggest the presence of hidden mold. Mold sample results are summarized in Tables 1 through 11, and the mold sample laboratory report is in Attachment 1. The Dander (skin cell fragments), Fibers (like fiberglass), Mycelial Fragments (vegetative mold parts analogous to roots and stems), and Pollen analytical results for the 29 air samples indicated: o The Dander counts ranged from a low of 440 particles per cubic meter (particles/m 3 ) to a high of 8,800 particles/m 3, compared to 360 and 80 Dander particles/m 3 detected in the north and south outside air samples, respectively. These results, while ranging widely within the samples, all fell in the clean building range. The two highest Dander counts were in the staff and teacher areas, with the block of rooms around the Conference Room (including Rooms 124 and 126) and the Teachers Lounge (Room 128), at 8,800 and 8,400 Dander particles/m 3, respectively, and the highest count in a Classroom was in Room 134, where the Dander count was 7,400 particles/m 3. I/O recommends deeper cleaning in these areas. o The counts of Fibers, Mycelial Fragments, and Pollen were all low or relatively low and did not suggest the risk of anomalous exposure to these particles. TVOC, MVOC AND FORMALDEHYDE SAMPLE RESULTS Indoor/Outdoor Environmental, LLC

4 Limited Mold and Moisture Inspection, Mold, TVOC and Formaldehyde Sample Summary Report Eureka Elementary School, Eureka, Montana Indoor/Outdoor Environmental Project No Page 4 The results of air samples analyzed for Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) and Mold VOCs did not indicate the presence of elevated VOCs or TMVOCs, in fact did not indicate the presence of any significant quantities of volatile organic compounds, which does not suggest unusual exposure to these compounds, and does not suggest the presence of hidden mold growth in the room. o The TVOC samples indicated Normal TVOC levels in three and a Moderate TVOC level in one of the four sampled areas. o The sources of the VOCs detected in the areas were mostly (75% to 86%) from Building Sources, with the remaining fractions of VOC (25% to 14%) from Occupant Sources. o The estimated concentrations of the individual compounds detected in the samples identified as Significant VOCs, were relatively small, with only one of the compounds above a screening level: All four of the samples contained quantities of the compound Diethylene Glycol Ethyl Ether (DEGEE) that exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Resident Regional Screening Level (RSL) for the compound. A likely source of this compound in the building was cleaning solution that had recently been used on the Gym floor. o Small concentrations of other, relatively benign compounds were detected in the four samples at concentrations below any regulatory thresholds, if any, including Ethanol, Propylene glycol, Texanol-B and Trichlorofluoromethane. While not indicating a particular health risk, the presence of small quantities of Trichlorofluoromethane in three of the four samples might suggest refrigerant leaks in HVAC equipment or refrigerators. o Very small traces of other VOCs were detected in the samples, such as compounds from automotive products, petroleum products, coatings and adhesives. Trace quantities of volatile organic compounds were detected in the samples in minute quantities that are not unusual and not cause for concern. o Follow-up TVOC sampling is recommended to confirm reduction of the DEGEE concentrations. o The Mold VOC concentrations were low in all four samples, and did not suggest the presence of unusual actively growing mold in any of the areas. o The results of the Formaldehyde air sample indicated the presence of Moderate Formaldehyde concentration in the rooms, but were above the Formaldehyde RSL and PEL. The Formaldehyde concentrations detected in all of the samples were below the California Air Resources Board s (CARB s) designation for elevated Formaldehyde for school classrooms. Indoor/Outdoor Environmental, LLC

5 Limited Mold and Moisture Inspection, Mold, TVOC and Formaldehyde Sample Summary Report Eureka Elementary School, Eureka, Montana Indoor/Outdoor Environmental Project No Page 5 o I/O recommends consideration of actions to reduce Formaldehyde and other VOC concentrations by taking three primary strategies: Source Removal, Source Control, and Increased Ventilation. o Follow-up sampling is recommended to confirm reduction of the Formaldehyde concentrations. INSPECTION FINDINGS Library Remediation work had been conducted in the Library in the ceiling over the Stage, where water intruded the roof and wetted ceiling tiles and insulation. A small amount of mold was reportedly encountered in the ceiling when it was opened up. o The mold remediation contractor was Allied Restoration, based in Kalispell Montana. o The remediation contractor reportedly removed ceiling tiles and fiberglass insulation from the ceiling over the stage, and cleaned remaining ceiling framing materials by HEPAvacuuming and treating building materials with a hypochlorite-based cleaning solution. Mr. Frantz conducted a visual inspection of exposed materials and an IR scope and moisture meter survey in the Library on August 23, o At the time of the inspection, the Library ceiling had been rebuilt and the new materials appeared to be clean and dry. o Mr. Frantz collected a mold air sample, labeled A8-Library (On Stage), from the Library stage area, where remediation work had been completed. The results of the sample did not suggest the presence of elevated mold spore counts in the air, with all spore counts either insignificantly small or less than respective spore counts in the samples collected outside, which did not suggest that hidden mold was present in the area, and did not suggest that additional remediation work was necessary. The mold sample results are summarized in Table 3, and the mold sample laboratory report is in Attachment 1. o To help determine whether conditions in the Crawlspace might be impacting air quality in the Library, Mr. Frantz collected a mold air sample, labeled A9-Library-Crawlspace, from the Crawlspace under the Library stage area. The results of the sample did not suggest the presence of significantly elevated mold spore counts in the air, with all spore counts either insignificantly small or the same as respective spore counts in the sample collected outside, with the exception of 240 spores per cubic meter (spores/m 3 ) from Aspergillus/Penicillium mold, which is not particularly elevated but might be related to some degree of mold growth on materials sitting on the unfinished soil floor in the Crawlspace, but even this Aspergillus/Penicillium spore count was not significantly elevated, and given the lack of any detectable Aspergillus/Penicillium mold spores in the Library Stage air sample, there was no indication air in the Crawlspace was impacting the air in the Library. Indoor/Outdoor Environmental, LLC

6 Limited Mold and Moisture Inspection, Mold, TVOC and Formaldehyde Sample Summary Report Eureka Elementary School, Eureka, Montana Indoor/Outdoor Environmental Project No Page 6 The mold sample results are summarized in Table 3, and the mold sample laboratory report is in Attachment 1. o To help determine whether elevated counts of settled mold spores were present on the surfaces of books in the Library, Mr. Frantz collected a mold dust sample from the tops of books on shelves against the east wing wall of the Stage, which were to closed books to the Stage ceiling mold remediation work area (the mold dust sample summary is in Table 11). The sample was collected by vacuuming dust from an area of approximately 690 square inches of the tops of books using a special dust collection cassette attached to a vacuum pump. The mold dust sample analytical results did not suggest the presence of an unusual amount of mold in the dust, did not suggest the presence of mold growth on the books, and did not suggest the presence of unusual or unacceptable types of mold, but rather, suggested common types of mold found outside had settled on the books, which did not suggest cause for concern about any type of unusual mold exposure from using the books. Mr. Frantz observed thin lines of dark water staining (and possible mold staining) along the casing on the east and west wing walls on either side of the Stage. o Mr. Frantz collected a mold surface sample, T1-Library-Wall-West-Stage from wood paneling against casing above the Librarian s desk at the west side of the Stage (the mold sample summary is in Table 11). The surface sample analysis indicated the presence of Cladosporium mold on surfaces, suggesting that mold remediation was warranted to remove mold residue from impacted materials. o The contractor reported that Allied restoration personnel returned to the site on August 29, 2016 and removed casing and panels from both sides (east and west) of the stage opening, disposed of casing from the west side, and cleaned remaining impacted materials by HEPA-vacuuming and treating with trisodium phosphate and hypochloritebased cleaning solutions. A small amount of mold was reportedly encountered under and along the casing, which was discarded, but basically, not much more mold was present than was visible along the casing, with a few areas of dark water stains on the wall framing behind the paneling. Note that no drywall was present behind the paneling. Restroom Floors in Rooms 103 and 105 Anomalous moisture meter readings were encountered in the ceramic floor tile near the toilets in the Restrooms in Rooms 103 and 105, suggesting water might have accumulated between ridges in the thinset mortar under the tiles. o Possible sources of such water includes leaks around the wax rings between the toilets and the flanges, or water that got under the floor tiles during pressure-washing of the floor. Indoor/Outdoor Environmental, LLC

7 Limited Mold and Moisture Inspection, Mold, TVOC and Formaldehyde Sample Summary Report Eureka Elementary School, Eureka, Montana Indoor/Outdoor Environmental Project No Page 7 o Mr. Frantz recommended: Conduct additional investigation to determine whether there were leaks around the wax rings, and clean and repair as appropriate. Install flexible caulk (e.g., sanded caulk that matches the grout) between joints at corners (e.g., between the floor and cove base, and in corners). Install tile and gout water sealant on the grout and tile. Periodically monitor moisture levels in the floors using a non-penetrating moisture meter. The results of mold air samples collected in both Rooms 103 and 105 did not suggest the presence of hidden mold in the rooms, with total spore counts of only 40 spores/m 3 detected in each of the rooms (see Tables 5 and 4, respectively), compared to 240 spores/m 3 detected outside north of the building and 520 spores/m 3 detected outside south of the building. Head Start Restroom Floor and Wall A slow leak was encountered under a sink in the Head Start Boys Restroom (the West Boys Restroom), apparently due to a leak in the supply valve. o Elevated moisture levels were detected behind the ceramic tile on the wall, and water had accumulated on the floor. It is unlikely the concrete block wall behind the ceramic tile will foster fungal growth (mold), but the wall should be dried out as quickly as possible to be sure. The maintenance staff had arranged to have the leak addressed immediately. The results of a mold air sample collected in the Head Start Boys Restroom did not suggest the presence of hidden mold in the room, with a total spore count of only 320 spores/m 3 detected in the room (see Table 2), compared to 240 spores/m 3 detected outside north of the building and 520 spores/m 3 detected outside south of the building, and no unacceptable types of mold present (e.g., Stachybotrys) and no significantly elevated spore counts compared to respective spore counts detected outside. MOLD SAMPLE RESULTS On August 23, 2016, Mr. Frantz collected 29 air samples that were analyzed for mold spore counts and other particles including Dander, Fibers (like fiberglass), Mycelial Fragments (vegetative mold parts analogous to roots and stems), and Pollen. These samples were collected from classrooms and other spaces to document indoor air quality parameters and to help determine whether hidden mold and other particles were present in the building. The indoor samples were compared to 2 samples collected north and south outside of the building. The mold sample results of the all of the indoor samples did not indicate the presence of elevated mold spore counts in any of the rooms compared to the outside air samples. o The mold spore counts detected in the areas were all relatively low for indoor occupied spaces, with each total spore count very low, and the numbers of individual types of mold either insignificantly small, or, when compared to respective counts detected outside, the Indoor/Outdoor Environmental, LLC

8 Limited Mold and Moisture Inspection, Mold, TVOC and Formaldehyde Sample Summary Report Eureka Elementary School, Eureka, Montana Indoor/Outdoor Environmental Project No Page 8 same as outside, or less than or only slightly more than respective spore counts in the samples collected outside, which did not suggest the presence of hidden mold. o Mold sample results are summarized in Tables 1 through 11, and the mold sample laboratory report is in Attachment 1. The Dander, Fibers (like fiberglass), Mycelial Fragments (vegetative mold parts analogous to roots and stems), and Pollen analytical results for the 29 air samples indicated the following: o The Dander counts ranged from a low of 440 particles per cubic meter (particles/m 3 ) to a high of 8,800 particles/m 3, compared to 360 and 80 Dander particles/m 3 detected in the north and south outside air samples, respectively. These results, while ranging widely within the samples, all fell in the clean building range, which spans 1,000 to 10,000 Dander (Skin Cell Fragment) particles/m 3 (see below). Dander is basically skin cell fragments, which can be from humans (building occupants) and animals (pets, livestock and pests). Dander counts can be a good proxy for house-keeping and cleaning practices, and effectiveness of filtration of recirculated air in the building. Elevated Dander counts can suggest better cleaning is warranted. Elevated Dander counts can be an asthma trigger in sensitive individuals. Very elevated Dander accumulation in conjunction with moist conditions can lead to dust mite colonization. The two highest Dander counts were in the staff and teacher areas, with the block of rooms around the Conference Room (including Rooms 124 and 126) and the Teachers Lounge (Room 128), at 8,800 and 8,400 Dander particles/m 3, respectively, and the highest count in a Classroom was in Room 134, where the Dander count was 7,400 particles/m 3. I/O recommends deeper cleaning in these areas. Deeper cleaning would involve cleaning areas under and behind the HVAC units, behind and under shelving, cabinets and other furniture, and lights and other fixtures above the floors. Guidance for interpreting Dander count data published by Environmental Analysis Associates (Air-O-Cell Method Interpretation Guide, January 2011), developer of the Air-O-Cell sampling cassette, published the following guidance for interpreting Dander (or Skin Cell Fragment) concentration data: Typical Airborne Skin Cell Fragment Concentration Ranges Description Counts/M 3 Outside air 50 1,000 Inside air clean building 1,000 10,000 Inside air high human activity 10,000 20,000 Inside air high personnel density and/or poor house-keeping 20, ,000 o The counts of Fibers, Mycelial Fragments, and Pollen were all low and did not suggest the risk of anomalous exposure to these particles. Indoor/Outdoor Environmental, LLC

9 Limited Mold and Moisture Inspection, Mold, TVOC and Formaldehyde Sample Summary Report Eureka Elementary School, Eureka, Montana Indoor/Outdoor Environmental Project No Page 9 TVOC, MVOC AND FORMALDEHYDE SAMPLE RESULTS TVOC Mr. Frantz collected four air samples that were analyzed for Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) and Mold VOCs (MVOCs), and four air samples that were analyzed for Formaldehyde. o The TVOC, MVOC and Formaldehyde samples were collected in the following locations: The Library The Office (Principal s Office area) The Head Start East Classroom (Room 108) The Hallway outside the Room 122 Doorway o The TVOC, MVOC and Formaldehyde sample results are combined and summarized in Tables 12 through 15, and the laboratory reports are in Attachment 2. o Background: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are man-made and naturally occurring organic chemicals that volatilize into the air at room temperature out of a variety of materials and products ranging from plants, building materials, coatings (paints), adhesives, caulks, floor coverings, cleaning solutions, perfumes and odorants. The presence of VOCs indoors can cause problems ranging from unpleasant odors to physical symptoms such as burning and irritation in the eyes, nose, and throat, headaches, nausea, especially for sensitive individuals with respiratory issues like asthma and allergies, young children, the elderly, and pregnant women. Harmful VOCs typically are not acutely toxic, but may have compounding long-term health effects. Because the concentrations are usually low and the symptoms slow to develop, research into VOCs and their effects is difficult. The TVOC samples indicated Normal TVOC levels in three and a Moderate TVOC level in one of the four sampled areas: o The TVOC sample results were: The Library: 500 nanograms per Liter of air (ng/l) (Normal) The Office (Principal s Office area): 470 ng/l (Normal) The Head Start East Classroom (Room 108): 470 ng/l (Normal) The Hallway outside the Room 122 Doorway: 520 ng/l (Moderate) o There are no federal or state regulatory screening limits or screening levels (SL), recommended exposure limits (REL), or permissible exposure limits (PEL) exist for TVOCs (VOCs in aggregate) in indoor air, however, various regulatory limits or screening levels exist for various individual compounds, and the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) guidelines for TVOC (discussed below). TVOC levels in three of the sampled areas were Library, Office and Head Start Classroom, at 500, 470 and 450 ng/l, respectively, fell in the Normal range under the USGBC guidelines. The TVOC level in Hallway outside Room 122 was 520 ng/l, at the low end of the Indoor/Outdoor Environmental, LLC

10 Limited Mold and Moisture Inspection, Mold, TVOC and Formaldehyde Sample Summary Report Eureka Elementary School, Eureka, Montana Indoor/Outdoor Environmental Project No Page 10 Moderate, which might suggest action should be taken to improve the air quality. The elimination of compounds such as Diethylene Glycol Ethyl Ether, described below, would put the TVOC concentration down into the Normal Range. To help understand the sources of TVOC in the building, the laboratory developed a Contamination Index (CI) that divides sources into two main groups: Building Sources (sources that are parts of the building, like coatings, building materials, adhesives, etc.) and Occupant Sources (sources that are brought into the building by occupants, like personal care products, cleaning products, etc.). o The Contamination Indices for the sample results were: The Library: Building Sources: 86 the TVOC; Occupant Sources: 14 the TVOC; All source levels were Normal. The Office (Principal s Office area): Building Sources: 75 the TVOC; Occupant Sources: 25 the TVOC; All source levels were Normal. The Head Start East Classroom (Room 108): Building Sources: 86 the TVOC; Occupant Sources: 14 the TVOC; All source levels were Normal. The Hallway outside the Room 122 Doorway: Building Sources: 76 the TVOC; Occupant Sources: 24 the TVOC; All source levels were Normal. Generally, the estimated concentrations of the individual compounds detected in the samples that the laboratory identified as significant contributors to the VOC (TVOC) concentrations, which the laboratory broke out and labeled the Significant VOCs, were relatively small, with only one of the compounds above a screening level: o All four of the samples contained quantities of the compound Diethylene Glycol Ethyl Ether (DEGEE) that exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Resident Regional Screening Level (RSL) for the compound, 0.13 micrograms per cubic meter of air (µg/m 3, the unit of measure used by the EPA for RSLs, happens to be an equivalent unit of measure to ng/l, so the numbers end up being the same): The quantities of DEGEE detected in each location were: The Library: 25 ng/l The Office: 11 ng/l The Head Start East Classroom (Room 108): 13 ng/l The Hallway outside the Room 122 Doorway: 24 ng/l EPA s screening levels are risk-based concentrations used as goals for cleanup by the EPA Superfund program, and are not standards in themselves; When the concentration of a compound exceeds its screening level, it suggests that further evaluation of the potential risks by the contaminant is appropriate, and that additional investigation, cleanup or corrective actions might be warranted. There is no NIOSH REL for DEGEE. There is no OSHA PEL for DEGEE. DEGEE is a common solvent (a Dow Chemical product known as Carbitol) used as an ingredient in many products, including: Floor polish, paints, coatings and inks, cleaning solutions, personal care products (especially hair products), and automotive products. Indoor/Outdoor Environmental, LLC

11 Limited Mold and Moisture Inspection, Mold, TVOC and Formaldehyde Sample Summary Report Eureka Elementary School, Eureka, Montana Indoor/Outdoor Environmental Project No Page 11 The source of the compound is this building was most likely floor care or other cleaning products, such as the cleaning agent that had recently been used to clean the Gym floor a day or so prior to the August 23, 2016 inspection, which caused a relatively strong odor detected during the inspection. Warren Powell, the Maintenance Assistant at the site, reported that efforts were taken to ventilate after reduce the concentration of this compound in the room, and he reported that the odor was not detectable a few days later. If follow-up sampling shows the compound is still present in concentrations greater than the RSL, additional investigation might be warranted. o Small concentrations of other, relatively benign compounds were detected in the four samples at concentrations below any regulatory thresholds, if any, including Ethanol, Propylene glycol, Texanol-B and Trichlorofluoromethane. While not indicating a particular health risk, the presence of small quantities of Trichlorofluoromethane in three of the four samples might suggest refrigerant leaks in HVAC equipment or refrigerators. o Very small traces of other VOCs were detected in the samples, such as compounds from automotive products, petroleum products, coatings and adhesives. o Follow-up TVOC sampling is recommended to confirm reduction of the DEGEE concentrations. MVOC The Mold VOC concentrations were low in all four samples, and did not suggest the presence of unusual actively growing mold in any of the areas, and all fell below the laboratory s MVOC interpretation guidelines, which describe MVOC concentrations of less than 8 ng/l as Minimal or Ambient, meaning that while some mold growth might be present, it is not unusual, it is like ambient or background air. o The MVOC sample results were: The Library: 5 ng/l (Minimal or Ambient) The Office (Principal s Office area): 4 ng/l (Minimal or Ambient) The Head Start East Classroom (Room 108): 6 ng/l (Minimal or Ambient) The Hallway outside the Room 122 Doorway: 5 ng/l (Minimal or Ambient) FORMALDEHYDE Separate samples collected for Formaldehyde analysis (Formaldehyde was not among the compounds that could be detected by the TVOC samples) detected the compound in all four locations at concentrations that exceeded the Formaldehyde RSL of 0.19 µg/m 3 for that compound, and exceeded the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Formaldehyde Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) of 16 ppb, but did not exceed other regulatory thresholds for that compound. Formaldehyde concentrations are compiled in Tables 12 through 15. For comparison with various regulatory limits and thresholds, Formaldehyde concentrations are expressed in ng/l and parts per billion (ppb). Indoor/Outdoor Environmental, LLC

12 Limited Mold and Moisture Inspection, Mold, TVOC and Formaldehyde Sample Summary Report Eureka Elementary School, Eureka, Montana Indoor/Outdoor Environmental Project No Page 12 o The laboratory characterized all of the sample results as Moderate, which is in the range of 20 to 50 ng/l or 16 to 40 ppb. The laboratory s recommendation was: Moderate formaldehyde level but improvements can be achieved by locating and removing sources. See formaldehyde sources section for more information. o The Formaldehyde sample results were: The Library: 24 ng/l or 19 ppb (Moderate) The Office (Principal s Office area): 28 ng/l or 22 ppb (Moderate) The Head Start East Classroom (Room 108): 27 ng/l or 22 ppb (Moderate) The Hallway outside the Room 122 Doorway: 28 ng/l or 22 ppb (Moderate) o The Formaldehyde concentrations detected in all of the samples (19 to 22 ppb) were below the California Air Resources Board s (CARB s) designation for elevated Formaldehyde for school classrooms, which is defined as greater than 27 ppb. Because Formaldehyde is in so many materials and products, and only recently have efforts been made to reduce or eliminate the compound from materials, it will be quite difficult to get Formaldehyde concentrations in an existing building down to the NIOSH REL (16 ppb), and nearly impossible to get down the EPA RSL (0.19 ng/l). o The EPA developed two RSLs for Formaldehyde, one for possible carcinogenic effects and one for non-cancer effects: The EPA has established an RSL for Formaldehyde of 0.19 µg/m 3 for consideration of possible carcinogenic effects. The EPA has a higher RSL of 10 µg/m 3 for noncarcinogenic effects such as lung and eye irritation. The concentrations of Formaldehyde detected in all four of the samples were above EPA s RSLs for both cancer and noncancer end points. EPA s RSLs are risk-based concentrations, and are not clear demarcations between safe and unsafe exposures, thus exposure above EPA s screening levels indicate the need for further evaluation of the potential risks, and are useful for identifying initial cleanup goals. The concentration of Formaldehyde measured in the samples were above both the EPA s cancer and non-cancer based screening levels, suggesting that further investigation be initiated to assess exposure to Formaldehyde in the structure, and suggests that mitigative actions are warranted to reduce exposure to this chemical, if possible. Since the structure is already equipped with ventilation systems that mix fresh air into the building, this system likely reduces Formaldehyde concentrations (note that the ventilation system was not operating at the time of the inspection so as to not bias concentrations of other compounds). Operation of the ventilation systems might reduce the Formaldehyde concentrations to levels below the EPA screening levels. Indoor/Outdoor Environmental, LLC

13 Limited Mold and Moisture Inspection, Mold, TVOC and Formaldehyde Sample Summary Report Eureka Elementary School, Eureka, Montana Indoor/Outdoor Environmental Project No Page 13 o If there is lingering concern about the Formaldehyde concentration, it is recommended that additional indoor air samples be collected while operating the ventilation systems, and an outdoor air sample be collected at the same time to assure that the indoor concentration of the compound is not increased by Formaldehyde in the ambient air (Note, however, it is very unlikely a significant Formaldehyde source is outside the building in Eureka, Montana, unless a wood laminate factory is up wind, for instance). o The most likely possible sources of Formaldehyde in the Classroom include cleaning products, sanitary wipes, glues and resins in pressed wood and cellulose products (hardwood plywood wall paneling, particleboard, fiberboard), furniture and panels made with these pressed wood products, carpet glue, durable press drapes and other textiles (e.g., cubical walls), with less likely sources including combustion appliances, wall insulation and tobacco smoke. o OSHA s permissible exposure limit (PEL) for Formaldehyde in an occupational setting is 750 ppb. The concentration of Formaldehyde detected in all four of the samples were well below OSHA s PEL. o I/O recommends consideration of actions to reduce Formaldehyde and other VOC concentrations by taking three primary strategies: Source Removal, Source Control, and Increased Ventilation. Source Removal involves removal of Formaldehyde source materials from the area of concern, and includes: Remove and replace materials containing Formaldehyde. Remove containers with solvents, paints, cleaning solutions, etc. from the occupied space, or store these materials in a ventilated, isolated space (such as a closet with a weather stripped, air tight door and ventilation fan). Avoid or eliminate products that contain Formaldehyde and other respiratory irritants. Obtain low- or Zero-Formaldehyde alternatives to traditional products such as paints, carpeting, sheathing products, cabinets, insulation, and furniture. Source Control involves limiting Formaldehyde emission when using Formaldehydecontaining products: Reduced use of Formaldehyde-containing building products and tightly cap products when not in use. Store products containing Formaldehyde in ventilated spaces with air-sealed doorways. Assure that containers for products containing Formaldehyde such as cleaning solutions, coatings and paints are closed tight. Use power ventilation and containment barriers, when practical, when painting or using cleaning solutions. Use low Formaldehyde cleaning products, such as Green-Guard certified cleaning products. Indoor/Outdoor Environmental, LLC

14 Limited Mold and Moisture Inspection, Mold, TVOC and Formaldehyde Sample Summary Report Eureka Elementary School, Eureka, Montana Indoor/Outdoor Environmental Project No Page 14 Increasing ventilation involves operating systems that introduce fresh air into the space and remove air containing Formaldehyde and other gasses from the space. Increasing ventilation is a common and successful approach for reducing Formaldehyde concentrations. Exhaust-only ventilation leads to uncontrolled intrusion of make-up air, which can lead to problematic unintended consequences, including: Poor indoor air quality due to increased airborne dust (drawn from outside, and wall and attic cavities), fiberglass and cellulose fibers (drawn from attic and wall cavity insulation). Moisture accumulation issues due to cold air leakage that leads to condensation in wall and attic cavities. If the primary sources of Formaldehyde in the structure are related to major building components such as exterior sheathing, subfloor, roof sheathing and interior finish materials (for which simple strategies that can ordinarily help address elevated Formaldehyde concentrations will not work), it might be difficult to reduce Formaldehyde concentrations. o Follow-up sampling is recommended to confirm reduction of the Formaldehyde concentrations. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Library On the basis of mold sample results, visual inspection of exposed materials, and a moisture meter and IR scope survey, I/O concludes: Mr. Frantz inspected the Library, where mold remediation work had been conducted in the in the ceiling over the Stage, where water intruded the roof and wetted ceiling tiles and insulation. o At the time of the inspection, the Library ceiling had been rebuilt and the new materials appeared to be clean and dry. o A mold air sample collected in the Library Stage work area did not suggest the presence of elevated mold spore counts in the air, which did not suggest that hidden mold was present in the area, and did not suggest that additional remediation work was necessary. o A mold dust sample collected from Library books located against the east wing wall did not suggest the presence of an unusual amount of mold in the dust, did not suggest the presence of mold growth on the books, and did not suggest the presence of unusual or unacceptable types of mold, but rather, suggested common types of mold found outside had settled on the books, which did not suggest cause for concern about any type of unusual mold exposure from using the books. o A mold surface sample confirmed that mold was present on dark stained material on the Library walls along and behind casing and paneling on the wing walls to the east and west sides of the Stage. Indoor/Outdoor Environmental, LLC

15 Limited Mold and Moisture Inspection, Mold, TVOC and Formaldehyde Sample Summary Report Eureka Elementary School, Eureka, Montana Indoor/Outdoor Environmental Project No Page 15 Mr. Frantz recommended removing wall casing and paneling and cleaning all moldy materials as necessary. A few days later, impacted materials were reportedly cleaned and/or removed and discarded by a contractor following the inspections. I/O has not conducted a follow-up inspection since the contractor completed the remediation work. Restroom Floors in Rooms 103 and 105 Anomalous moisture meter readings were encountered in the ceramic floor tile near the toilets in the Restrooms in Rooms 103 and 105, suggesting water might have accumulated between ridges in the thinset mortar under the tiles. o Mr. Frantz recommended additional investigation to determine whether there were leaks around the wax rings, and clean and repair as appropriate. Mold samples collected in Rooms 103 and 105 did not suggest the presence of hidden mold in the rooms. Head Start Restroom Floor and Wall A slow leak was encountered under a sink in the Head Start Boys Restroom (the West Boys Restroom), apparently due to a leak in the supply valve, with water on the floor and elevated moisture levels detected behind the ceramic tile on the wall. o It is unlikely the concrete block wall behind the ceramic tile will foster fungal growth (mold), but Mr. Frantz recommended the wall be dried out as quickly as possible to be sure. The maintenance staff had arranged to have the leak addressed immediately. o The results of a mold air sample collected in the Head Start Boys Restroom did not suggest the presence of hidden mold in the room. MOLD SAMPLE RESULTS Mr. Frantz collected 29 mold spore count air samples from classrooms and other spaces that were analyzed for mold spores and other particles including Dander, Fibers (like fiberglass), Mycelial Fragments (vegetative mold parts analogous to roots and stems), and Pollen, and Mr. Frantz conducted visual and moisture surveys in all of those areas. o With the exception of the areas described above (the Library, Rooms 103 and 105, and the Head Start Boy s Restroom), Mr. Frantz did not encounter any evidence of mold, hidden mold, or elevated moisture during a moisture meter and IR scope surveys of classrooms and other spaces in the structure. o The results of the all of the indoor mold samples did not indicate the presence of elevated mold spore counts in any of the rooms compared to the outside air samples. The mold spore counts detected in the areas were all relatively low for indoor occupied spaces, and did not suggest the presence of hidden mold. Mold sample results are summarized in Tables 1 through 11, and the mold sample laboratory report is in Attachment 1. Indoor/Outdoor Environmental, LLC

16 Limited Mold and Moisture Inspection, Mold, TVOC and Formaldehyde Sample Summary Report Eureka Elementary School, Eureka, Montana Indoor/Outdoor Environmental Project No Page 16 The Dander (skin cell fragments), Fibers (like fiberglass), Mycelial Fragments (vegetative mold parts analogous to roots and stems), and Pollen analytical results for the 29 air samples indicated: o The Dander counts ranged from a low of 440 particles per cubic meter (particles/m 3 ) to a high of 8,800 particles/m 3, compared to 360 and 80 Dander particles/m 3 detected in the north and south outside air samples, respectively. These results, while ranging widely within the samples, all fell in the clean building range. The two highest Dander counts were in the staff and teacher areas, with the block of rooms around the Conference Room (including Rooms 124 and 126) and the Teachers Lounge (Room 128), at 8,800 and 8,400 Dander particles/m 3, respectively, and the highest count in a Classroom was in Room 134, where the Dander count was 7,400 particles/m 3. I/O recommends deeper cleaning in these areas. o The counts of Fibers, Mycelial Fragments, and Pollen were all low or relatively low and did not suggest the risk of anomalous exposure to these particles. TVOC, MVOC AND FORMALDEHYDE SAMPLE RESULTS The results of air samples analyzed for Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) and Mold VOCs did not indicate the presence of elevated VOCs or TMVOCs, in fact did not indicate the presence of any significant quantities of volatile organic compounds, which does not suggest unusual exposure to these compounds, and does not suggest the presence of hidden mold growth in the room. o The TVOC samples indicated Normal TVOC levels in three and a Moderate TVOC level in one of the four sampled areas. o The sources of the VOCs detected in the areas were mostly (75% to 86%) from Building Sources, with the remaining fractions of VOC (25% to 14%) from Occupant Sources. o The estimated concentrations of the individual compounds detected in the samples identified as Significant VOCs, were relatively small, with only one of the compounds above a screening level: All four of the samples contained quantities of the compound Diethylene Glycol Ethyl Ether (DEGEE) that exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Resident Regional Screening Level (RSL) for the compound. A likely source of this compound in the building was cleaning solution that had recently been used on the Gym floor. o Small concentrations of other, relatively benign compounds were detected in the four samples at concentrations below any regulatory thresholds, if any, including Ethanol, Propylene glycol, Texanol-B and Trichlorofluoromethane. Indoor/Outdoor Environmental, LLC

17 Limited Mold and Moisture Inspection, Mold, TVOC and Formaldehyde Sample Summary Report Eureka Elementary School, Eureka, Montana Indoor/Outdoor Environmental Project No Page 17 While not indicating a particular health risk, the presence of small quantities of Trichlorofluoromethane in three of the four samples might suggest refrigerant leaks in HVAC equipment or refrigerators. o Very small traces of other VOCs were detected in the samples, such as compounds from automotive products, petroleum products, coatings and adhesives. Trace quantities of volatile organic compounds were detected in the samples in minute quantities that are not unusual and not cause for concern. o Follow-up TVOC sampling is recommended to confirm reduction of the DEGEE concentrations. o The Mold VOC concentrations were low in all four samples, and did not suggest the presence of unusual actively growing mold in any of the areas. o The results of the Formaldehyde air sample indicated the presence of Moderate Formaldehyde concentration in the rooms, but were above the Formaldehyde RSL and PEL. The Formaldehyde concentrations detected in all of the samples were below the California Air Resources Board s (CARB s) designation for elevated Formaldehyde for school classrooms. o I/O recommends consideration of actions to reduce Formaldehyde and other VOC concentrations by taking three primary strategies: Source Removal, Source Control, and Increased Ventilation. o Follow-up sampling is recommended to confirm reduction of the Formaldehyde concentrations. METHODS AND MATERIALS Air Sampling for Mold Analysis To help detect hidden mold reservoirs and document mold spore levels in the structure, I/O collected bioaerosol (air particulate of biological origin) samples at the site, including one outdoors for comparison with ambient conditions. Bioaerosol sample results are summarized in Table 1, and the full mold laboratory reports are in Attachment 1, and general information about selected mold genera is in the laboratory reports. Bioaerosol samples for nonviable analysis were collected using Zefon Z-5 and Environmental Monitoring Systems Micro-5 cassette spore traps attached by a hose to a special calibrated vacuum pump. The pump drew air into the traps, where spores became attached to siliconecoated microscopic slides. The vacuum pump was field calibrated with a Bios Defender 510 DryCal primary flow calibrator, or with a secondary calibration rotameter that was field calibrated with the primary calibrator. The vacuum pump drew air at a flow rate of 5 liters per minute. Sample volumes of 25 liters were drawn for indoor and outdoor area samples. Indoor/Outdoor Environmental, LLC

18 Limited Mold and Moisture Inspection, Mold, TVOC and Formaldehyde Sample Summary Report Eureka Elementary School, Eureka, Montana Indoor/Outdoor Environmental Project No Page 18 Sampling volumes were controlled and recorded for use by the laboratory to calculate the precise quantity of spores detected per unit of air volume that flowed across the slide. Following exposure, I/O sealed the ends of the sample cassette and shipped the cassettes for microscopic analysis to an accredited laboratory. The lab reported mold concentrations as the number of fungal particulate per cubic meter of air sampled. Samples were evaluated by comparing spore counts of indoor samples with outdoor samples, and by comparing spore levels between indoor samples. Surface Sampling for Mold Analysis To help determine whether mold was present in residues encountered on materials, and/or whether microscopic quantities of mold were present on what visually appeared to be clean materials, I/O collected surface tape lift samples at the site. Surface sample results are summarized in an attached table, the full mold laboratory reports are in an Attachment to this report, and general information about selected mold genera is in the laboratory reports. Surface tape lift samples for nonviable analysis were collected using special slides with adhesive tape attached to half of one side. The slide was removed from its clean plastic case, the slide was labeled, then a protective cover was removed from the adhesive tape, and the slide was pressed against the subject residue. The slide was then removed from the subject residue and placed back in the clean plastic case. The slide label and/or serial number were recorded on the sample chain of custody, and the slide was shipped for microscopic analysis to an accredited laboratory. The lab reported mold concentrations as the number of fungal particulate per square centimeter of the surface sampled (spores/cm 2 ). Samples were evaluated by comparing spore counts of suspect samples with non-suspect samples, and/or by comparing the spore count with an idealized control sample with zero spores/cm 2. Air and Material Moisture Measurements Measurements of air temperature, relative and specific humidity, dew point temperature, and material moisture content were obtained using a Protimeter MMS digital moisture meter. The instrument obtains air parameters with a Hygrostick attachment, obtains relative subsurface material moisture measurements with non-invasive radio frequency emissions (in search mode ), or obtains wood moisture percentage measurements (or wood moisture equivalent measurements for non-woody materials) with direct contact electrodes of varying length (deeper subsurface measurements can be obtained with deep wall probes). The instrument is calibrated to measure the amount of moisture in wood (% moisture by weight) in direct contact mode, or in terms of wood moisture equivalent for used to measure moisture contact of other materials such as gypsum wallboard and concrete. When in search mode, the instrument measures moisture in wood and other material in relative terms, over an arbitrary range of 0 (very dry) to 1000 (very wet). The Protimeter MMS instrument is capable of logging observations in a memory chip that can be downloaded into a computer file. Indoor/Outdoor Environmental, LLC