Working with Nature: Compost BMP Performance & Design in Green Infrastructure Applica>ons

Transcription

1 Working with Nature: Compost BMP Performance & Design in Green Infrastructure Applica>ons Dr. Britt Faucette, PhD, CPESC, LEED AP Ecosystem Scientist May 1, 2015

2 Outline Stormwater: Gray to Green Infrastructure (LID) Compost & Stormwater Volume and Biofiltra/on Compost Applica>ons (BMPs) Research, Performance, & Design Case Studies Q/A ü Ecosystem Services

3 Stormwater Impact US ci>es w/ outdated & under- designed SWM infrastructure 75% of Americans live near polluted waters 48,800 TMDL listed (impaired) water bodies $44,000,000,000 annual total cost to society

4 Grey Infrastructure is..$$$$$$ ü Centralize Collec>on, Conveyance & Treatment ü Land Intensive ü Infrastructure Intensive ü Pollu>on Intensive ü Energy Intensive

5 Land Use = Hydrology = Pollutant Load = Water Impairment Minimal Pollu>on Pollutant Load Filtrexx Products 2004 Source: Soils for Salmon

6 Ecosystem Services for Free Free SW Mgmt $$$ Filtrexx Products 2004 Source: Soils for Salmon

7 What is Green Infrastructure? Filtrexx Products 2004 Source: Sego Jackson, 2001

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10 Low Impact Development (LID) = hydrology mimics natural site, distributed, decentralized Runoff Volume Runoff Rate Pollutant Loading Flooding CSOs ü Water Quality ü Wildlife Habitat/Biodiversity ü Aesthe/cs/Land Value Source: Sego Jackson Green Infrastructure = green stormwater management; site preserva>on/restora>on; integrated design & prac>ces; reuse

11 Low Impact Development (LID) = restore natural site hydrology; decentralize Source: Sego Jackson

12 Research Literature Faucette, B., F. Cardoso, W. Mulbry, P. Millner Performance of compost filtration practice for green infrastructure stormwater applications. Water Environment Research. 85:9: Faucette, B., J. Governo, R. Tyler, G. Gigley, C.F. Jordan, and B.G. Lockaby Performance of compost filter socks conventional sediment control barriers used for perimeter control on construction sites. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 64:1: Faucette, L. B., K. A. Sefton, A. M. Sadeghi, R. A. Rowland Sediment and phosphorus removal from simulated storm runoff with compost filter socks and silt fence. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 63:4: Keener, H., B. Faucette, and M. Klingman Flow-through rates and evaluation of solids separation of compost filter socks vs. silt fence in sediment control applications. Journal of Environmental Quality. 36:3: Faucette, L. Britt, J. Governo, C.F. Jordan, B. G Lockaby, H. F. Carino, and R. Governo Erosion control and storm water quality from straw with pam, mulch, and compost blankets of varying particle sizes. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 62:6: Faucette B, C. Jordan, M. Risse, M. Cabrera, D. Coleman, L. West Evaluation of Storm Water from Compost and Conventional Erosion Control Practices in Construction Activities. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 60:6:

13 Federal Agencies w/ Compost BMP Specifica>ons

14 Compost Tools Filter Media Designed for Op>mum Filtra>on & Hydraulic- flow Growing Media Designed for Op>mum Water Absorp>on & Plant Growth

15 Compost Tools Biofilter Media Growing Media Designed for Op>mum Filtra>on & Hydraulic- flow Designed for Op>mum Water Absorp>on & Plant Growth

16 USEPA Compost Blanket Spec Parameters Units of Measure Surface to be Vegetated Surface to be left Unvegetated ph ph units N/A Soluble salt concentration (electrical conductivity) ds/m (mmhos/cm) Maximum 5 Maximum 5 Moisture content %, wet weight basis Organic matter content %, dry weight basis Particle Size Distribution Stability Carbon dioxide evolution rate Physical contaminants (manmade inerts) % passing a selected mesh size, dry weight basis mg CO 2 C per g organic matter per day - 3 in. (75 mm), 100% passing - 1 in. (25 mm), % passing - ¾ in. (19 mm), % passing - ¼ in. (6.4 mm), 0 75% passing Maximum particle length of 6 in (152 mm) <8 N/A %, dry weight basis <1 <1-3 in. (75 mm), 100% passing - 1 in. (25 mm), % passing - ¾ in. (19 mm), % passing - ¼ in. (6.4 mm), 0 75% passing Maximum particle length of 6 in (152 mm)

17 Stormwater BMPs Erosion & Sediment Control 1. Perimeter Control 2. Inlet Protec>on 3. Ditch Check 4. Filter Ring/Concrete washout 5. Slope Interrup>on 6. Runoff Diversion 7. Vegetated Cover 8. Erosion Control Blanket 9. Vegetated Sediment Trap 10. Pond Riser Pipe Filter Low Impact Development 11. Runoff Control Blanket 12. Vegetated Filter Strip 13. Engineered Soil 14. Channel Liner 15. Streambank Stabiliza>on 16. Biofiltra>on System 17. Bioreten>on System 18. Green Roof System 19. Living Wall 20. Green Retaining Wall 21. Vegetated Rip Rap 22. Level Spreader 23. Green Gabion 24. Bioswale

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19 Runoff + Erosion Control Designed to: 1) dissipate energy of rain impact; 2) hold, infiltrate & evaporate water; 3) slow down/disperse energy of sheet flow; 4) provide for op>mum vegeta>on growth

20 Par>cle Size Malers Treatment Soil Loss (kg ha - 1 ) TSS (kg ha - 1 ) Turbidity (NTU) Par?cle size % passing 1 in 1/2 in 1/4 in Compost Compost 2* Compost 3* Compost 4** *Did not meet TX DOT specifica>on for erosion control compost par>cle size distribu>on. **Did not meet TX DOT, USEPA, IN DNR, or CONEG specifica>on for erosion control blanket par>cle size distribu>on

21 Soil Erosion at 2:1 Slope Erosion Control Prac?ce Soil 2 in/hr 20 min (0.67 in) t/ac % reduc?o n Soil 4 in/hr 40 min (2.0 in) t/ac % reduc?o n Soil 6 in/hr 60 min (4.0 in) t/ac % reduc?o n Bare soil 61 NA 137 NA 171 NA CECB 2.0 in CECB 1.0 in CECB 0.5 in Single- net straw Single- net excelsior fiber Double- net straw Double- net coconut fiber Tackifier PAM

22 LID: Rainfall Absorp>on (4 /hr 1- hr; 100 yr return) 84% % % 0 Bare Soil Straw Mulch Compost Blanket

23 Runoff Volume Reduc>on Reduc>on Influencing Factors Reference 49% 60% 76% 90% Sandy clay loam, 10% slope, 1.5 blanket, 3.2 in/hr 1 hr rain Sandy clay loam, 10% slope, 1.5 blanket, 4.0 in/hr 1 hr rain Silty sand, 2:1 slope, 3 blanket, 1.8 in/hr hr rain Loamy sand, 3:1 slope, 2 blanket, 4.0 in/hr 2 hr rain Faucele et al, 2005 Faucele et al, 2007 Demars et al, 2000 Persyn et al, 2004

24 Peak Flow Rate Reduc>on Reduc>on Influencing Factors Reference 36% Sandy clay loam, 10% slope, 1.5 blanket, 3.2 in/hr 1 hr rain Faucele et al, % (30% rela?ve to straw) Sandy clay loam, 10% slope, 1.5 blanket, 4.0 in/hr 1 hr rain Faucele et al, % Loamy sand, 3:1 slope, 2 blanket, 4.0 in/hr 2 hr rain Persyn et al, 2004

25 Pollutant Load Reduc>on: Compost Blanket vs Conven>onal Seeding Total N Nitrate N Total P Soluble P Total Sediment Mukhtar et al, 2004 (seed+fer>lizer) Faucele et al, 2007 (seed+fer>lizer) Faucele et al, 2005 (hydromulch) Persyn et al 2004 (seed+topsoil) 88% 45% 87% 87% 99% 92% ND ND 97% 94% 58% 98% 83% 83% 80% 99% ND 99% 99% 96%

26 Runoff Curve Numbers Watershed Surface Curve Number* Parking lot, driveway, roof 98 Commercial district 92 Dirt road 82 Residen>al lot: ¼ ac, ½ ac, 1 ac 75, 70, 68 Cropland Pasture Public green space Woodland and forests Brush >75% cover 48 Vegetated Compost Blanket 55 *Based Hydrologic Soil Group B Reference: USDA SCS, 1986

27 Ecosystem Services: Economics of Grey vs Green SWM Compost Blanket vs Impervious Surface Area = 10 acres Design Storm = 3 in/24 hr ü Stormwater Volume = 54,300 vs 752,100 gallons (1400% increase!) Op?on 1: Containment/Pond: Real Estate Value = $50,000/acre SW Pond Design/Construc>on = $1/gal ü Stormwater Pond (4 s deep) = 0.5 acre - $25,000 (lost usable real estate) ü Stormwater Pond Cost = $697,800 (design/construc>on) - TOTAL = $722,800

28 Ecosystem Services: Economics of Grey vs Green SWM Compost Blanket vs Impervious Surface Area = 10 acres Design Storm = 3 in/24 hr ü Stormwater Volume = 54,300 vs 752,100 gallons (1400% increase!) Op?on 2: Off- Site Discharge (Grid): Water Conveyance Cost = $0.26/gal Water Treatment Energy Cost = 2 kwh/1000 gal Energy Cost = $0.13/kWh Carbon Emission = 2 lbs CO2/kWh ü Water Conveyance = $181,428/yr ü Energy Cost = $91/year ü Carbon Emission = 1,396 lbs/co2/yr

29 Compost Tools Biofilter Media Growing Media Designed for Op>mum Filtra>on & Hydraulic- flow Designed for Op>mum Water Absorp>on & Plant Growth

30 USEPA Compost Filter Sock Spec Parameters Units of Measure Compost Filter Sock ph ph units Soluble salt concentration (electrical conductivity) ds/m (mmhos/cm) Maximum 5 Moisture content %, wet weight basis Organic matter content %, dry weight basis Particle Size Distribution % passing a selected mesh size, dry weight basis 2 in. (50 mm), 100% passing; 1/2 in. (12.5 mm), 60% passing Stability Carbon dioxide evolution rate Physical contaminants (manmade inerts) mg CO 2 C per g organic matter per day <8 %, dry weight basis <1

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32 Stormwater BMPs Erosion & Sediment Control 1. Perimeter Control 2. Inlet Protec>on 3. Ditch Check 4. Filter Ring/Concrete washout 5. Slope Interrup>on 6. Runoff Diversion 7. Vegetated Cover 8. Erosion Control Blanket 9. Vegetated Sediment Trap 10. Pond Riser Pipe Filter Low Impact Development 11. Runoff Control Blanket 12. Vegetated Filter Strip 13. Engineered Soil 14. Channel Liner 15. Streambank Stabiliza>on 16. Biofiltra>on System 17. Bioreten>on System 18. Green Roof System 19. Living Wall 20. Green Retaining Wall 21. Vegetated Rip Rap 22. Level Spreader 23. Green Gabion 24. Bioswale

33 Compost Sock/Berm Bacteria 3- Way Biofiltra>on Physical Fungi Traps sediment in matrix of varying pore spaces and sizes Chemical Binds and adsorbs pollutants in storm runoff Biological Degrades various compounds with bacteria and fungi

34 Par>cle Size Specifica>ons

35 Research Literature Par>cle size of compost filter media is a good predictor of hydraulic flow through rate (Faucele, Seson, Sadeghi, Rowland, 2008; Faucele, Governo, Tyler, Gigley, Jordan, Lockaby, 2009) Hydraulic flow through rate is a good predictor of overtopping, and spacing and maximum drainage area allowances (Keener, Faucele, Klingman, 2007)

36 TS Reduc>on of Sediment Barriers Runoff Exposure Sediment Exposure Removal Filter Sock 260 gal 1.7 g/s ac- in 850 lbs 150 lbs/s t/a 77% Silt Fence 260 gal 1.7 g/s ac- in 850 lbs 150 lbs/s t/a 72% Straw Walle 260 gal 1.7 g/s ac- in 850 lbs 150 lbs/s t/a 59% ASTM 6459 for RECPs

37 % TSS Reduc>on of Sediment Barriers Runoff Volume: 315 gal 42 s gal/s ac- in Sediment: 15 lbs 6000 mg/l Sediment Barrier 8" Compost Filter Sock 12" Compost Filter Sock Mulch Filter Berm Straw Bale

38 Silt Fence vs Compost Biofilters Mean Total Solids Load for 3 Storm Events grams/m Silt Fence -37% Filter Berm ü All Plots used Hydromulching Nutrient Loads for 2nd Storm Event mg/m % -32% 0 Silt Fence Total N Total P Filter Berm

39 Stormwater Pollutant Removal TSS Turbidit y Total N NH 4 -N NO 3 - N Total P Sol. P Total coli. E. coli. Metals Oil Diesel Filter Sock 80 % 63% 35% 35% 25 % 60 % 92% 98% 98% % 99 % 99%

40 City of Chalanooga Analysis (Pre- retrofit) COD 1600 mg/l TSS 1370 mg/l Oil/Grease 107 mg/l mg/l 208 mg/l 27 mg/l mg/l 125 mg/l 125 mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l N/A N/A 5 mg/l mg/l 249 mg/l 18 mg/l mg/l 177 mg/l 37 mg/l % Reduction

41 Green Infrastructure Site = Max Pollutant Load Reduc>on Green Roof Native Vegetation Green Pavers Rain Garden/ Bioretention Bioswale Stormwater Blanket Engineered Soil

42 ü 100% rain/stormwater capture ü Zero discharge ü 84% Water Savings ü 130,000 gal/yr

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44 24 Compost- Based BMPs Inside.an essential tool for engineers, designers, architects, regulators, planners, managers, contractors, consultants, policymakers, builders, and water resource managers. Forester Press

45 Thanks! Britt Faucette, Ph.D., CPESC, LEED AP Ecosystem Scientist Ph: