Name: 2018 AP Environmental Science Summer Assignment

Transcription

1 P a g e 1 Name: 2018 AP Environmental Science Summer Assignment The Summer Assignment is due on the first day of class. Please Note: Submission must be in paper format. However, please be a little tree friendly and double-side print (if possible) and re-format pages if necessary.

2 AP Environmental Science Summer Assignment (This assignment is due on the first day of class!) P a g e 2 Part 1 - Concept Formation and Foundational Science Skills = 60% Part 2 - Information Processing, Critical Thinking and Decision Making = 40% Introduction: Congratulations on your decision to take AP Environmental Science (APES). You will find this to be a challenging and rewarding course. The questions below are to help you review basic math and science content as well as to cover some foundational concepts to AP Environmental Science. When you begin APES in the fall, you should be well familiar with these concepts. Please do not share your answers with classmates. You may use the attached reference materials or any other resources as needed. PART 1: Review (60 points) Answer questions in the space provided. You may use additional paper if needed. Show all work, where applicable. 1. The human population is the root cause of all environmental problems on the planet. Explain whether you agree or disagree with this statement Provide an example of an ecosystem that includes a food web. Describe the relevance of at least two abiotic factors in their support of the ecosystem. Describe how a change in one of the factors impacts the ecosystem.

3 P a g e Describe two non-anthropogenic (non-human) causes of climate change Other than latitude, describe two other factors that have significant influence on determining Earth s climate zones. 9. Why is a plant-based diet more environmentally friendly than a meat based diet? Discuss why England has proposed eliminating all coal burning by the year How do you think this will impact their economy?

4 What is a hectare and why is it used? When you Google or Bing this (yeah, I know, nobody uses Bing) read carefully! P a g e Describe the relevance of Earth System Science to Environmental Science Describe one way that modern, industrial agriculture is harmful to the environment Why are less developed countries (LDCs) more sustainable than more developed countries (MDCs)?

5 P a g e What is the relationship between Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration? What is the difference between fossil carbon and modern carbon? What determines the atomic number and atomic mass of an element? What is the difference between a compound and an element? 28. Describe one threat to biodiversity on the planet.

6 P a g e Balance the chemical equation below; identify the reactants and the products. CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O The specific heat of ethanol is 2.46 J/g o C. Find the heat required to raise the temperature of 215 g of ethanol from 18 o C to 37 o C. Q=mCT Show work. Ans What is the volume in cubic meters (m 3 )of an object that is 15 cm long, by 12 cm wide, and 3 cm deep? Show work. Ans What is the % increase from India s per capita footprint to the per capita footprint of the United States? Show work. Ans.

7 P a g e Using the previous chart, explain why the relative footprint of The Netherlands decreases from the top bar chart to the bottom bar chart, while the footprint of India appears to increase a) What factors combine to create carbonic acid in the oceans. b) How does this change the ph and affect ocean life? c) What is the relevance to climate change? a) b) c) 44. Put the number 451,654 into scientific notation using 3 significant figures. Ans.

8 P a g e Plutonium-239 has a half-life of 24,000 years. How much will remain of a 20 gram sample after it undergoes 6 half-lives? Show work Define the following terms: Planned Obsolescence- Ans. Perpetual Resource- Intrinsic Value The construction and operation of dams on river systems have significant advantages and drawbacks to the environment and the human population. In the following spaces, briefly describe two advantages and two disadvantages.

9 P a g e 9 Dam Advantages - Dam Drawbacks- Percentage of deaths attributable to each of six risk factors, and to all six risks combined, for child and maternal malnutrition: countries grouped by income, 2004 Risk World Low Income Middle Income Percentage of Deaths Childhood underweight Suboptimal breastfeeding Vitamin A deficiency Zinc deficiency Iron deficiency Iodine deficiency All six risks What percentage of child deaths in low-income countries is attributable to vitamin A deficiency OR zinc deficiency? Ans If there were 15,000 child deaths in a low-income country in a particular month, what is the best estimate of the number of those deaths that are attributable to any form of malnutrition? Ans If 30 rolloff containers of garbage leave Mount Olive Township every day, what is the volume of landfill space that is filled in one year? Each container dimensions = 2.2m x 2m x 8m: Show work What is the volume if Mount Olive recycles 20% of the garbage? Ans. Ans.

10 P a g e 10 PART 2: Environmental Science In The News Anthropogenic Climate Change (40 points) The condition of our environment is constantly changing unfortunately this is more often than not for the worse. However, there are occasional bright spots on the horizon. To help you understand and appreciate current environmental issues, scientific and media sources, and possible bias, find four different news items that pertain to any concept in environmental science. Research news articles, scientific research, editorials, etc. that both indicate improving environmental conditions and degrading environmental conditions. The items you select can be from the newspaper, magazines, political statements, online news sources, etc. Each item should be five or more paragraphs in length, and they must be dated between August 2017 and August You will need to turn in the articles with your Summer Assignment! ONLY print/turn in the first page from each article!! If you print out a thirty-page article you will lose points!! STEP 1: Prepare a separate typed or written document. In one paragraph each, summarize your four selected articles. Remember that some of your selections should indicate improving environmental circumstances and some should present environmental degradation. STEP 2: In an additional two paragraphs, discuss what makes a valid scientific investigation into environmental issues. What are possible sources of bias that may influence the investigations, reporting, regulatory action, etc.? STEP 3: In tabular or some other graphic form, rank how scientifically valid your selected articles are. Develop a system (similar to a rubric) that evaluates your articles for scientific validity and potential social, political or economic bias. STEP 4: In a final paragraph, discuss your belief as to what the most significant environmental issue will be over the next twenty-five years.

11 P a g e 11 APES Review Notes: Significant Figures, Scientific Notation, SI/Metric System SIGNIFICANT FIGURES: Sig.Fig Review General Rules 1) ALL NONZERO DIGITS ARE ALWAYS SIGNIFICANT. 4.2 and 27 both have two sig.figs. 2) ZEROES BETWEEN TWO NONZERO DIGITS ARE ALWAYS SIGNIFICANT. ZEROES BETWEEN TWO SIGNIFICANT DIGITS ARE ALWAYS SIGNIFICANT. ( Sig. Fig. Sandwich ) and 1005 both have four sig.figs. 3) ZEROES TO THE LEFT OF NONZERO DIGITS ARE NOT SIGNIFICANT and 0.06 both have only one sig.fig. 4) TERMINAL ZEROES AFTER THE DECIMAL POINT ARE ALWAYS SIGNIFICANT and both have four sig.figs. 5) TERMINAL ZEROES NOT INVOLVING A DECIMAL POINT ARE NOT SIGNIFICANT... UNLESS WRITTEN IN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION FOR CLARIFICATION or UNLESS A DECIMAL POINT IS PLACED AFTER THE LAST ZERO written as 1.23 x 10 3 has three sig.figs written as or x 10 3 has four sig.figs. Rounding Rules 1) Round up if the number after the last sig.fig. is 5 or greater ) Round down if the number after the last sig.fig. is less than Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division rules 1) IN ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION, THE ANSWER MAY CONTAIN ONLY AS MANY DECIMAL PLACES AS THE LEAST ACCURATE VALUE = adjusted 2) IN MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION, THE ANSWER MAY CONTAIN ONLY AS MANY DECIMAL PLACES AS THE LEAST ACCURATE VALUE USED / = adjusted SCIENTIFIC NOTATION: M x 10 n format Exponent examples 10 0 = = = = = 0.1 (1/10) 10-2 = 0.01 (1/100) 10-3 = (1/1000) Scientific notation rules 1) POSITIVE EXPONENTS INDICATE MAKING A NUMBER LARGER. MOVE DECIMAL POINT TO THE RIGHT. (3.11 x 10 2 = 311) 2) NEGATIVE EXPONENTS INDICATE MAKING A NUMBER SMALLER. MOVE DECIMAL POINT TO THE LEFT. (3.11 x 10-2 = )

12 P a g e 12 THE METRIC SYSTEM SI = International System of Units SI BASE UNIT NAME SYMBOL length meter m mass kilogram kg time second s temperature Kelvin K amount of substance mole mol electric current ampere A luminous (light) intensity candela cd Common SI DERIVED UNITS NAME SYMBOL area square meter m 2 volume cubic meter m 3 (1L = 1 dm 3 & 1 ml = 1 cm 3 = 1 cc) speed meter per second m/s velocity meter per second m/s (with direction) acceleration meter per second squared m/s 2 density gram per cubic centimeter g/cm 3 (mass/volume) METRIC PREFIXES Factor Name Symbol yotta Y zetta Z exa E peta P tera T 10 9 giga G 10 6 mega M 10 3 kilo k 10 2 hecto h 10 1 deka da 10-1 deci d 10-2 centi c 10-3 milli m 10-6 micro μ 10-9 nano n pico p femto f atto a zepto z

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