AM-55, AM-56) B U I L D I N G P A R T N E R S H I P S F O R E N E R G Y S E C U R I T Y

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1 Nearly zero-energy building and components of the DIRECTIVE on energy performance of buildings 2010/31/EU Albin Zsebik, PhD, CEM Improving university curricula in the areas of a) energy efficiency in the sectors of energy, industry and buildings, and b) renewable energy sources (AHEFs AM-54, AM-55, AM-56) B U I L D I N G P A R T N E R S H I P S F O R E N E R G Y S E C U R I T Y

2 What is a nearly zero-energy building? nearly zero-energy building means a building that has a very high energy performance, as determined in accordance with Annex I. (2010/31/EU directive) the nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced on-site or nearby

3 Nearly zero-energy buildings Member States shall ensure that (a) by 31 December 2020, all new buildings are nearly zero-energy buildings; and (b) after 31 December 2018, new buildings occupied and owned by public authorities are nearly zero-energy buildings. Member States shall draw up national plans for increasing the number of nearly zero-energy buildings. These national plans may include targets differentiated according to the category of building.

4 Nearly zero-energy buildings Member States shall furthermore, following the leading example of the public sector, develop policies and take measures such as the setting of targets in order to stimulate the transformation of buildings that are refurbished into nearly zero-energy buildings, and inform the Commission thereof in their national plans referred to in paragraph 1.

5 National plans shall include, inter alia, the following elements 1. (a) the Member State s detailed application in practice of the definition of nearly zeroenergy buildings, reflecting their national, regional or local conditions, and including a numerical indicator of primary energy use expressed in kwh/m 2 per year. Primary energy factors used for the determination of the primary energy use may be based on national or regional yearly average values and may take into account relevant European standards;

6 National plans shall include, inter alia, the following elements 2. (b) intermediate targets for improving the energy performance of new buildings, by 2015, with a view to preparing the implementation of paragraph 1;

7 National plans shall include, inter alia, the following elements 3. (c) information on the policies and financial or other measures adopted in the context of paragraphs 1 and 2 for the promotion of nearly zero-energy buildings, including details of national requirements and measures concerning the use of energy from renewable sources in new buildings and existing buildings undergoing major renovation in the context of Article 13(4) of Directive 2009/28/EC and Articles 6 and 7 of this Directive.

8 For new buildings, Member States shall ensure that, before construction starts, the technical, environmental and economic feasibility of high-efficiency alternative systems such as those listed below, if available, is considered and taken into account: (a) decentralized energy supply systems based on energy from renewable sources; (b) cogeneration; (c) district or block heating or cooling, particularly where it is based entirely or partially on energy from renewable sources; (d) heat pumps.

9 The energy performance of a building shall be determined on the basis of the calculated or actual annual energy that is consumed in order to meet the different needs associated with its typical use and shall reflect the heating energy needs and cooling energy needs (energy needed to avoid overheating) to maintain the envisaged temperature conditions of the building, and domestic hot water needs

10 The energy performance of a building shall be expressed in a transparent manner and shall include an energy performance indicator and a numeric indicator of primary energy use, based on primary energy factors per energy carrier, which may be based on national or regional annual weighted averages or a specific value for onsite production. The methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings should take into account European standards and shall be consistent with relevant Union legislation, including Directive 2009/28/EC (on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources ).

11 The methodology for the calculation of energy performance of buildings shall take into consideration 1. (a) the following actual thermal characteristics of the building including its internal partitions: (i) thermal capacity; (ii) insulation; (iii) passive heating; (iv) cooling elements; and (v) thermal bridges; (b) heating installation and hot water supply, including their insulation characteristics; (c) air-conditioning installations;

12 The methodology for the calculation of energy performance of buildings shall take into consideration 2. (d) natural and mechanical ventilation which may include air-tightness; (e) built-in lighting installation (mainly in the non-residential sector); (f) the design, positioning and orientation of the building, including outdoor climate; (g) passive solar systems and solar protection; (h) indoor climatic conditions, including the designed indoor climate; (i) internal loads.

13 The positive influence of the following aspects shall, where relevant in the calculation, be taken into account (a) local solar exposure conditions, active solar systems and other heating and electricity systems based on energy from renewable sources; (b) electricity produced by cogeneration; (c) district or block heating and cooling systems; (d) natural lighting.

14 For the purpose of calculation, buildings should be adequately classified into the following categories (a) single-family houses of different types; (b) apartment blocks; (c) offices; (d) educational buildings; (e) hospitals; (f) hotels and restaurants; (g) sports facilities; (h) wholesale and retail trade services buildings; (i) other types of energy-consuming buildings.

15 Grouping of buildings based on the heat consumed Traditional Low energy Passive house kwh/m 2, a < 50 kwh/m 2, a < 15 kwh/m 2, a exhaust air outdoor air inlet

16 Implications for design of nearly zero building s / passive houses - and elements of improvement

17 Buildings can be more efficient New buildings should take Building Regulations as a minimum standard - Not the target to aim at. Better performance is entirely possible and need cost little or no more to build. Major refurbishment offers a golden opportunity to improve performance, too. The benefits are significant how can they be achieved?

18 The whole-system approach to design Integrating the design process: Normally all the really important mistakes are made on the first day of the design process! - Amory Lovins Site considerations Location and weather Microclimate Site layout Orientation Ventilation strategy Services strategy Plant and controls Fuels Metering Day lighting strategy Built form Shape Thermal response Insulation Windows/glazing

19 Where do the savings come from? Reducing demand for artificial heat, ventilation, cooling and light Orientation Layout Thermal responsiveness Shape Insulation Windows/glazing / Daylight Natural ventilation/heat recovery from ventilation Improve the efficiency of meeting that demand More efficient plant Optimum sizing Appropriate controls

20 Nearly zero buildings / Passive house elements Outdoor: -5 C Indoor: 20 C

21 Super insulation

22 Super insulation

23 Super insulation

24 Eaves Detail for masonry cavity wall with slate Cavity closer Ψ=0.14 Source:

25 Green roof 1.

26 Green Roof components Green roof 2. Wall components

27 Green roof 3. Green Roof components Roof components Roof components Wall components

28 Design example Day lighting Window design and building design has a direct effect on : need for solar control and/or air conditioning size and capacity and space required for central plant air and water distribution system artificial lighting design Daylighting type:

29 Windows 1. Passive house appropriate window frames

30 Windows 2. Thermal-bridge-free construction!!!!!!! Inauspicious fitting Installed

31 Windows 3. Thermal-bridge-free construction!!!!!!! Recommended fitting Installed

32 Windows 4. Thermal-bridge-free construction!!!!!!!

33 Walls and windows 4. Concrete lintel in masonry cavity wall ψ = 0.00 Source:

34 Walls and windows 4. Stainless steel angle lintel in masonry cavity wall ψ = 0.00 Source:

35 Walls and windows 4. Stainless steel top hat lintel detail bridging masonry cavity wall ψ value = 0.43 Source:

36 Walls and windows 4. Foundation detail for masonry cavity wall ψ value = 0.23 Source:

37 Walls and windows 4. Back sill detail for cavity masonry wall Ψ = 0.33 Source:

38 Walls and windows 4. Back sill detail masonry wall with external insulation Ψ = 0.17 Source:

39 Separating wall heads for masonry and timber frame Masonry Timber frame Ψ = 0.32, i.e., 0.16 applied to each dwelling Source:

40 Party wall floor junction for masonry and timber frame Ψ = 0.22 for each construction type Ψ = 0.11 applied to each dwelling Ψ = 0.22 if internal loadbearing rising wall Masonry party wall Timber frame party wall Source:

41 Passive solar gain 3. Low-emissivity triple glazing 2+1 window for summer comfort

42 Airtightness 1. Airtight building envelope

43 Airtightness 1. Airtight building envelope Blower door pressure test 50 Pa negative pressure 50 Pa negative pressure

44 Natural ventilation Three key issues : building tightness (build tight - ventilate right) good ventilation for occupants natural ventilation design

45 Natural ventilation example - The Environmental Building, BRE Stop excessive solar gain through windows Minimise warming of walls by the sun Minimise heat produced in the building Cooling by natural ventilation use of thermal mass night ventilation cooling

46 Ventilation 2. Hygienic ventilation - Directed air flow through whole building; exhaust air extracted from damp rooms

47 Ventilation 3. Subsoil heat exchanger - Fresh air preheating Heat and cool with terrestrial energy

48 Ventilation 4. Heat recovery: Counter flow air-to-air heat exchanger Ventilator box Exhaust air Fresh air

49 Passive solar gain - Direct gain Two primary elements of passive solar heating are required: South facing glass and thermal mass to absorb, store, and distribute heat Thermal mass in the interior absorbs sunlight and radiates the heat at night. DAY NIGHT Source:

50 Passive solar gain - Indirect gain There are two types of indirect gain systems: Thermal storage wall systems (Trombe Walls) Roof pond systems The thermal mass is DAY located immediately behind south facing glass in this system. NIGHT Source:

51 Passive solar gain Isolated gain The isolated gain system will utilize 15 30% of the sunlight striking the glazing toward heating the adjoining living areas. Day and night operation of a sunroom isolated gain system. DAY NIGHT Source:

52 Passive Solar Cooling 1. Ventilation & operable windows Wing Walls Thermal Chimney Top view of wing walls airflow pattern Source:

53 Passive Solar Cooling 2. Ventilation & operable windows Summer Venting Thermal Mass Wall Summer Venting Sunroom Source:

54 Passive Solar Gain 1. Thermal storage wall systems Thermal mass located immediately behind south facing glass in this system Isolated Gain Source:

55 Some climatic building strategies for cold and hot climates <= hot climate cold climate =>

56 Solar energy utilization Domestic hot water heating 3 circuit Solar collector control device Domestic hot water control device DHW CW

57 Solar energy utilization Solar energy for heating floor heating

58 Solar energy utilization Domestic hot water heating

59 Solar energy utilization Electricity generation

60 Sources and more information: wth/buildings/index_en.htm

61 Directives are downloadable: