Coal power generation technology status and future requirements

Transcription

1 Coal power generation technology status and future requirements Colin Henderson IEA Clean Coal Centre IEA HELE Coal Technology Roadmap Workshop Paris, 8-9 June 2011

2 Introduction Some of the material in this presentation is from work on the IEA CCC s Clean Coal Roadmaps to 2030 study for the WPFF in 2009, updated. The latter determined R, D & D and commercialisation steps in CCTs and CO 2 capture to 2030 for: Coal-fired power generation and some major industries OECD and non-oecd countries

3 Method used in 2009 study BASELINE ASSESSMENTS: Technologies, programmes, plans and example projects in 2009 were reviewed for USA, Canada, Australia, Europe and Japan OECD ROADMAPPING: Developed a view of coal technologies needed by 2030 Developed targets for various dates to 2030 Considering current technologies and known plans, developed the needed R,D&D and commercialisation steps NON-OECD ROADMAPPING other priorities and technology statuses may affect timing: Reviews identified cooperation areas and technology transfer needs of three example countries (China, India, S Africa) Information used as input in developing non-oecd roadmaps

4 Outline of technologies with prospects

5 Pulverised coal combustion Hundreds of GWe installed, units to ~1000 MWe Efficiency to upper 40s% (LHV) in best locations Conventional emissions control well established ~ How will it be in 10 or 20 years? Still the most deployed coal technology Advanced emissions control, including dry systems Incremental efficiency improvements Further efficiency gains from novel lignite drying and from jump to 35 MPa/700 C steam Coal Air Mills Ash SCR Air heater Ash Flue gas FGD Stack Limestone slurry Gypsum CCS as integrated technology using flue gas scrubbing or oxygen firing

6 Circulating fluidised bed combustion Hundreds of units, experience to 460MWe Suited to low quality coals and other fuels Emissions control systems well established How will it be in 10 or 20 years? Still important, probably burning even more biomass and wastes Further incremental efficiency improvements Higher steam conditions (460 MWe S/C unit now operating in Poland full load achieved Mar 2009) CCS using flue gas scrubbing, oxygen firing or, in new designs, chemical looping

7 Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) Commercial demonstrations in USA and Europe and Japan. Shortly in China, another in USA. Others at FEED stage Cost and availability concerns have held back orders in past Efficiency ~43-45% LHV Very low emissions, mercury capture simple How will it be in 10 or 20 years? Coal and oxygen Gasification Raw gas Gas cleaning By-products and wastes More widely deployed Slag Clean fuel gas Waste heat boiler Stack Advancing performance and perhaps reducing cost differential with PCC Above from more advanced gas turbines and new gasifier designs, dry gas cleaning Air Gas turbine ~ Steam turbine ~ Polygeneration CCS using pre-combustion capture

8 CO 2 capture - combustion plant Flue gas scrubbing (amines, ammonia, chilled ammonia): Experience to ~20 MWe Issues such as corrosion, solvent degradation controllable Efficiency penalty high but potential to decrease (~9% points) Scrubbing demos to 20 MWe. Larger projects upcoming, e.g. in Canada Air and coal Boiler De-NOx, FGD, ESP Chemical scrubbing N 2, excess O 2, H 2 O, etc CO 2 to storage Oxy-coal firing: Demonstrated at 30 MWth pilot scale in Germany Retrofit in progress at 30 MWe in Australia. Larger projects upcoming EU and USA Efficiency penalty appears similar to chemical scrubbing New oxygen production technology could reduce penalty if introduced Oxygen and coal Boiler Recycle gases Moisture removal Contaminants removal CO 2 to storage

9 CO 2 capture: IGCC plants Hydrogen to gas turbine Coal plus oxygen Gasification and solids removal Shift CO 2 /H 2 /sulphur gases mixture Acid gas removal system CO 2 to storage Steam Hydrogen sulphide to sulphur recovery Physical or chemical solvent scrubbing of CO 2 is established in chemical industry 2-5 MWe pilot capture plants at EU IGCC plants (Buggenum and Puertollano) Lower energy penalty than for PCC Experience of E-class GTs on 95% H 2 Other methods of separation available Other schemes without shift

10 Coverage of review of some existing OECD programmes and roadmaps in 2009 USA: CCPI CCS demonstrations, Recovery and Reinvestment Act funds; FutureGen (now oxyfuel); Carbon Sequestration Technology R&D Program; CURC- EPRI Coal Roadmap Canada: Clean Coal Technology and CO 2 Capture and Storage Roadmaps; Clean Energy Fund May 2009, CCS research and demonstrations; Alberta fund for CCS; CCPC Australia: ACA COAL21 National Action Plan and COAL21 Fund; National Clean Coal Fund; New Clean Energy Initiative, CCS Flagships Program; Programmes of Queensland, NSW and Victoria Governments; GCCSI Europe: Funding for some CCS projects from budget surplus, others from sale of EUAs; Framework Programme with strong focus on CCS and CCTs; COST, covering basic and pre-competitive research; ZEP Technology Platform Japan: C3 Initiative CCUJ roadmap; METI Energy Technology Strategy Map and Cool Earth Innovative Energy Technology Program Technology Development Roadmap

11 Review of projects in 2009 The report described a number of then existing CCT and CCS projects, and four annexes listed many more. Example projects included: Advanced supercritical pulverised coal plant: 700 C Wilhelmshaven 50+ project, Germany Post combustion capture: Vattenfall demonstration project, Nordjyllandsvaerket, Denmark; Latrobe Valley Post Combustion Capture Project, Australia; Alstom chilled ammonia CO 2 capture demonstrations, USA Oxy-fuel: Vattenfall 30 MWth pilot project, Germany; CS Energy Callide A demonstration, Australia; Jamestown CFB oxy-coal combustion demonstration, NY, USA IGCC (with and without capture): HRL (Australia) demonstration; Powerfuel project, UK, GreenGen project, China, ZeroGen project, Australia

12 Conclusions from 2009 survey of international roadmaps and projects... (1) Maximising future security of electricity supply and its extension to non-supplied populations was of high priority, so reliance on coal would have to continue Accompanying potential CO 2 emissions needed to be addressed This required continuing assessment of development barriers and addressing the associated R, D & D to develop CCTs and CCS A range of coal technology options needed to be maintained, with provision for breakthrough systems to be explored

13 Conclusions from 2009 survey of international roadmaps and projects... (2) CCT developments needed to integrate well with CCS CCS needed to be proven in time for commercial deployment by the mid 2020s A good line-up of CCS pilot and demonstration projects was in prospect, although a greater sense of urgency was warranted Two-way technology cooperation between OECD and non-oecd countries was needed to ensure that the above occurred worldwide Dependence on future advances would not be the sole solution: major CO 2 emissions savings could be achieved by using current best CCT designs more widely

14 Update since (1) Although there have been some lost projects and delays, a significant number have survived New projects have emerged, both CCTs and CCS CO 2 capture has been demonstrated on coal systems at pilot (up to 20MWe) scale and FEED studies are in progress for demonstrations at MWe for combustion technologies CO 2 capture is now being operated on IGCC slipstreams at 2-5 MWe pilot scale at two EU plants; a larger demonstration (about 50 MWe equivalent) is planned in the USA

15 Update since (2) IGCC projects include new plants under construction in the USA and China, with plans for addition of at least partial CCS. One or two other new IGCC projects including CCS look fairly likely to proceed Unfortunately, the 50+ plant at Wilhelmshaven is indefinitely suspended There are possible signs of a lessening commitment to coal by some governments, prompted by adverse public reactions as well as financial tightening

16 Suggested post-2030 targets for discussion 90% CO 2 capture part of standard equipment, various systems, and other emissions at virtually zero levels Availability >90% combustion-based systems; >85% gasificationbased systems Efficiency of power generation approaching as far as possible that of current non-capture systems (40-45%, net, LHV) Substantial reduction in CO 2 abatement cost (40-50 US$/t predicted in 2009)

17 Technical milestones from the 2009 report The following slides include diagrams from the 2009 report. They are simplified in the tables following them, where recent developments are also highlighted

18 OECD roadmapping PCC Current position (2009) Post-2030 COMMERCIAL USC TO MPa/600 C/620 C 46% NET, LHV, BITUM COALS, INLAND, EU, EVAP TOWER COOLING, (44%, HHV). ON HIGH MOISTURE LIGNITE 43% NET, LHV, SIMILAR CONDITIONS (37%, HHV) COMMERCIAL USC TO MPa/600 C/620 C R&D, PILOT TESTS FOR HIGHER TEMPS FIRST 700 C DEMO BEGINS OPS 2014 CCS R&D, PILOTS AND DEMOS COMMERCIAL USC TO MPa/600 C/620 C 700 C DEMOS R&D materials Side-stream CCS FULL FLOW CCS DEMOS ON USC 600 C PLANTS COMMERCIAL USC TO 650 C+ R&D: Materials, Novel steam cycles novel post-comb, oxy-coal materials C ADVANCED FULL FLOW CCS DEMOS (scrubbing only for 700 C technology) COMMERCIAL CCS USC TO 35 MPa/700 C/720 C (scrubbing only for 700 C; oxy-coal to 600 C) R&D Studies supporting commercial plants. OXY-COAL PILOT C COMMERCIAL CCS USC TO 35 MPa/700 C/720 C RANGE OF CAPTURE SYSTEMS (oxy-coal to 650 C only) >700 C/720 C DEMOS, ALL WITH CCS, VARIOUS TYPES R&D materials COMMERCIAL CCS USC ROUTINELY BEYOND 35MPa/700 C/720 C ALL CAPTURE SYSTEMS ALL COALS, ALL FIRING CONFIGURATIONS. EFFICIENCIES 40-45%, NET, LHV, INCL. CO 2 CAPTURE, DEPENDING ON CONDITIONS AND SYSTEMS USED Emissions on bitum coals: Particulates 5-10 mg/m 3 SO 2 <20 mg/m 3 NOx mg/m 3 dry systems can give lower emissions Full environmental controls at at least 2009 state-of-theart emissions Emissions on all coals: Particulates 1 mg/m 3 SO 2 10 mg/m 3 NOx 10 mg/m 3 90% mercury removal Near-zero emissions all coals: Particulates <1 mg/m 3 SO 2 <10 mg/m 3 NOx <10 mg/m 3 99% mercury removal 90% CO 2 capture

19 Notes on PCC 500 MWe 700C+ PCC demonstration in Europe indefinitely suspended. Alternative demonstrations should be considered elsewhere. Sidestream CO 2 capture needs to be included The associated R&D and pilot plant work is continuing By 2020, such plants need to be offered commercially, supported by continuing materials development and testing Consideration should be given to including full flow CO 2 scrubbing as part of a 700C demonstration Other emissions decreasing Development and deployment of dry gas cleaning and novel lignite drying should probably be specifically included in roadmap; also mercury capture as normal commercial option

20 OECD roadmapping IGCC Current position (2009) Post DEMOS/EX- DEMOS OPERATE, MWe VARIOUS ENTRAINED GASIFIERS ON VARIOUS COALS 600 MWe COMMERCIAL PLANTS UNDER CONSTRUCTION. HIGHER CAP. COST THAN PCC BUT COST W. CAPTURE COMPETITIVE % NET, LHV, 46% NEW PLANTS (LATEST F-TURBINES) ON BITUMINOUS COALS. AVAILABILITY ~80% Emissions: Particulates <1 mg/m 3 SO 2 <20 mg/m 3 NOx <50 mg/m 3 ; SCR will allow lower levels Mercury capture demonstrated CONSTRUCT, OPERATE COMMERCIAL PLANTS WITH LATEST F AND W TURBINES R&D: Reduce capital cost, increase availability, extend range of coals. Gas turbine developments. Dry syngas cleaning Cryogenic air separation, e.g. ITM. Modelling to optimise IGCC blocks PRE-COMB CCS R&D, PILOTS AND DEMOS COMMERCIAL PLANTS WITH LATEST F- AND W-CLASS GTs. SOME WITH CAPTURE COMMERCIAL OP OF NEW WATER QUENCH GASIFIERS R&D: Reduce cost, extend range of coals, increase availability. GT developments. Dry syngas cleaning. Slipstream gas polishing for fuel cells ITM PILOT (standalone) FULL FLOW PRE- COMB CCS DEMOS USING SCRUBBING. Supporting R&D Full emissions controls at at least 2009 state-of-the-art COMMERCIAL PLANTS OPERATING WITH LATEST F- AND W- CLASS GTs VARIOUS GASIFIER TYPES R&D: Develop H-class IGCC GT Develop GT for ITM cycles. Novel gasifiers, new power cycles. Pilot dry gas cleaning, fuel cells tests DEMONSTRATE ITM (stand-alone) ADVANCED CCS DEMOS COMMERCIAL PLANTS OPERATING WITH H- OR J-GTs ABLE TO BURN HIGH HYDROGEN. FULL CO 2 CAPTURE AVAILABLE CAPITAL COST COMPARABLE WITH PCC FOR NON-CAPTURE SYSTEMS R&D: Studies supporting commercial plants PILOT OF FUEL CELL ON ULTRA- CLEAN SYNGAS SLIPSTREAM DEMONSTRATE ITM OXYGEN SUPPLY IN IGCC Emissions: Particulates 0.1 mg/m 3 Emissions of SO 2 and NOx <10 mg/m 3 90% mercury removal COMMERCIAL IGCC WITH H- OR J-CLASS GTSs WITH ULTRA-LOW NOx ON HYDROGEN FUEL. FULL CO 2 CAPTURE R&D: Studies supporting commercial plants. Develop CO 2 GTs COMMERCIAL SCALE DEMO OF DRY GAS CLEANUP DEMONSTRATE ITM O 2 IN IGCC WITH ITM-OPTIMISED GT AND CCS DEMONSTRATE ULTRA-DEEP SYNGAS CLEANING WITH FUEL CELLS ADVANCED IGCC WITH CO 2 CAPTURE AS STANDARD USING GAS SEPARATION MEMBRANES AND SHIFT MEMBRANE REACTORS CAPITAL COST LOWER THAN PCC WITH CCS EFFICIENCY 40-45%, LHV, INCL. CO 2 CAPTURE, DEPENDING ON TECHNOLOGY, COAL TYPE, CONDITIONS ITM OXYGEN AS OPTION WITH ITM- OPTIMISED H 2 GT DRY GAS CU INCL. MERCURY FUEL CELLS IN SOME PLANTS EVENTUALLY OTHER SYSTEMS WITH CO 2 GTs CO 2/H 2O GTs Near-zero emissions, all coals: Particulates 0.1 mg/m 3 SO 2 <10 mg/m 3 NOx <10 mg/m 3 99% mercury removal

21 Notes on IGCC Construction of commercial demos in some number, operating , needed to extend experience with the technology As many as possible should include CO 2 capture demonstrations 2 new IGCCs in USA, 1 in China, will be operating within the next year or two, so some progress. Other still in prospect but experience with firing IGCC syngas turbines on hydrogen, hoped for in this period, may come a little slower than hoped Over period to 2030, movement to higher specification gas turbines and other developments is needed to keep efficiency progressing upwards; novel systems could play a major role; decreasing emissions Proving that high availability is maintainable will remain very important

22 OECD roadmapping CO 2 capture Current position (2009) Post LARGE SCALE CAPTURE DEMONSTRATIONS ON NON-POWER PLANTS CAPTURE EXPERIENCE IN CERTAIN INDUSTRIES AND FOR FOOD PROCESSING NUMBER OF PILOT CAPTURE PLANTS POST-COMB CAPTURE: LARGE DEMOS 85% CAPTURE INCLUDING RETROFITS USING SCRUBBING R&D & PILOTS ON PCC AND CFBC: develop/improve chemical solvents; laboratory work on post comb capture using dry systems OXY-COAL: LARGE AND MEDIUM DEMOS AND PILOTS. R&D: process modelling, combustion studies, materials studies; characteris n NOx, SO 2, mercury removal; low gas recycle rate with CFBC PRE-COMB CAPTURE: LARGE DEMOS. R&D: new solvents, membranes, adsorption systems CHEMICAL LOOPING: SMALL PILOT TESTS, R&D on O 2 carriers. All CCS: energy efficient compressors POST-COMB CAPTURE: LARGE DEMOS 85% CAPTURE INCLUDING RETROFITS USING SCRUBBING R&D & PILOTS: test advanced solvents, dry systems. Capture slipstream on 35MPa/700 C/720 C unit. OXY-COAL: LARGE DEMOS INCLUDING RETROFITS. R&D: process modelling, heat transfer modelling; materials for higher temp systems. Pilot low recycle CFBC PRE-COMB CAPTURE: LARGE DEMOS 85% CAPTURE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SCRUBBING R&D: H 2 combusting GTs, slipstream tests on memb separation, lab test membranes and membrane reactors, advanced gasifiers CHEMICAL LOOPING: lab tests on O 2 carriers. All CCS: energy efficient compressors POST-COMB CAPTURE: ADVANCED DEMOS >85% CAPTURE INC RETROFITS. R&D: advanced solvents membrane contactors dry absorption, adsorption OXY-COAL: SUPERCRITICAL FULL FLOW DEMOS. R&D: test boiler sections C steam; concepts for ITM incorporation; improved boiler geometries PRE-COMB CAPTURE: ADVANCED SOLVENTS >85% CAPTURE FULL FLOW DEMOS R&D: air-extracting GTS for hydrogen, shift with low steam requ t, pilot membranes, membrane reactors, gasification fuel cell cycles, advanced gasifiers, novel IGCC cycles CHEMICAL LOOPING: small pilot tests and supporting R&D. All CCS: energy efficient comps FIRST COMMERCIAL SYSTEMS, >85% CAPTURE, ALL 3 MAIN METHODS OF CAPTURE, NEW PLANTS AND RETROFITS POST-COMB CAPTURE: Supporting R&D: new solvents, membrane contacting systems with novel solvents, solid absorbents or adsorbents OXY-COAL: PILOT C steam. PILOT oxy-coal with ITM in two reactors. R&D: supporting studies PRE-COMB CAPTURE R&D: H-class GTs for high H 2 fuels, pilot shift membrane reactors, novel IGCC cycles, pilot ITM IGCC CHEMICAL LOOPING: PILOT TESTS and supporting R&D COMMERCIAL SYSTEMS 90%+ CAPTURE. POST-COMB CAPTURE: NEW SOLVENTS; MEMB CONTACTING; SOLID ABSORBENTS, ADSORBENTS OXY-COAL 650 C STEAM SYSTEMS. PRE-COMB CAPTURE WITH H-CLASS GTs WITH ULTRA-LOW NOx ON H 2 GENERAL: REDUCED ENERGY USE OF CO 2 CAPTURE AND COMPRESSION OXY-COAL: C STEAM DEMO; ITM OXY-COAL PILOT USING INTEGRATED MEMBRANE BOILER. R&D: supporting studies PRE-COMB CAPTURE: DEMO SHIFT MEMBRANE REACTORS; DEMO GASIFICATION FUEL CELL CYCLES FOR CCS; DEMO NOVEL GASIFICATION-BASED CYCLES; DEMO ITM IGCC CCS Supporting R&D CHEMICAL LOOPING: DEMOS and supporting R&D COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SYSTEMS, 90%+ CO 2 CAPTURE, EFFICIENCIES 40-45%, NET, LHV. POST COMBUSTION CAPTURE: GREATLY REDUCED WATER CONSUMPTION FROM VARIOUS SYSTEMS. OXY-COAL: VARIOUS SYSTEMS UP TO 700 C STEAM; INTEGRATED ITM. PRE-COMB CAPTURE: HIGH SPEC GTs WITH ULTRA-LOW NO X ON H 2; MEMBRANES; SHIFT MEMBRANE REACTORS; ADVANCED IGCC CYCLES WITH ITM; IG FUEL CELLS. CHEMICAL LOOPING SYSTEMS

23 Notes on CO 2 capture with update CO 2 capture technologies need rapid demonstration at 100 MWe plus to become commercially deployable in the 2020s All 3 main types of CO 2 capture need pursuing: a number of North American and EU publicly funded demonstration projects are likely to construct soon, with FEED studies begun Later demonstrations will allow performance and cost to be improved so that first commercial systems, from 2020, would use such systems During the 2020s, breakthrough systems need to be demonstrated (e.g. chemical looping, integrated ITM oxy-coal, membrane reactors, fuel cells) to provide bases of advanced post 2030 plants Supporting R&D will be needed throughout

24 Non-OECD roadmaps Other priorities and technology statuses may affect timing of R,D&D and commercialisation Reviews carried out to identify cooperation areas and technology transfer needs of three example countries (China, India, S Africa) Information used as input in developing non-oecd roadmaps

25 Coal use in China, India and South Africa Power generation Shanghai, 900 MW SC units Sipat power plant, India Fuyang Huaren, 660 MW SC units

26 China power technologies roadmap including CO 2 capture Current position (2009) Post-2030 PCC: SUBCRIT, SC AND USC END 2009: 24% PLANTS SC/USC UP TO 600 C NUMEROUS FBC UNITS CLOSE SMALL SUBCRIT DEPLOY MORE SC AND USC KNOWLEDGE SHARING: EMISSIONS CONTROL SYSTEMS SC CFBC POST-COMB CO 2 CAPTURE POST-COMB CO 2 CAPTURE PILOTS CLOSE SMALL SUBCRIT DEPLOY MORE SC AND USC KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: PARTICIPATE IN 700 C DEMO. POST-COMB CO 2 CAPTURE OXY-COAL CO 2 CAPTURE POST-COMB CO 2 CAPTURE DEMOS OXY-COAL PILOTS AND FIRST DEMOS DEPLOY USC TO 700 C FIRST COMMERCIAL CCS PLANTS KNOWLEDGE SHARING: ADVANCED EMISSIONS CONTROL ADVANCED POST-COMB CO 2 CAPTURE OXY-COAL CO 2 CAPTURE ADVANCED POST-COMB CO 2 CAPTURE DEMOS OXY-COAL DEMOS COMMERCIAL CCS USC PCC AND CFBC ROUTINELY BEYOND 35MPa/700 C/720 C ALL CAPTURE SYSTEMS ALL COALS, ALL FIRING CONFIGURATIONS EFFICIENCIES 40-45%, NET, LHV, INC CO 2 CAPTURE, DEPENDING ON CONDITIONS AND SYSTEMS USED IGCC CO 2 CAPTURE AS STANDARD SOME USING MEMBRANES IGCC DEMOS UNDER CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCT AND OPERATE IGCCs (GREENGEN STAGE I AND OMB) OVERSEAS IGCC PROJECTS KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: GASIFICATION, GAS TURBINES GREENGEN IGCC STAGE II: 25% FLOW PRE-COMB CCS DEMO COMMERCIAL IGCC KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: PRE-COMB CO 2 CAPTURE, GAS TURBINES GREENGEN IGCC STAGE III: PRE- COMB CCS DEMO 400MW COMMERCIAL IGCC WITH CO 2 CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND KNOWLEDGE SHARING: ADVANCED GAS TURBINES DRY GAS CLEANING DRY CO 2 CAPTURE ADVANCED PRE-COMB CO 2 CAPTURE DEMOS EFFICIENCY 40-45%, LHV, INC CO 2 CAPTURE, DEPENDING ON TECHNOLOGY, COAL TYPE, CONDITIONS ITM OXYGEN AS OPTION WITH ITM-OPTIMISED H 2 GT DRY GAS CU INCL MERCURY FUEL CELLS IN SOME PLANTS EVENTUALLY OTHER SYSTEMS WITH CO 2 GTs CO 2/H 2O GTs EMISSIONS FROM COMB PLANTS: WIDE RANGE BUT SOME PLANTS HAVE EFFECTIVE DUST, SO 2, NOx CONTROLS NEAR-ZERO EMISSIONS, ALL COALS: PARTICULATES 0.1 mg/m 3 SO 2 <10 mg/m 3 NOx <10 mg/m 3 99% MERCURY REMOVAL

27 Non-OECD roadmapping: notes on power technologies with update In China, USC parameters reach close to world highest now Generation plants in India and South Africa now reaching supercritical need to move quickly toward higher conditions through continuing external collaborations In 2009, there were two IGCC projects in China with timescales close to many OECD projects, and technology collaboration projects with overseas gas turbine manufacturers were in place. The GreenGen project is the only one currently under construction

28 Non-OECD roadmapping: notes on CO 2 capture China has many initiatives and activities on CO 2 capture, e.g. GreenGen IGCC project, post-combustion CO 2 capture plants of Huaneng, EOR using CO 2 from Shenhua CTL plant planned CCS activities have started in South Africa and a demonstration is planned. India interested in CCS for future but currently focused on efficiency improvement

29 Finally... Two general conclusions slides, followed by two more giving suggested pointers to discussion items

30 Conclusions... (1) CCTs need further development to improve efficiencies and reduce emissions to near zero by Current application of best coal technologies needs to spread much further Demonstration of PCC at very high parameters has stalled but needs to be revived and if possible include CO 2 capture Commercial demonstrations of novel lignite drying systems are needed for higher efficiency with such fuel on PCC and IGCC IGCC orders are still disappointing CO 2 capture technologies on coal systems, now at up to 20 MWe, needs larger demonstrations to achieve commercial CCS in the 2020s. This process is occurring, with FEED studies and finance

31 Conclusions... (2) All 3 main types of CO 2 capture need progressing rapidly as well as potential breakthrough capture technologies Rapidly rising countries such as Brazil and Indonesia need to be encouraged through co-operations to use best available technology Two-way knowledge sharing between OECD and non-oecd will be increasingly important for CCT and CCS deployment CCS is beginning to worry some of the public: this perceptual issue needs solving before it becomes a real limitation on projects

32 Some initial pointers for this discussion... (1) Need to fit with IEA CCS roadmap Need to look forward to 2050 breakthrough technologies may be important Metrics for roadmap to feature in report need to be agreed e.g. Extent of deployment of different types of plant, efficiency/heat rate, specific CO 2 emissions; other emissions; plant flexibility, water consumption, capital requirements, cost per MWh, cost per tonne of CO 2 avoided/captured Targets for selected metrics need to be agreed Is a target date for no further non-capture plants needed? Growing interest in use of low rank coals what are the best technologies for maximum efficiency? Dry cooling and reduced water usage for CO 2 capture need to be accommodated while keeping CO 2 emissions low

33 Some initial pointers for this discussion... (2) Technical development gaps identification e.g. proving commercial scale demonstration 700C PCC; establishing low energy consuming lignite drying; proving commercial scale IGCC with CCS and low NOx; achieving G and H-class gas turbines in a commercial IGCC, and gas turbine optimised for ITM oxygen; dry gas cleaning for PCC and IGCC; reducing costs and speeding development of breakthrough technologies such as chemical looping... IGCC still slow to take off but CCS was supposed to improve the relative prospects for IGCC because of a lower capture cost: is cost now increasing compared with PCC-CCS? Cost of some IGCC- CCS projects has caused deferments/cancellations Many IGCC-CCS projects are starting as NGCC for declared economic reasons. Is this the best way? Will they proceed beyond gas? Support for stable carbon price needed everywhere