Assessment of ground water quality in and around Bacheli and Kirandula area, Dantewada district, Chhattisgarh, India

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1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 3, No 6, 2013 Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing Association Research article ISSN Assessment of ground water quality in and around Bacheli and Kirandula area, Dantewada district, Chhattisgarh, India Siksha O Anusandhan University, ITER, Dept of Chemistry, Bhubaneswar, Odisha bhaghi_behera@yahoo.co.in doi: /ijes ABSTRACT Water is one of the most basic necessities for life. Water pollution is a subject of great concern in the said areas due to presence of iron ore belt. In the present study, the ground waters around Bacheli and Kirandul areas have been tested, where the iron ore mines are present. The water quality parameters viz. ph, Electrical Conductivity(EC), Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Fluoride, Sulphate,Total hardness, Iron, Total dissolved salt, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biological Oxygen Demand, Dissolved oxygen were analysed. The results showed that ground waters collected from sample sites contain several pollutants which are beyond the permissible level as recommended by WHO. Key words: Ground water, physiochemical parameters, WHO standards. 1. Introduction Water is vital for existence of all living beings and is essential for all activities of human beings. Water sources available for drinking and other domestic purposes must be highly pure and free from contamination. Water contamination is an acute problem in all major areas in India. Although three fourth part of the world is surrounded by water, millions of people are facing problems due to water pollution. The environmental impact of mining is very complex by nature and it not only destroys the existing vegetation but also affects the surface water and ground water quality (Tiwary, 1995). Ground water can be polluted either directly or indirectly as a result of surface mining. Therefore, it is very much essential to identify different water contaminants from different water sources so that, necessary steps would be taken for the removal of the same. The present study aims at physiochemical analysis of water quality in Bacheli and Kirandul areas of Dantewada district where population is 50,000. Here agriculture is the main occupation of the people. In these two places two big iron ore mines are present and more than people are working in the same mine areas. In these areas, the surface of the earth is covered by both iron ore and forest. The surface of the earth looks red here. It is the tribal belt of Chhattisgarh and the tribal people are dependent on bore wells for drinking water. They have no idea about the good water quality and therefore it is very much essential to assess drinking water quality in these areas. In this present study, water samples were collected from bore wells of different areas in and around Bacheli and Kirandul areas of Dantewada district in pre monsoon and post monsoon season. Various physical and chemical parameters were analysed and the results were Received on December 2012 Published on March

2 compared with the various water quality standards such as Indian Standard Institution (ISI), World Health Organisation (WHO). 2. Experimental Study areas The Bacheli and Kirandul areas of Dantewada are 420 km away from Raipur which is the capital city of Chhattisgarh. The two places are located a N longitude and E latitude. The Dantewada district is spread over 9, Km 2. India s biggest iron ore reservoirs are present in these areas and surface of earth of these two places are covered fully with iron ore. So, this survey is carrying importance as it would show the impact of iron ore on the ground water quality. The different places under observations are: 1. Arys hospital(s-1).2. Gayatri Bhawan (S-2). 3. Guest house (S-3).4. Intac complex market (S-4). 5. Ghadi chhak (S-5). 6. Bade bacheli(s-6). 7. Mundra camp(s-7). 8. Old market(s-8). 9. Old Double story(s-9). 10. Bharatpur camp(s- 10).11. Mundra camp Kirandul. (S-11). 12. Singar pur camp(s-12).13. Rampur camp(s-13).14. Railway colony(s-14).15. Bus stands(s-15).16. Mishra camp(s- 16).17. Foot Ball Ground(S-17). 18. Ora camp(s-18).19. Mandir para(s-19). 20. Main road(s-20). 3. Collection of Samples The samples were collected from the bore wells of various localities of the said areas. Water samples were collected from different tube wells with a minimum distance of 1 kilo meter each in order to carry out a broad study of the water quality in this area. Various water samples from different places were collected in clean and dry polythene bottles during pre monsoon i.e. in the month of May, post monsoon i.e. in the month of August. After collection of the samples, they were immediately preserved in dark bottles and processed for different analysis. The water samples were collected during day time between 9 A.M. to 12 AM. These were collected in one litre plastic bottles. Before sampling, bottles were cleaned thoroughly, rinsed with double distilled water and dried. Before taking the samples, the earlier dried polythene bottles were rinsed with the same. 20 samples were collected from different places. The water samples were collected by following necessary precautions required for physicochemical analysis. Different parameters such as ph, Conductivity and Total dissolved salt (Cyber scan), BOD at 20 C for 5 days (BOD meter, Merck), COD (COD meter, Merck), Na, K, Ca (Elico Flame photometer), Turbidity (Turbity meter 135 systonics), F - (ion selective electrode), Alkalinity, Total hardness, Dissolved Oxygen, Chloride, Sulphate have been tested as per the standard procedures(apha,1989). The temperatures of the samples were noted at their sampling points itself. 4. Results and discussion Due to presence of iron ore mines in the study areas, its impact on the ground water quality was assessed by analysing different water samples collected from different sources. 20 samples were collected from the study areas. The results of pre monsoon period were 2225

3 compared with that of post monsoon. Some of the water bodies in the study areas have elevated Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Turbidity, Total alkalinity, Total hardness and Iron content. 4.1 Colour, Temperature and ph Most of the water samples are colourless in the study areas. Water samples of site no 3, 19 are yellow and 13 is light yellow in pre monsoon where as site no. 3, 17, 19 are yellow and 13, 14 are light yellow in post monsoon. It indicates the presence of colloidal substances in water and presence of mines on the surface area (Abulude, 2007). The temperatures of the samples in the study areas lie between 21 C to 23.5 C. The ph values of pre monsoon and post monsoon are within the tolerance limits. In pre monsoon, the ph ranges from 6.08 to 6.92, while in post monsoon, the ph ranges from 6.30 to The ph value of site no. 15 is 6.08 in pre monsoon and site no. 12 is 6.30 in post monsoon. It has been observed that there is minimum variation in ph in different locations and the ph values range from 6.08 to 6.92 suggest slightly acidic nature of the ground water in different locations. 4.2 Turbidity, conductivity and TDS Conductance indicates the presence of ions in water samples. Conductance of pre monsoon varies from 320µs/cm to 3430 µs/cm and post monsoon varies from 317µs/cm to 2800µs/cm, The change in conductance may be due to contamination of conducting materials in water samples. According to WHO, the TDS value of ground water should be 500 mg/l. In site no. 9, 19, 20 in pre monsoon and 5, 8, 19, 20 no in post monsoon exceed tolerance limits. The presence of excessive solids in water indicates pollution which can lead to Laxative effect or constipation effect (Kumarswamy, 1999). High value of TDS may be due to rocky nature of the earth containing several minerals (Geetha, 2005). High value of TDS in ground water is generally harmless for normal human beings but may create problems to the persons suffering from kidney and heart diseases (Gupta 2006). The turbidity limit according to WHO is 5 NTU. The site no.2,3,6,8,12,13,16,17,19,20 of pre monsoon and site no.2,3,6,8,12,13,14,15,16,17,19,20 of post monsoon exceeds tolerance limits of WHO. 5. Discussion of Chemical parameters The alkalinity of water is the capacity to neutralize acidic nature and the presence of carbonates, bicarbonates and hydroxides are the main cause of alkalinity in natural water. The alkalinity of pre monsoon of site no.3, 9, 20 are higher than the specified value 200 mg/l as per WHO. High alkalinity in water bodies leads to sour taste and salinity. Removal of hardness from water is called softening of water and hardness is caused by soluble calcium and magnesium salts. These salts enter into the water sources from geological deposits through which water travels for a longer period of time than surface water. Thus ground water is harder than surface water. In post monsoon, the hardness of site no 1, 5, 8, 20 are higher than the specified values as per WHO recommendations and pre monsoon 1, 8, 20 are higher than the tolerance value due to the high concentration of calcium and 2226

4 magnesium salts. Hardness leads to heart diseases and kidney stone formation. The samples were not much more suitable for drinking, washing, cleaning and laundering. (Karunkaram, 2009) Soft-0 to 75 mg/l as CaCO 3 Moderate-75 to 150 mg/l as CaCO 3 Hard-150 to 300 mg/l as CaCO 3 Very hard -> 300 mg/l Ca +2 as CaCO 3 are within the tolerance limit whereas, Mg +2 as CaCO 3 are higher than the specified value for site no. 1,2,5,6,8,9,13,14,19,20 in pre monsoon and site no. 1,2,3,5,6,8,9,19,20 in post monsoon. Sodium occurs as major cation in water samples. The concentration of sodium ion in the study area of pre monsoon ranges from 4.9 mg/l to 67.5 mg/l in pre monsoon and from 5.5 mg/l to 62.6 mg/l in post monsoon. The concentration of Na + ion in water used for domestic purposes should not exceed 50 mg/l. But the Na + concentration of site no.20 is 67.5 mg/l in pre monsoon and site no.1 is 62.6 mg/l in post monsoon. Although Potassium is a minor element in ground water, it s concentration in the study area ranges from 0 mg/l to 21.1 mg/l in summer and from 0.6 mg/l to 3.6 mg/l in rainy season. They are below tolerance level according to WHO guidelines. High potassium values may cause nervous and digestive disorder. (Tiwary,1995). Calcium is minor element in ground water. The concentration of Calcium in ground water varies from 6.8 mg/l to 85.8 mg/l in pre monsoon and 7.4 mg/l to 72.5 mg/l in post monsoon. Ca 2+ concentration 85.8 mg/l is abnormal in site no. 20 in pre monsoon. The sulphate values of water samples are lies between 48 mg/l to 400 mg/l in pre monsoon. The site no.4,5,6,9,10,13,15,16 are abnormal in pre monsoon which has laxative effect and cause gastro intestinal irritation.(bhatia,2000) while post moon sulphates are within tolerance limit and ranging from 29mg/L to 130 mg/l. The values of chloride of collected water samples lies between from 129 mg/l to 294 mg/l in pre monsoon and 16 mg/l to 206 mg/l in post monsoon. The site no.19 and 20 deviate from tolerance limits in pre monsoon i.e. 262mg/L and 294 mg/l.high chloride content in water bodies harms metallic pipes and structure as well as agricultural crops.(tripathy,1992) It is very interesting to note that iron is the fourth most abundant element by mass in the earth s crust. It is an essential and non-conservative trace element found in significant concentration in drinking water because of its abundance in the earth s crust. In water, it occurs mainly as ferrous and ferric state. Particularly in surface water, it occurs as ferric state. Usually, iron occurring in the ground water mainly is in the form of ferric hydroxide having concentration less than 0.3 mg/l. The shortage of iron causes a disease called anaemia and prolonged consumption of drinking water with high concentration of iron may lead to a liver disease called haemosiderosis (R) In the present study, the iron content of different sources varies from minimum 0.10mg/L to maximum 2.53mg/L in pre moon soon and minimum 0.05 mg/l to maximum 2.45 mg/l in post monsoon. The site no. 2,3,6,8,12,13,15,17,18,19 are higher in iron in pre monsoon and 2227

5 the site no.2,3,4,6,8,11,13,15,16,17,19 are higher in iron in post monsoon than the tolerance limit recommended by WHO. Table 1: Physico-chemical analysis of pre-monsoon. Site No Parameter ph Color cl cl yel cl cl cl cl cl cl cl Temp ( C) Turbidity (NTU) nil EC (µs/cm) TDS (ppm) Ph A (ppm) T A (ppm) Ca +2 (ppm) Mg +2 (ppm) T H (ppm) Na (ppm) K (ppm) Ca (ppm) COD (ppm) low low low low low low low low low low BOD (ppm) low 25 low 40 low DO (ppm) So -2 4 (ppm) Cl - (ppm) Fe (ppm) F - (ppm) nil 0.05 nil Site No Parameter ph Color cl cl sy cl cl cl yel cl yel cl Temp ( c) Turbid (NTU) EC (µs/cm) ms TDS (ppm) ppt Ph A (ppm)

6 T A (ppm) Ca +2 (ppm) Mg +2 (ppm) T H (ppm) Na (ppm) K (ppm) Ca (ppm) COD (low) low low low low low low low low low low BOD (ppm) low low low 89 DO (ppm) So -2 4 (ppm) Cl - (ppm) Fe (ppm) F - (ppm) Table 2: The physico-chemical analysis of Post monsoon. Site No Parameter ph Color cl cl yel cl cl cl cl cl cl cl Temp ( C) Turbidity (NTU) EC (µs/cm) TDS (ppm) Ph alk (ppm) Total alka (ppm) Ca +2 (ppm) Mg +2 (ppm) T H (ppm) Na (ppm)

7 K (ppm) Ca (ppm) COD (ppm) low low low low low low low low low low BOD (ppm) low low low DO (ppm) So -2 4 (ppm) Cl - (ppm) Fe (ppm) F - (ppm) Site No Parameter ph Color cl cl syl syl cl cl yel cl yel syl Temp ( C) Turbid (NTU) EC(µS/cm) ms TDS (ppm) ppt Ph A (ppm) TA (ppm) Ca +2 (ppm) Mg +2 (ppm) TH (ppm) Na (ppm) K (ppm) Ca (ppm) COD low low low low low low low low low low BOD low low low

8 DO (ppm) SO4-2(ppm) Cl-(ppm) Fe (ppm) F-(ppm) Cl-Colourless, Yel-Yellowish. Fluoride of water samples collected lies in the range from 0.01mg/L to 0.17 mg/l in pre monsoon while 0.01 mg/l to 0.19 mg/l in post monsoon. In pre monsoon the site no.17 is more than the specified value while in post monsoon the site no.14,18 and 20 are higher than the specified value i.e mg/l,0.15 mg/l and 0.17 mg/l.high fluoride values may be causes fluorosis,which is characterized by mottling of teeth-enamel, nervous and skeletal disorder. Dissolved oxygen of water sample in pre monsoon lies in the range of 2.38 mg/l to 6.34 mg/l and post monsoon values lies in 1.93 mg/l to 4.04 mg/l. Low values may be affecting in the fish life in aquatic system.(kumarswamy,1999). Table 3: Statistical evaluation for different parameters in the ground water of in and around Bacheli and Kirandul in pre monsoon. (The values are expressed in the unit of ppm) S.No. parameter Range BIS WHO Mean Standard Coefficient of Deviation Variation % 1 Temp( C) ph EC(µS/cm) TDS Total Hardness Total alkalinity Sulphate Chloride

9 9 Dissolved Oxygen 10 Turbidity Sodium Potassium Calcium Iron Fluoride Table 4: Statistical evaluation for different parameters in the ground water of in and around Bacheli and Kirandul in post monsoon. S.No. parameter Range BIS WHO Mean Standard Coefficient of Deviation Variation % 1 Temperature( C) ph EC (µs/cm) TDS Total Hardness Total alkalinity Sulphate Chloride Dissolved Oxygen 9 Turbidity Sodium Potassium

10 12 Calcium Iron Fluoride Table 5: Correlation coefficient(r) for different parameters in the Hand pump waters collected from in Bacheli and Kirandul Area in Pre monsoon. Parameters C TDS ph TA TH Fe F - -2 SO 4 Cl DO Conductivity 1 TDS ph TA TH Fe F SO Cl DO Table 6: Correlation coefficient(r) for different parameters in the Hand pump waters collected from in Bacheli and Kirandul Area in Post monsoon. Parameters C TDS ph TA TH Fe F - -2 SO 4 Cl DO Conductivity 1 TDS ph TA TH Fe F SO Cl DO Correlation is the mutual relationship between two parameters. Direct correlation exists when increase or decrease in the value of one parameter is associated with a corresponding increase or decrease in the value of the other. The correlation is said to be positive when increase in one parameter causes the increase in the other parameter and it is negative when in one parameter causes the decrease in the other parameter. The correlation coefficient (r) has a value between +1 and -1.The correlation between the parameters is characterized as strong, when it is in the range of +0.8 to 1.0 and -0.8 to -1.0, moderate when it is having value in the range of +0.5 to 0.8 and -0.5 to -0.8, weak it is range of +0.0 to 0.5 and -0.0 to

11 The correlation coefficients (r) among various water quality parameters were calculated and the values of the correlation coefficients (r) are given in Table 5 for pre monsoon and Table 6 for post monsoon. In the pre monsoon the strong positive correlation between Conductance and TDS (0.992). The correlation coefficients between Dissolved oxygen and Total alkalinity (0.507), Dissolved oxygen and Total hardness (0.536) were found to be moderate correlation. Dissolved oxygen, Fluoride, PH, Sulphate with other parameters were showing weak correlation. In Post monsoon the strong positive correlation coefficient between conductance and TDS (0.989),Total alkalinity and conductance (0.804),Total hardness and conductance(0.918),total hardness and TDS(0.918),Chloride and conductance (0.920),chloride and TDS(0.907).The coefficient and correlation between Total alkalinity and TDS(0.798), Chloride and Total hardness (0.718),Chloride and Iron (0.796) were found moderate correlation. Dissolved oxygen, Fluoride, PH, Sulphate with other parameters were showing weak correlation. 6. Conclusion The groundwater samples collected from various places in and around Bacheli and Kirandul areas of Danewarda district of Chhattisgarh were analyzed for various physicochemical parameters such as ph,electrical conductivity(ec),turbidity, total dissolved salts, total hardness,ca +2,Mg +2,Cl-,SO -2 4,Na +,K +,F -,Fe,BOD and DO. Almost all the parameters for most of the samples were reported with lower than the permissible limits of WHO standard. The level of these low concentrations of these ions does not have any considered impact for this water to use for drinking and cooking purposes. According analysis site no 20 is unsuitable for drinking purpose. All the site of study area were found iron content is higher than the specified limit of WHO standard except sit no.1,5,12,20 in pre monsoon while site no.1,5,9,10,12,20.of post monsoon. For drinking purposes water should be boiled and cooled then use for better life and also iron should remove by iron remover i.e. resin. This study emphasizes the need for regular groundwater quality monitoring to assess pollution activity from time to time for taking appropriate management measures in time to mitigate the intensity of pollution activity. 7. References 1. B.B.Dhar., R.S.Singh and Tiwary.B.K, 1995.First world mining Environment Congress, NewDelhi.pp APHA.1989.Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (18th edn).american public Health association Washington, D.C. 3. Abulude et al.2007 EJEAFChe 6(8). [ ] 4. Kumarswamy N, 1999.Journal of pollution Research. 10(1), A.Geetha, P.N.Palanisamy, P.Sivakumar, E-journal of Chemistry.5 (4), pp

12 6. Gupta S, Kumar A, Ojha C K and Singh G Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering.46 (1), K.Karunkarn, P.Thamilaasu and RSharmila, 2009, E-journal of Chemistry, 6(3), Bhatia SC, 2000.Environmental Chemistry, CBS Publication New Delhi. 9. Mishra BP, Suresh C and Tripathy BD and 1992, Com Physico Eco., 17(3), WHO, 1992.World Health Organisation, International Standards for Drinking Water, Geneva, Switzerland. 11. Vogel s Text Book of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Jeffery G.H, Basset J, MendhamJ and Denny RC, 5thEd. ELBS BIS Bureau of Indian Standards IS: 10500, Manak Bhavan, Newdelhi.India Chanda D.K, 1999.Hydrology Journal.7 (5), Purandara B.K and V.darajan N, 2003.Environment and conservation. 9(3), Jamal, B.B.Dhar, and S.Ratan, 1986, J.Mines, Metals and fuels